Globalization27s Dual Power.doc

Globalizations Dual Power1At the edge of a new century, globalization is a double-edged sword: a powerfulvehiclethat raises economic growth, spreads new technology and increases living standards in rich and poor countriesalike, but also animmenselycontroversialprocess that assaults nationalsovereignty,erodes local culture and tradition and threatens economic and socialinstability.2Adauntingquestion of the 21st century is whether nations will control this greatupheavalor whether it will come to control them.3In some respects globalization is merely atrendyword for an old process. What we call the market is simply the joining of buyers and sellers, producers and consumers, and savers and investors. Economic history consists largely of the story of the markets expansion: from farm to town, from region to nation and from nation to nation. In the 20th century, the Depression and two world warsretarded the markets growth. But after World War II ended, it reaccelerated, driven by political pressures and better technology.在新世纪即将到来之际，全球化是一把双刃剑：它不仅仅是富国和穷国促进经济增长、传播新技术、提高生活水平的一种强有力的手段，还是一个颇具争议的过程，这一过程会侵犯国家主权，侵蚀本土的文化传统，并且威胁到经济与社会稳定。21世纪所面临的一个令人畏惧的问题是：究竟是各个国家将控制这一剧变，还是这一剧变将控制它们。在某些方面，全球化只不过是一个用来形容一种由来已久的过程的时髦词。我们所说的市场只不过是把买方和卖方、生产者和消费者、储户与投资者联系在一起。在很大程度上，经济史就是市场扩大的历史：先从农场扩大到城镇，之后从地区扩大到国家，再从一个国家扩大到另一个国家。20世纪的经济大萧条和两次世界大战延缓了市场的发展。但是在二战结束以后，在政治压力与先进技术的推动下，市场又得以快速发展。vehiclevi:ikl; 有时发vi:hi-n.1.运载工具，运输工具2.媒介物，媒质；传播媒介3.(传达或表达思想的)工具，手段4.【药物】赋形剂5.【绘画】展色料；载色剂6.(为展露演员才华)特意编写的戏剧(或电影、音乐作品等)7.载体alikelakadj. 相似的；相同的adv. 以同样的方式；类似于immenselyimensliadv.1.无限地；广大地；极大地2.口语非常，很controversial,kntrv:ladj.1.争论的；引起争论的；有关争论的；有争议的2.爱争论的，爱争辩的，喜欢抬杠的sovereigntysvrntn. 主权；主权国家；君主；独立国erode rdvt. 腐蚀，侵蚀vi. 侵蚀；受腐蚀instability,instbiltin.1.不稳定；不稳固2.不坚决；犹豫不决；摇摆不定3.不稳定局面；动乱事件dauntingd:ntiadj. 使人畏缩的；使人气馁的；令人怯步的upheavalphi:vln.1.胀起，鼓起，隆起2.激变；剧变；动乱3.【地质学】(地壳)隆起，(岩层)移动trendytrendiadj.口语时髦的，流行的，新潮的；最新款式的，时尚的n.穿着时髦的人；赶时髦者；新潮人物retardrtdn. 延迟；阻止vt. 延迟；阻止；妨碍；使减速vi. 减慢；受到阻滞4The Cold War, from the late 1940s through the 1980s, caused the United States tochampiontrade liberalization and economic growth as a way of combating communism.A succession ofmajor trade negotiations reduced averagetariffs in industrialized countries to about 5 percent in 1990 from about 40 percent in 1946.5After two world wars, Europeans saweconomic unificationas anantidotetodeadlynationalism. Technologycomplemented politics. Even before the Internet, declining costs for communication and transportation fromjet planes, better undersea telephone cables and satellites favored more global commerce. By the early 1990s, world exports (after adjusting for inflation) were nearly10times higher than they had been four decades earlier.6Globalization continues this process but alsodeparts fromit in at least one critical respect. Until recently, countries were viewed as distinct economic entities, connected mainly by trade. Now, this is becoming less true.Companies and financial markets increasinglydisregardnational borders when making production, marketing and investment decisions.从20世纪40年代后期到20世纪80年代的冷战，促使美国支持贸易自由化和经济增长，将其作为与共产主义斗争的一种手段。一系列的重要贸易谈判使工业化国家的平均关税从1946年的40%左右降到了1990年的5%左右。两次世界大战之后，欧洲人把经济一体化看做是对付激进民族主义的一种手段。技术与政治相辅相成。在互联网问世以前，喷气式飞机、更高级的海底通信电缆和人造卫星等技术使通讯和交通成本持续下降，这都有利于促进全球贸易的发展。到了20世纪90年代初期，世界出口总额（排除通货膨胀因素后）几乎是40年前的10倍。全球化使得这一进程得以延续，但是至少在一个重要方面背离了它。直到最近，国家还一直被看做是独立的经济实体，主要通过贸易联系在一起。现在，情况已经不再完全如此。公司和金融市场在做生产、营销与投资方面的决策时，正逐渐忽视国界。championtmpnn. 冠军；拥护者；战士adj. 优胜的；第一流的vt. 支持；拥护A succession of一连串；一系列tarifftrifn.1.关税表；税表；(进口商品)征税制度2.关税；关税率3.收费表；价目表4.美国口语账单；费用5.主英国英语(写有价目的)菜单vt.1.对征收关税；为定税率2.按税率为定收费标准短语1.preferential tariff 特惠税率；特惠关税economic unification经济一体化antidotentdtn. 药 解毒剂；解药；矫正方法；对抗手段deadlydedliadj.1.击中要害的，致命的，致死的2.(植物)烈性的，毒性的3.你死我活的，殊死的，不共戴天的4.死一般的5.非常有害的，破坏(性)的，毁灭(性)的6.令人厌烦的，极讨厌的，令人难受的；(社交活动等)死气沉沉的，沉闷的，枯燥的7.(瞄准等)极精确的；很有效的8.透彻的，深刻的9.非常认真的，一心一意的10.【神学】招致天罚的，该罚入地狱的，使灵魂死亡的11.口语1.极度的，极端的，非常的；难以忍受的2.十足的，彻底的；完全的12.美国俚语顶刮刮的13.上乘的，第一流的adv.1.死一般地2.极度地，极端地，非常3.无生气地4.废语 致命地complementkmplimntn.1.补充；补足，补全2.补足物，补充物3.补足数，补足量4.全数，全量，足数，足量，足额5.【语法学】补语,补足语参较object complement, subject complement6.【数学】1.余集；补集；补码，补数；余角，余弧；圆的四分之一2.集合的绝对补集亦称作absolute complement7.【音乐】转位音程8.【医学】补体，防御素9.【物理学】互补色(=complementary colour)10.【遗传学】互补染色体vt.补全，补充jet planes喷气式飞机亦称作 jet,jet airplanedisregarddsrgdn. 忽视；不尊重vt. 忽视；不理；漠视；不顾depart from1.离开(某地)：Our train departs from platform 3.本次列车从3号站台发车。This train departs from New York at 10：00 a.m.这列火车于上午10点整离开纽约。2.不遵守，不合，违背，背离，越出，偏离(传统、习惯等)，不按(传统、规定等)行事：We ought not to depart from that principle.我们不应违背那个原则。to depart from a rule违反规则7As recently as 1990, governments either individually or through suchmultilateralinstitutions as the World Bank provided half the loans andcredits to 29 major developing countries (including Brazil, China, India, South Korea and Mexico), according to the Institute for International Finance, a banking industry research group in Washington.8A decade later, even after Asias 1997-98 financial crisis, private capital flowsdwarfgovernmental flows. In 1999, private flows (bank loans, bond financing, equity investment in local stock markets and direct investment by multinational companies) totaled an estimated $136 billion to these 29 countries, compared with government capital flows of $22 billion, according to the institute.9Meanwhile, multinational companies have gone on an internationalacquisitionbinge. In the first half of 1999 alone, the value of new cross-border mergers and acquisitions passed $500 billion in both advanced and developing countries.据国际金融研究机构（一家位于华盛顿的银行业研究机构）统计，就在1990年，各国政府-要么单独出资要么通过像世界银行这样的多边机构-向29个主要的发展中国家（包括巴西、中国、印度、韩国与墨西哥）提供了一半的贷款和信贷。十年后，甚至在1997到1998年的亚洲金融危机之后，私人资金流超过了政府资金流。根据该机构的统计，在1999年，私人资金流（银行贷款、债券融资、当地股票市场的股本投资以及跨国公司的直接投资）流向这29个国家的总额估计达到了1360亿美元。相比之下，政府资金流仅有220亿美元。与此同时，跨国公司掀起了国际收购狂潮。仅在1999年上半年，在发达国家和发展中国家进行的新的跨国兼并与收购的价值就超过了5000亿美元。multilateralmltlt()r()ladj. 数 多边的；多国的，多国参加的creditkredtn. 信用，信誉；金融 贷款；学分；信任；声望vt. 相信，信任；把归给，归功于；赞颂dwarf dwfvt.高出；胜过，超过acquisitionbinge收购狂潮10The total roughly matched the amount for all 1998 ($544 billion) and was almost seven times larger than the 1991 levels ($85 billion), according to the World Investment Report by the United Nations. The recenttakeoverstruggle between British and German wireless giants Vodafone AirTouchPLCand MannesmannAG is exceptional only for its size and bitterness.11Behind the merger boom lies the growing corporate conviction that many markets have become truly global.By trying to maximize their presence in as many nations as possible, companies seek to achieve economies of scale that is, to lower costs through higher sales and production volumes and tostay abreast oftechnological changes that can now occur almost anywhere.12In addition, companies increasingly organize production globally, dividing product design,componentmanufacturing and finalassemblyamong many countries.根据联合国发布的世界投资报告，这一总额与1998年的全年总额（5440亿美元）大体相当，几乎比1991年的水平（850亿美元）高7倍。最近英国和德国的无线电巨头-沃达丰空中通讯公司和曼尼斯曼公司-围绕收购的争斗仅就其规模和激烈程度而言就是前所未有的。这个兼并狂潮使公司经营者越来越坚信许多市场已经真正实现全球化了。公司通过努力在尽可能多的国家扩大影响以谋求实现规模经济-也就是说，通过提高销售量和生产量来降低成本-并且要跟上当今几乎无处不在的技术变革。另外，公司越来越多地在全球范围内组织生产，并把产品设计、零部件生产和最后组装分散到许多国家进行。lie behind为某事之理由，是的原因takeoverteik,uvn.1.接收，接管；接任2.【经济学】 1.(通过购买或交换股票等方式实现对企业的)吞并；收买；接收 2.吞并垄断亦作 take-overPLC公共有限公司（Public Limited Company）AGAktiengesellschaft德语股份公司,合资公司stay abreast of了解最新情况，跟上（某事物的发展），(与)不相上下(或并驾齐驱)componentkmpnntn. 成分；组件；电子 元件adj. 组成的，构成的assembly smblin.(机件的)装配，组装，安装，总装(如汽车、飞机等的装配)13But it is not just multinational companies, seeking bigger sales and profits, that drive globalization. Governments do, too. In Europe, therelentlesspursuit of the single market is oneindicator. This reflects a widespread recognition that European companies willbe hard-pressed tocompete in global markets if their local operations arehamstrungby fragmented national markets.14Among poorer countries, the best sign of support is theclamorto get into the World Trade Organization. Since 1995, seven countries Bulgaria, Ecuador, Estonia, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Mongolia and Panama have joined. And 32 (the largest being China) are seeking membership. There is a belief that global trade and investment can aid economic development by providing new products, technologies and management skills.15Its no myth. Countries succeed or fail mainly based on their own workers, investment and government policies. But engaging the wider world economy can help.但是，推动全球化进程的并不仅仅是追求更高销售额和更大利润的跨国公司。政府也对这一进程起到了推动作用。在欧洲，对”单一市场“的不懈追求就是一个标志。这反映了一个共识，即如果欧洲的公司在当地的运营受到支离破碎的国内市场的阻碍的话，他们将很难在全球市场的竞争中取得胜利。在比较贫困的国家中，支持全球化的最佳标志就是强烈要求加入世界贸易组织的呼声。自1995年以来，7个国家-保加利亚、厄瓜多尔、爱沙尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、拉脱维亚、蒙古和巴拿马-已经加入了世贸组织。还有32个国家正在申请加入这一组织。人们相信，全球贸易和投资能通过提供新的产品、技术和管理技能促进经济发展。这并不是神话。国家的成功与否主要取决于本国的工人、投资与政府政策。但是更多地融入到世界经济中去是会有好处的。relentlessrilentlisadj.1.无情的；严酷的；不宽容的；残忍的2.坚韧的；不懈的；百折不挠的indicatorindikeitn.1.指示者；指示物；标志2.指针；指示器；记录器3.(汽车的)方向指示灯4.【化学】指示剂5.【机械学】压力计；示功器6.【物理学】放射性示踪物7.【统计学】指标；经济指标8.【生态学】(说明生态环境的)指示生物；指示生物群落be hard-pressed to do sth.很难做某事hamstringhmstrin.1.【解剖学】 绳腱2. hamstring muscle3.抑制力；取缔vt.1.切除(或割断)的腱，(割断腘绳肌腱)使致残，使残废2.比喻阻碍；使丧失活力；破坏的效能(或作用)，使不起作用，使无效；削弱，减弱的活动能力:His efforts were hamstrung by her one remarks.她的一句话使他的一切努力付之东流。clamorklmn. 喧闹，叫嚷；大声的要求vi. 喧嚷，发喧嚣声；持续地喊声vt. 喧嚷着说出16Consider Asia. Despite its financial crisis, rapid trade expansion and economic growth sharply cut the number of the desperately poor. From 1987 to 1998, those in the region, including China, with incomes of $1 or less a day dropped to 15 percent from 27 percent of the population, the World Bank estimates.17Meanwhile, Latin America andsub-Saharan Africa whose embrace of the world economy has been late or limited fared much less well. In Africa, for example, the World Bankreckons that 46 percent of the population lived on less than $1 a day in 1998, exactly what the percentage was in 1987.18Well, if globalization is so good, why is it also so risky? The answer is that two problems couldneutralizeits potential benefits.以亚洲为例。虽然发生了金融危机，但快速的贸易扩张和经济增长大幅度地减少了赤贫人口的数量。据世界银行估计，从1987到1998年间，在这个地区，包括中国在内，日平均收入为1美元或不超过1美元的人口比例从27%降到了15%。与此同时，拉丁美洲和撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲-它们融入世界经济的时间较晚或程度有限-经济发展情况就远不如亚洲国家那么好。例如，据世界银行估计，1998年非洲46%的人口每天靠不足1美元的生活费生活，与1987年所占的比例完全相同。那么，倘若全球化这么好，为什么它又有这么大的风险呢？答案就是，两个问题可能会抵消它的潜在益处。sub-Saharan Africa撒哈拉以南非洲farefen. 票价；费用；旅客；食物vi. 经营；进展；遭遇；过活reckonrek()nvi. 估计；计算；猜想，料想vt. 测算，估计；认为；计算neutralizenju:trlaizvt. 抵销；使中和；使无效；使中立vi. 中和；中立化；变无效19The first is economic instability. The global economy maybe prone toharsher boom-bust cycles than national economies individually. The theory that international trade and investment raise living standards works only if investment funds are well used and if trade flows do not become toolopsided.20The Asian financial crisis raised questionson both counts. In the early 1990s, most of Asia thrived because it received vast flows of foreign capital as bank loans, direct investment in factories or stock-market investment in local companies.21Theensuingspending boom in turn aided Europe, Japan and the United States by increasing imports from them. Then the boomabruptly halted in mid-1997 when, it became apparent that as a result of cronycapitalism,ineptgovernment investment policies and excess optimism, much of the investment had been wasted on unneeded factories, office buildings and apartments.首先是经济不稳定。与各国的单一经济相比，全球经济可能容易受到更加严重的繁荣-萧条周期的影响。只有在投资资金得到合理运用，并且贸易也没有严重失衡的情况下，国际贸易与投资可以提高生活水平这一理论才会发挥作用。亚洲金融危机提出了两个方面的问题。在20世纪90年代初期，大部分亚洲国家的经济繁荣得益于大量的外国资金的注入，如银行贷款，对工厂的直接投资以及对当地公司的股票市场投资等。随之而来的消费狂潮增加了从欧洲、日本和美国的进口，这促进了这些国家的经济发展。然后，这股狂潮在1997年中期骤然停止。显然，由于”裙带资本主义“、不合理的政府投资政策以及过度乐观的情绪，大量的投资被浪费在无用的工厂、办公楼和公寓上了。be prone to易于；有的倾向lopsidedlpsaididadj.1.一边倒的；向一侧倾斜的2.偏重的；不平衡的；不匀称的；不对称的on both counts，在两方面ensuing adj.接著发生的v. 跟着发生（ensue的ing形式）abruptlybrptliadv. 突然地；唐突地halthltn. 停止；立定；休息vt. 使停止；使立定vi. 停止；立定；踌躇，犹豫cronycapitalism裙带资本主义；权贵资本主义；唯亲资本主义ineptineptadj.1.愚昧的，愚蠢的，荒谬的，不理智的2.无能的，不称职的，笨拙的3.不合适的，不恰当的，不相宜的22What prevented the Asian crisis from becoming a full-scale global economic downturn has been theastonishingU.S. economy.23Itsrelentless growthhelped the rest of the world by purchasing more and more of their exports. Since 1996, the U.S.current-account deficitin itsbalance of payments the broadest measure of the countrys international trade has more than doubled, from $129 billion to an estimated total of $330 billion in 1999.24The world economy, as Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers has repeatedly said, has been flying on one engine. The trouble is, as Mr. Summers has also warned, this cannot go on forever.是美国惊人的经济发展才阻止了亚洲金融危机演变成大规模的全球经济衰退。美国经济的持续增长有助于促进其他国家的经济增长，因为它需要从它们那里购买越来越多的进口产品。从1996年起，美国国际收支平衡表上的往来账目赤字-衡量一个国家国际贸易最广泛的指标-已经翻了一番多：总额估计从1290亿美元增加到了1999年的3300亿美元。正如美国财政部长劳伦斯.萨默斯多次说过的那样，世界经济一直是靠一个引擎在飞速发展。萨默斯先生还警告说，问题在于这种情况不可能永远持续下去。astonishingstnadj. 惊人的；令人惊讶的v. 使惊讶；使诧异（astonish的ing形式）relentless growth持续增长current-account deficit往来账目赤字balance of payments国际收支平衡表25The great danger is that the world has become too dependent on American prosperity and that a slowdown or recession reflecting a decline in the stock market, a loss of consumer confidence or higher interest rates might snowball into a internationalslump.26By economic forecasts, Europe and Japan are going to do better. In 2000, the European Unionsgross domestic productwill grow 2.8 percent, up from 2.1 percent in 1999, according toprojections by theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Developmentin Paris.27Japan is projected to grow 1.4 percent, the same as the OECD is predicting for 1999 but a big improvement from the 2.8 percent drop in 1998. If the forecastsmaterialize and the OECDs growth estimates for Japan exceed most private forecasts they will restore some balance to the world economy and relieve fears of a global recession.巨大的危险在于这个世界变得过分依赖美国的繁荣，以至于一旦美国经济出现减速或衰退-反映在股市的下跌、消费者信心的丧失或利率上调-就可能像滚雪球似地发展成为国际性的经济衰退。根据经济预测，欧洲和日本的经济发展势头将会更好。另据总部设在巴黎的经济合作与发展组织预测，欧盟2000年的国内生产总值将从1999年的增长2.1%上升到增长2.8%。预计日本的国内生产总值将会增长1.4%，这与经济合作与发展组织对其1998年经济下滑2.8%而言，已经是一个很大的提高了。如果这些预测能够成为现实-经济合作与发展组织对日本经济增长的预测超过大多数个人的预测-它们会使世界经济恢复某种平衡，并消除人们对全球经济衰退的担忧。slumpslmpvt. 使降低；使衰落；使倒下n. 衰退；暴跌；消沉vi. 下降，衰落；倒下；大幅度下降，暴跌gross domestic product国内生产总值projectionprudeknn.1.设计；规划2.凸出，突出；凸出物3.投掷；发射；喷射4.射影；投射；投影；投影图；投影图法5.【摄影术】放映6.(根据趋势所作的)推测；推断；估计；估测7.【精神病学】(尤指在不适时发生的)无意识动作；心像描述8.【心理学】(观念等的)具体化9.(古代炼金术中所说的)金属嬗变10.某物在背景上的投影(如阴影)11.【建筑学】建筑物(或建筑部件)的视图(如正视图)，外观12.某种趋势向未来的推进13.(对观众的)表情传达，形象表现14.(为增进可闻度的)发音控制Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development经济合作与发展组织略作OECDmaterializemtirilaizvi. 实现，成形；突然出现vt. 使具体化，使有形；使突然出现；使重物质而轻精神28Asia and Latin America can continue to recover without relying solely on exports to the United States. But until that happens, no one can be certain that Asias financial crisis has truly ended. It remains possible thatabruptsurges of global capital, first moving into Asia and then out, will have caused, with some delay, a larger instability.29Globalizations other problem is political, cultural and social. People feel threatened by any kind of economic change and change from abroad naturally seems especiallyalienandmenacing.30The streetprotesters at the Seattle meeting of the World Trade Organization in early December may have lacked a common agenda or even acoherentcaseagainst trade. But they accurately reflected the anxiety and anger that globalization often inspires.So do European fears ofgenetically modified foodor nationalistic opposition to cross-border mergers.亚洲和拉丁美洲的经济不用单纯依赖对美国的出口就可以持续恢复。但在经济复苏之前，没有人能确定亚洲金融危机已经真的结束了。仍有可能出现全球资本的突然激增，先涌入亚洲再流出，这会在一段时间之后造成更大的经济不稳定。全球化所引起的其他问题是政治、文化与社会方面的。人们对任何经济变革都会感觉到威胁-来自国外的变革自然看起来特别陌生和吓人。12月初，在世贸组织西雅图会议期间聚集在街头的抗议者们可能没有一个共同议程，甚至连一个反对贸易的清晰的理由也没有。但是他们准确地反映出了全球化经常会引发的焦虑与愤怒。欧洲人对转基因食品的恐惧心理或民族主义对跨国兼并的反对也是这种情绪的反映。abruptbrptadj.1.骤然的，突然的；出其不意的，意外的2.(山崖等)险峻的；陡峭的，陡的3.(举止或言谈等)无礼的，粗鲁的，鲁莽的，唐突的，冒失的4.(文章风格、讲话等)不连贯的，支离(破碎)的；(文体)佶屈聱牙的，拗口的5.【植物学】(羽、叶)截形的，突然折断状的6.【地质学】(岩石、矿脉等)突然露头的，(地层)陡起的n.峭壁，悬崖，绝壁vt.打断；中断；使突然停止：surges:dn.1.汹涌澎湃，奔腾；突进，席卷2.汹涌澎湃的事物；浪涛般的轰鸣声3.涛，浪；巨浪；浪涛引起的水位上升4.波涛汹涌的大海5.猛增；急剧上升6.【电工学】1.急冲，电涌2.强电振荡7.【船舶学】绞盘腰部8.【航海学】1.(锚链、缆绳的)脱滑，松动；(缆绳、锚链滑脱时产生的)振动2.(浪中行驶时产生的)前后摇摆9.【机械学】(发动机的)喘振，起伏alieneiljnadj.1.外国的；外国人的；外乡的；异乡的；陌生的2.外侨的，具有外侨身份的3.完全不同的，不可思议的，奇怪的4.不熟悉的，不常见的5.常作表语不相容的，格格不入的(to)6.性质不同的，相异的，相反的；异己的(from)7.外人的，局外(人)的，与己无关的8.外星人的9.【植物学】外来(种)的n.1.外国人2.外(国)侨(民)3.外人，其他社会(或种族)集团的人4.局外人5.外星人，天外来客(来自外星球的智能宇宙人)，外空来的异类生物6.【植物学】外来种7.古被排斥在外的人，被疏远的人vt.1.使疏远2.罕用语【法律】转让，让与(土地等)，让渡(所有权、权利、财产、地产等)短语1.The aliens have landed! 事情变得非常离奇了!menacingmensiadj.威胁的；恐吓的；造成威胁的；(形势)险恶的protesterprtest(r)n. 抗议者；反对者；持异议者coherentkuhirntadj.1.紧密结合的；黏合一起的；有黏性的2.(各部分之间)一致的；协调的3.前后一贯的，连贯的；条理清楚的，合乎逻辑的4.【物理学、光学】相关的，相干的，相参的参较 lasercasekeisn.1.实例，例子2.病例，病症；病人3.(警方经办的)案件，犯罪案件4.(法庭上陈述的)事实，情况；(尤指)论辩；供词5.令人信服的论据(或证据)；(言行的)正当理由6.【法律】诉讼，讼案；(尤指)判例7.美国口语行为古怪的人；蠢人8.美国口语迷恋；癖9.【语言学】(名词的)格(指句子深层结构中涉及语义关系的一种范畴，有助于确定句子的含义)短语1.a case in point 适当