软件工程复习.doc

1. a What is software? P4Software is (1) instructions (computer programs) that when executed provide desired function and performance, (2) data structures that enable the programs to adequately manipulate information, (3) documents that describe the operation and use of the programs.(1) 一个或多个计算机程序，这些程序执行时能够提供期望的功能和性能；(2) 一个或多个数据结构，这些数据结构使得程序能够完全操纵信息；(3) 一个或多个文档，这些文档描述了程序的分析、设计、实现和维护的细节及使用说明。2. How do software characteristics differ from hardware characteristics? P5 （1） Software is developed or engineered, it is not manufactured in the classical sense;（2） Software doesnt “wear out”;（3） Most software is custom-built, rather than being assembled from existing components.(1) 软件是“开发”出来的，不是“制造”出来的；(2) 软件可能会被“废弃”，但不会被“用坏”；(3) 大多软件是自定义的，而不是通过已有的构件组装而来。3. What do people mean by the expression software crisis? 软件危机主要表现在两个方面：（1） 无法满足日益增长的对软件的需求；（2） 难以满足对已有的软件系统的维护需求。软件危机出现的原因：（1） 由于软件生产本身存在着复杂性；（2） 与软件开发所使用的方法和技术有关。“软件工程”的概念用工程化的思想来克服软件危机。4. What myths about software still exist? P8 P9Management myths; Customer myths; Practitioners myths.管理者的神话；用户的神话；开发者的神话。5. What are the three generic phases of software engineering? P15Define phase; Development phase; Maintenance phase.6. What are the names of the five levels of the SEI Capability Maturity Model? P17Level 1: Initial; Level 2: Repeatable; Level 3: Defined; Level 4: Managed; Level 5: Optimizing.初始级； 可重复级； 定义级； 管理级； 优化级。7. Describe the phases of the prototyping model for software development. P21(1) Developer and customer meet and define the overall objectives for the software , identify whatever requirements are known , and outline areas where further definition is mandatory.(2) The quick design sign leads to the construction of a prototype.(3) The customer sees what appears to be a working version of the software.(4) The developer often makes implementation in order to get a prototype working quickly.8. Why are evolutionary models considered by many to be the best approach to software development? P24 P25(1) There is growing recognition that software, like all complex system , evolves over a period of time.(2) Evolutionary models are characterized in a manner that enable software engineers to develop increasingly more complete versions of the software.(3) Evolutionary models are iterative .9. What are the five phases of software requirements analysis? P200(1) Problem recognition; (2) Evaluation and synthesis; (3) Modeling; (4) Specification; (5) Review.(1) 问题分析；(2) 问题评估和方案综合；(3) 建模；(4) 规约；(5) 复审。10. Describe the facilitated application specification technique (FAST). P202Following basic guidelines :（1）A meeting is conducted at a neutral site；（2）Rules for preparation and participation are established；（3）An agenda is suggested that is formal enough to cover all important points but informal enough to encourage the free flow of ideas；（4）A “facilitator” controls the meeting；（5）A “definition mechanism” is used；（6）The goal is :- To identify the problem；- Propose elements of the solution；- Negotiate different approaches；- Specify a set of solution.(1) 中立地点出席会议，会议由开发者和客户出席；(2) 建立准备和参与会议的规则；(3) 建立一个足够正式的议程以便可以进行所有重要点的，而又是足够非正式的，鼓励思维的自由交流；(4) 一个“协调者”控制会议；(5) 使用一种“定义”机制；(6) 目标是：标识问题、提出解决方案的要素、商议不同的方法、刻画出初步解决方案需求。11. What models are created during the analysis phase of a software development process? P209(1) Data model; (2) Function model; (3) Behavior model.12. What is the purpose of each model? P209(1) Data model: shows relationships among system objects, answers a set of questions that are relevant to any data processing application;(2) Function model: begins with a single context level model. Over a series of iterations of all system functionality is represented.(3) Behavior model: creates a representation of the state of the software and the events that cause software to change state.13. What are three primary objectives of the analysis model? P220Three primary objectives:（1）to describe what the customer requires；（2）to establish a basis for the creation of software design；（3）to define a set of requirements that can be validated once the software is built.（1）描述客户的需求；（2）建立创建软件设计的基础；（3）定义在软件完成后可以被确认的一组需求。14. What is the data modeling elements represented in the entity relationship diagram (ERD)? P221(1) The data object;(2) The attributes that describe the data object;(3) The relationships that connect data objects to one another.15. What is a data flow diagram (DFD)? P227A data flow diagram is a graphical technique that depicts information flow and the transforms that are applied as data move from input to output.“数据流图”是描述信息流和当数据从输入移动到输出时被应用的变换的图形化技术。16. List the elements of the analysis model and explain the role of each element? P220(1) The data object;(2) The attributes that describe the data object;(3) The relationships that connect data objects to one another.17. List the four design models required for a complete specification of a design and P247Data design, architectural design, interface design, procedural design.数据设计、体系结构设计、接口设计、过程设计。18. What is design principles (13.3) P249 P250(1) The design should not suffer from “tunnel vision.”设计过程不应该受“隧道视野”的限制；(2) The design should be traceable to the analysis model.设计对于分析模型应该是可跟踪的；(3) The design should not reinvent the wheel.设计不应该从头做起；(4) The design should “minimize the intellectual distance” between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world.设计应该缩短软件和现实时间中问题的“智力距离”，软件设计的结构应该模拟问题域的结构；(5) The design should exhibit uniformity and integration.设计应该表现出一致性和集成性；（6）The design should be structured to accommodate change.设计应该结构以适应修改；(7) Design is not coding, coding is not design.设计不是编码，编码也不是设计；(8) The design should be assessed for quality as it is being created.在创建设计时就应该能评估质量，而不是事情完成之后；(9) The design should be reviewed to minimize conceptual errors.应该复审设计以减少概念性错误。19. List three characteristics that can serve as a guide to evaluate design quality. P258 P 259The design must implement all of the explicit requirements contained in the analysis model, and it must accommodate all of the implicit requirements desired by the customer.设计必须实现所有包含在分析模型中的明显要求，并且必须满足客户期望的所有隐式需求；The design must be a readable, understandable guide for those who generate code and for those who test and subsequently maintain the software.对于那些生成代码和那些进行测试并随后维护软件的人而言，设计必须是可读的、可理解的；The design should provide a complete picture of the software, addressing the data, functional, and behavioral domains from an implementation perspective;设计应该提供软件的完整面貌，这与从某个现实视角看到的数据、功能和行为域有关。20. What is the meaning of information hiding? P257信息隐藏是指模块中所包含的信息（包括数据和过程）对不需要这些信息的其他模块是不可访问的。21. List four interface design issues present in the development of most user interfaces. （1）system response time； 系统响应时间；（2）user help facilities； 用户帮助设施；（3）error information handling； 错误信息处理；（4）command labeling. 命令交互。22. What evaluation criteria can be applied during early design reviews? 1.The length and complexity of the written specification of the system2.The number of commands or actions specified and the average number of arguments per command or individual operations per action3.The number of actions, commands, and system states indicated4.Interface style, help facilities, and error handling protocols23. List three structured constructs of the flowchart. P274Sequential、condition、repetition24. What are the attributes of a good software test? P321(1) A good test has a high probability of finding on error;一个好的测试发现错误的可能性很高；(2) A good test is not redundant;一个好的测试并不冗余；(3) A good test should be “best of breed”;一个好的测试应该是最佳品种；(4) A good test should be neither too simple nor too complex.一个好的测试既不会太简单也不会太复杂。25. Describe the differences between black-box testing and white-box testing. P322白盒测试：- “小规模测试” 。- 测试用例要保证程序的所有语句至少执行一次。- 要检查所有的逻辑条件。- 基本路径测试- 控制结构测黑盒测试：- 发现功能需求错误，不考虑程序的内部结构。- 测试用例要保证程序的所有功能被验证。- 基本图的测试- 等价划分- 边界值分析- 比较测试26. Cycloramic complexity is computed in three ways. P325（1）流图中区域的数量对应于环形的复杂性；（2）给定流图G的环形复杂度V（G），定义为V（G）= E-N+2，E是流图中边的数量，N是流图节点数量；（3）给定流图G的环形复杂度V（G），也定义为V（G）=P+1，P是流图判定节点的数量。27. Describe three control structure testing strategies. P329P332Condition testing; Data Flow Testing; Loop Testing.条件测试；数据流测试；循环测试。28. What is equivalence partitioning as it applies to software testing? P335 是一种黑盒测试方法 原则：把所有可能的输入数据分成若干个