大学英语作文写作技巧指导.doc

大学英语作文写作技巧指导 安保良 2010.6 谈起大学英语作文，很多同学都感到茫然。棘手程度大有“下笔一句话，捻断数根须”的感觉。其实大学英语作文不外乎就是用200字左右的英文简要的阐述一个观点、描述一个现象或是记叙一件事情等等。可以说如果是换成中文来写，估计连很多小学生都能写得的心应手，但改成了用英文来写，可就难倒了芸芸众生啊。那么问题何在呢，就我自己多年来的学习和教学经验看来，主要存在以下三个方面的原因：第一 英语基础知识太差，简称根基不牢。第二 英语应用能力太差，简称实战不足。第三 英语思维能力太差，简称语感不强。以上三个方面详细说来，主要包括以下内容：A.根基不牢主要体现在：1.语法知识太差：写作完全不注意句子、句式、结构、时态、数的变化。2.词汇量太少： 通篇的单词错误，或是只能用初级浅显的词汇重复的表达。3.表达积累不够：单调的重复一种表达，口水话连篇，或是句子生硬无活力。B.实战不足主要体现在：1.不能很好的审题：对写作要求把握不切题，甚至直接写偏题。2.不知道如何着手：拿到话题半天下不了笔，不知道如何开头。特别是遇到陌生话题或体裁的文章更是一头雾水，找不着北。C.语感不强主要体现在：1.表达不够精炼：所写的句子大都是中国式英语，把汉英两种语言的表达习惯混为一谈。2.逻辑不够清晰：文章层次不明、混乱不堪，想一句写一句。句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间缺乏连贯性。3.写作速度缓慢：用英文组织篇章的能力较差，半天写不出一句话，大有抓破头皮抠一句话之势。总结来说，根据以上分析的问题所在，大致可以做出以下对策：1. 提高基础知识：a. 买本简易的语法讲解书，细致的分析各种语法现象，把自己弄不懂的单独勾画出来，通过查资料和请教老师等手段一直到弄懂为止。b. 准备一本四级词汇书，并分析历年的三、四级考试题型中出现的常用词汇和表达，坚持记忆和听写。并注意分析词汇规律，找到最合适的记忆方法。c. 把历年的四级写作范文反复的诵读，并且背诵10篇左右自己喜欢的文章，积累各种句式和表达。2. 提高实战运用能力：a. 每拿到一篇文章都需要仔细阅读题干要求，确定所写的体裁是议论文、记叙文或是应用文等。并且对所给的outline部分一定要仔细阅读，并融入到自己的写作当中。b. 总结历次的写作规律，积累大量的经典句型和表达习惯。能很快的结合题干做好开篇首段的引入。要求平时在练习写作的时候，快速组织语言，并在大脑中储存大量首段的起始型表达句式。同时要尽可能多的接触各种题材的文章，多积累些素材，以扫除知识储备的空白。如果遇到自己没见过的题材或是话题，也不必惊慌。三、四级作文大都有固定的套路，要冷静审题，并在脑子里或是草稿本上理出写作思路，然后结合自己的知识储备逐步逐步的展开，文章依然水到渠成。3. 提高思维能力a. 学会摘录名篇名句，用大量经典和优美的表达为自己的文章润色。不管是词汇、短语还是句子都要力求精准、地道。平时要学会背诵和模仿，反复的诵读课文或是课外读物上的一些地道语的表达，以逐步摆脱汉语式的表达习惯。b. 学会用英语来思考问题和描述问题，这就要求平时进行大量的口语练习和写作练习，不管是随机的还是计划好的，要做到随时提及到一个问题，马上要用英文快速的做出反应，强制自己的大脑用英语快速思维，扫除语言障碍。如果出现了障碍就马上停下来，分析障碍出现的原因，解决后马上重复练习，直到能脱口而出，信手拈来。c. 平时练习写作的时候要给自己限定时间，三级作文30分钟100字左右，四级作文30分钟150字左右。平时可以限定自己在25分钟内完成写作要求，注意思维的敏捷性，同时也要注意提高自己的写作速度，不过也要兼顾自己的书写美观度。以下是两篇优秀范文，请大家注意分析和总结：1. Writing(三级作文)：5.12地震给灾区人民带来巨大的灾难，特别是对灾区的小孩子们心灵带来巨大的重创，请你以大学生的名义给灾区孩子写一封慰问信，要求不少于100字。A Letter to Children in the Disaster May, 10, 2009Dear my little friends, You may feel surprised to receive my letter and even dont know who I am. But It doesnt matter and I am writing to you to extend my best wishes and my consolation. I am a college student, so you can call me big sister. The earthquake has taken away many things you loved and cared, but to our great fortune, you all survived. Please never lose your hope of continuing your life and never give up the determination to conquer the disaster. Remember that there are always a lot of people who are giving their concerns and love to you all the time. Although we have not seen each other, we are still living in one big family. Cheer up and go on with your life with great courage. Tomorrow will be better! Yours sincerely XXXX 2. writing（四级作文）当前伴随着人类文明的发展和社会的进步，世界进入了一个新的时代，但是与之同时的是野生动物却遭遇了灭顶之灾。全球大量的野生动物数量急剧下降，甚至很多物种已经灭绝或是走向灭绝。请以保护野生动物为话题，分析形势并给出解决方案，要求不少于150字 Saving animalsThere is an undeniable fact that the number of animals is declining faster than ever before. According to a recent survey made by some experts, about 37 species disappear from our earth every year. It is obvious that the problem has become a serious one worth our concern.When we explore this problem, some underlying factors emerge. In the very first place, human beings have played a big part. With the fast development of human society, the environment is much destroyed, and animals lose their home. Accordingly, some species become extinct. Whats more, people hunt animals for food and skin. A good case in point is that the Japanese have killed a lot of whales because they like to eat the meat. In addition, human beings are largely responsible for the pollution of natural environment, and poison animals in many ways.The current problem, I believe, should be solved immediately. First of all, our government should play a key role in making relevant rules and protecting animals. Secondly, the general public should also be educated to value the existence of these animals on our planet. All in all, animals belong, as important as human beings, to the same one planet. We should live together harmoniously and make the world more beautiful.为了使同学们的写作表达更加精炼，我特搜集了一些语言表达，请同学们认真积累，并灵活使用：第一 遣词（words selection）1. 非常：very much/quite a lot/greatly/extremely/highly/ extraordinarily/profoundly/considerably/2. 巨大：giant/massive/immense/powerful/enormous/magnificent/greatness/vastness/tremendous3. 深刻、深远: deeply/profoundly/deep-going/deep and far/far-reaching/everlasting/impressive4. 不同寻常、杰出: extraordinary/excellent/outstanding/exceptional/superior/distinguished/prominent/unique/eminent/well-known/celebrated/distinctive/unique5. 壮观:spectacular/splendid/gorgeous/glorious/magnificent/brilliant/breathtaking6. 好的：fabulous/amazing/sensational/great/incredible/unbelievable/perfect7. 目前: nowadays/at the present time/ presently/ currently/recently/ lately/so far8. 过去：in the past/ long long ago/ several years ago/ decades ago/ centuries ago9. 时间：for a while/ for generations/ in a short while/ right now/ at once/ ever after10. 数量: plenty of/a great deal of/ a large number of/a big amount of / few of/ a small proportion of/ a little bit of/ abundant/ considerable/ rich and colourful/plentiful/ copious/a pile of /a stack of/ a dozen of/ a bunch of / a handful of/ 11. 范围: a wide range of/ a large scale of/ a small scope of / under such extent/ to some extent/ to be expanded/ to be narrowed/ to extend/ to spread/ to stretch12. 种类: a type of / a sort of / a variety of/ category/class/level/species13. 足够: enough/adequate/sufficient/fulfilled/ more than enough/ rich and full14. 感谢: appreciate/thankful/ grateful/ gratitude/acknowledgement/15. 悲痛: painful/sorrowful/grieved/miserable/unpleasant/deep sorrow/terrible16. 消极negative/ passive/ destructive/harmful/side-effect/downside17. 积极: positive/active/constructive/helpful/beneficial/profitable/promising/hopeful18. 聪明: bright/ wise/ intelligent/ brilliant19. 优雅: graceful/elegant/generous/politely20. 活力:vigorous/ thriving/ prosperous/energetic/flourishing/auspicious/blooming/in the ascendant21. 程度 by far/utmost/even/worsely/22. 举例: for instance/ for example/ a good example can be found that/it is said that/ accordingly/ such as/ as follows/ 23. 总体: at large/ as a whole/ generally/ on the average/in the mass/ overall/ in totality/ on aggregate24. 珍贵: precious/ valuable/ worthwhile/once-in-a-lifetime/25. 必要: necessary/ essential/ indispensable/imperative26. 稀有:rare/scarcely/barely/27. 最后：in the end/ finally/ eventually/lastly/28. 最初：in the very beginning/ originally/initially/at first29. 喜欢：be fond of/ enjoy/ revel in/ keen on/ be fascinated with/ be obsessed with30. 想做：would like to/ desire to / be willing to/ eager to / dream about doing/look forward to doing/long for/ expect to do 31. 可能：perhaps/maybe/possibly/probably/likely32. 合适：suitable/applicable/appropriate/proper 第二造句在写作当中要灵活的采用多种句式，才能让文章表达更加精彩纷呈：1. 倒装： 半倒装和全倒装 ，适当的利用倒装可以起到强调和突出的作用，让阅读者有种耳目为之一新的感觉。在英文表达中用only或否定副词或否定短语开头的句子用半倒装，半倒装需要把助动词提前到主语前面：a. Only through this way can we solve the problem.b. By no means should we give up the chance.c. Under no circumstances should we shrink.d. Not until she had told me the story did I know the truth. 而在英文中直接把副词,过去分词或副词短语提前用全倒装，全倒装是直接把谓动词提前到主语前面：a. Here comes a car.b. Enclosed is a letter.c. Immediately crashed the aircraft.d. In such case reaches the goal.2. 强调：常用在写作中的强调句型有两种，一种是加情态动词do，另一种是用it is.that结构的强调。强调句型的灵活使用，可以突出重点，加强语气：a. I do believe that human beings cannot survive without air.b. It was not until 7 days later that I discovered his death.c. It is the government who is supposed to take immediate actions.3. 虚拟：虚拟语气表达的是一种愿望或是一种假设或是一种与事实不符合的描述，在写作中偶尔穿插一些虚拟表达，可以很好的传递写作情感：a. If people had paid close attention to the endangered troubles, the disaster could not happen now.b. If time could return, I would go back to the past.c. I wish I had made her as my friends in my childhood.d. A good suggestion can be made that government should set more strict rules.4. 推测：推测句型用于表达一定可能性，在写作中借用推测可以使表述更加精准：a. It must have happened ten years ago.b. I guess they couldnt have come here yet.c. Technology might change the whole universe someday.5. 让步：让步是进行一定得语气转述，在习作中让步的运用可以使表达更加富有节奏感：a. Even though many people died of hunger, the governments rescue goods were not sent yet.b. Although the world economy deeply declined for the Financial Crisis, the Chinese government still have full confidence to keep a rapid economic growth.c. Teacher as he is, he regards all the students as his own children.6. 非谓语：非谓语常包括to do, doing, done三种形式，非谓语表达是拓展句子意思，提高句子质量的关键句型，可以说能否灵活的运用非谓语是衡量一个学生语言掌握好坏的一个参照：a. Focusing on this issue, we always ignore some small but important details.b. Having been warned many times, he still turns a deaf ear to it.c. Caught in the fire, he was at a emergency.d. People always get used to act on their own, overlooking others needs.e. Frustrated in the final exam, the young man just committed suicide.f. To catch up with America, China has speeded up to develop its economy.g. They all went away, leaving me alone.h. Following our ancestors steps, we keep all the traditions.7. 从句：包括时间、地点、方式、原因、主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。从句的应用可以更好的增添句子表达的多样性和生动性，较好的掌握从句，是摆脱初级英语的一个表现：a. As winter comes, spring is approaching.b. When comes to the end, it shows the truth.c. I dont care where you come from.d. Just ask how it can be finished.e. I have no idea why she broke up with me.f. That she didnt come yesterday resulted in a delay of the meeting.g. I love you is not because who you are, but because who I am when.h. It is a serious problem which has existed for many years.i. Ive never heard the news that human beings can solve all the problems alone.8. it is 结构形式主语和it做形式宾语，这种表达可以使句子看更加协调，不至于头重脚轻：a. It is quite necessary that mankind should stop destroy the nature at once.b. It is extremely essential to invite that famous expert to give a speech.c. It is impossible that money can solve every problem.d. It is easy/difficult to adjust to life in London.e. It is said that history is created by men.f. It is well-known that Einstein is a great scientist.g. I find it hard to work out the trouble.9. 插入语：插入语起着补充说明的作用，不充当句子成分，但是在表达中合理的使用插入语，可以使表达更加地道：a. The competition for scholarships and grants is, however, extremely strong.b. This issue is, I think, very vital to the current situation.c. Primary students, for example, are quite smart and cute.d. A teacher, together with a large group of students, is now having a discussion.e. A man, without the support of his family, can never succeed. 第三，连贯性一篇优秀的文章一定是一篇很地道流畅的文章，而要做到流畅、一气呵成，就必须要注意句子表达的连贯性，而要做到连贯就必须注重衔接词的考究：A.表示次序：1.firstly, secondly, thirdly. 2.o