英文计算机基础知识

Chapter1IntroductiontoComputers Chapter1Objectives Recognizetheimportanceofcomputerliteracy Definethetermcomputerandidentifyitscomponents Explainwhyacomputerisapowerfultool Recognizethepurposeofanetwork DiscusstheusesoftheInternetandtheWorldWideWeb Distinguishbetweeninstallingandrunningaprogram Identifythetypesofsoftware Describethecategoriesofcomputers Determinehowtheelementsofaninformationsysteminteract Identifythetypesofcomputerusers Discussvariouscomputerapplicationsinsociety AWorldofComputers Whatiscomputerliteracy p 5Fig 1 1 Knowledgeandunderstandingofcomputersandtheiruses Computersareeverywhere Howisacomputerdefined WhatIsaComputer p 6 Electronicdeviceoperatingunderthecontrolofinstructionsstoredinitsownmemory WhatIsaComputer Whatistheinformationprocessingcycle p 6Fig 1 2 InputProcessOutputStorageCommunication TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisaninputdevice p 7Fig 1 3 Hardwareusedtoenterdataandinstructions TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisanoutputdevice p 8Fig 1 3 Hardwarethatconveysinformationtoauser TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisthesystemunit p 8Fig 1 3 Box likecasecontainingelectroniccomponentsusedtoprocessdata TheComponentsofaComputer Whataretwomaincomponentsonthemotherboard p 8 CentralProcessingUnit CPU AlsocalledaprocessorCarriesoutinstructionsthattellcomputerwhattodo MemoryTemporaryholdingplacefordataandinstructions TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisstorage p 8 StoragemediaPhysicalmaterialonwhichdata instructions andinformationarestored StoragedeviceRecordsandretrievesitemstoandfromastoragemedium Holdsdata instructions andinformationforfutureuse TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisstoragemedia p 8 Digitalcameras Handheldcomputers Portable thinmemorycardsusedin TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisafloppydisk p 8Fig 1 4 Thin circular flexiblediskenclosedinrigidplasticshell AUSBflashdriveisportable andhasmuchgreaterstoragecapacity TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisaflashdrive p 9Fig 1 5 ProvidesmuchgreaterstoragecapacitythanafloppydiskorZip disk Smallandlightweightenoughtobetransportedonakeychainorinapocket TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisaflashdrive TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisaharddisk p 9Fig 1 6 ProvidesmuchgreaterstoragecapacitythanafloppydiskorUSBflashdrive Housedinsidethesystemunit TheComponentsofaComputer Whatisacompactdisc p 9Fig 1 7 Flat round portablemetaldisc CD ROMCD RWDVD ROMDVD RW WhyIsaComputerSoPowerful p 10 Whatmakesacomputerpowerful NetworksandtheInternet Whatisanetwork p 10 CommunicationsMedia CommunicationsDevice Collectionofcomputersanddevicesconnectedtogether Toshare NetworksandtheInternet Whatarethereasonstonetwork p 10 Resources Hardwaredevices Softwareprograms Data Tosavetimeandmoney Information NetworksandtheInternet Whatisaserver p 10Fig 1 8 Managestheresourcesonanetwork Aclientaccessestheresourcesontheserver NetworksandtheInternet WhatistheInternet p 11Fig 1 9 Worldwidecollectionofnetworksthatconnectsmillionsofcomputers NetworksandtheInternet p 12Fig 1 10 WhydousersaccesstheInternet Information Shopping BankingandInvesting Classes Entertainment Communications NetworksandtheInternet WhatistheWeb p 13 AWebsiteisacollectionofrelatedWebpages AWebpagecontainstext graphics sound video andlinkstootherWebpages YoucanshareinformationbycreatingWebpagesorpostingphotosonaphotocommunity Billionsofdocuments calledWebpages availabletoanyoneconnectedtotheInternet ComputerSoftware Howdoyouinstallasoftwareprogram p 14Fig 1 13 Aprogramisaseriesofinstructionsthattellsthecomputerwhattodo ComputerSoftware Whatissystemsoftware p 15 OperatingSystem OS isasetofprogramsthatcoordinatesallactivitiesamongcomputerhardwaredevicesandallowsuserstorunapplicationsoftware UtilityProgramsallowtheusertoperformmaintenance typetasksusuallyrelatedtomanagingacomputer itsdevicesoritsprograms Programsthatcontroltheoperationsofthecomputeranditsdevices ComputerSoftware Whatisapplicationsoftware p 16Fig 1 15 PresentationGraphics Spreadsheet Database WordProcessing Programsthatperformspecifictasksforusers ComputerSoftware Whatisaprogrammer p 17Fig 1 16 Someonewhodevelopsapplicationorsystemsoftware Programmerwritesinstructionstodirectcomputertoprocessdataintoinformation Javascriptprogram ResultingInternetapplication CategoriesofComputers p 18 Whatarethecategoriesofcomputers ComputerSoftware Whatisagraphicaluserinterface GUI p 14Fig 1 14 AllowsyoutointeractwiththesoftwareusinggraphicsandiconsControlshowyouenterdataandhowthescreendisplaysinformation PersonalComputers Whatarethetwomostpopularseriesofpersonalcomputers p 19Figs 1 18 1 19 PCandcompatiblesusetheWindowsoperatingsystem AppleMacintoshusestheMacintoshoperatingsystem MacOS PersonalComputers Whatisadesktopcomputer p 19Fig 1 18 Designedsoallofthecomponentsfitonorunderadeskortable PersonalComputers Whatisanotebookcomputer p 20Fig 1 20 Portable smallenoughtofitonyourlapAlsocalledalaptopcomputerGenerallymoreexpensivethanadesktopcomputer HandheldComputers WhatisatabletPC p 20Fig 1 21 Especiallyusefulfortakingnotes Resemblesaletter sizedslate Allowsyoutowriteonthescreenusingadigitalpen HandheldComputers WhatareWeb enabledhandheldcomputers p 21Fig 1 23 Allowyoutochecke mailandaccesstheInternet Web enabledtelephoneisa smartphone HandheldComputers Whatisahandheldcomputer p 21 HandheldComputers Whatisapersonaldigitalassistant PDA p 21Fig 1 23 ProvidespersonalorganizerfunctionsCalendarAppointmentbookAddressbookCalculatorNotepad Servers Whattypesofserversarethere p 22and23Figs 1 25 1 27 MidrangeserverPowerful largecomputerthatsupportsuptoafewthousandcomputers MainframeVerypowerful expensivecomputerthatsupportsthousandsofcomputers SupercomputerThefastest mostpowerful mostexpensivecomputer Usedforapplicationsrequiringcomplexmathematicalcalculations ElementsofanInformationSystem Whatareinformationsystemelements p 24Fig 1 28 PeopleProceduresDataSoftwareHardware ExamplesofComputerUsage p 25Fig 1 29 Whatarefivecategoriesofcomputerusers ExamplesofComputerUsage Whatsoftwareisavailableforahomeuser p 26Fig 1 30 ExamplesofComputerUsage p 28Fig 1 33 Localareanetwork LAN ProductivitysoftwareSpecialtysoftwareWebusageE mail Whatsoftwareisavailableforasmalloffice homeoffice SOHO user Hardware ExamplesofComputerUsage Whatisavailableforamobileuser p 29Fig 1 35 SoftwareProductivityPresentationPersonalinformationmanager ExamplesofComputerUsage Whataretheneedsofthelargebusinessuser p 30Figs 1 37 1 40 Webaccess Publickiosk Telecommutin