跨文化交际术语解释.docx

附录：跨文化交际各单元主要术语表（注：打“*”为重点）Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures (1) Globalization *Globalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation, and trade. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation.Unit 2 Culture and Communication（1）Culture * (from intercultural communication perspective) . Culture was treated earlier as a complex whole of our social traditions and as a prerequisite for us to be a member of the society. Culture can be a set of fundamental ideas, practices, and experiences of a group of people that are symbolically transmitted generation to generation through a learning process. Culture may as well refer to beliefs, norms, and attitudes that are used to guide our behaviors and solve human problem. Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about lifes concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.(2) Culture Identity * refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.(3) Subculture * are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.The Monday morning sales meeting is an example of a specific business subculture. Although the term subculture refers to student, medical, middle-class, and business groups to name a few, it is more frequently used to refer to racial and ethnic groups.(4) Co-culture. A co-culture is a group of people within a culture that differentiate themselves from the larger culture to which they belong.(5) Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems.(6) Sender/Source. The person who transmits a message.As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols.(7) Message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.(8) Encoding: the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them is called encoding a message.(9) Channel/Medium. A channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means of transportation. Messages are transmitted through a variety of sensory channels. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.(10) Receiver. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.(11) Decoding: the process of transforming messages back into ideas and feelings is called decoding.(12) Feedback. As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the message has been heard, seen, or understood.(13) Noise * is any stimulus,external or internal to the participants,that interferes with the sharing of meaning.Much of our success as communicators depends on how we cope with external,interxnal,and semantic noises,each of which can create blocks in the sensory channels and interfere with the decoding process.(14) Context (from the perspective of communication) the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. Its the information that surrounds an event, it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event.(15) Intercultural communication * refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(16) International communication *It takes place between nations and governments rather than in individuals;it is quite formal and ritualized.(17) Interracial communication * occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.(18) Interethnic communication* refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds .(19) Intracultural communication * is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .Unit 3 Cultural Diversity (1) Cultural pattern * is a system of beliefs and values that work in combination to provide a coherent, if not always consistent model for perceiving the world.(2) Context * (from the perspective of culture) Hall claims that human interaction, on the broad level, can be divided into low-context and high-context communication systems. A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite;(3) High context communication * high-context communication refers to communication patterns of indirect verbal mode. In high-context communication, the listener or interpreter of the message is expected to “read between the lines,” to accurately infer the implicit intent of the verbal message, and to observe the nonverbal nuances and subtleties that accompany and enhance the verbal message.(4) Low context communication * In general, low-context communication refers to communication patterns of direct verbal mode. In low-context communication, the speaker is expected to be responsible for sending clear, persuasive message that the listener can decode easily.(5) Uncertainty avoidance * a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. It reflects the extent to which members of a society attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. People in cultures with high uncertainty avoidance tend to be more emotional. People in cultures with low uncertainty avoidance tend to be more pragmatic, they are more tolerant of change.(6) Power distance * Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.Unit 4 Language and Culture(略)Unit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication(1) Verbal intercultural communication * happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.(2) Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.(4) Pidgin * is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as tradingl(5) Creole is a language that has developed from a mixture of different languages and has become the main language in a particular place.(6) Lingua franca * is a linguage or way of communicating which is used between people who do not speak one anothers native language.(7) Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people，or in certain for religious or social reasons.(8) Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.(9) Jargon refers to words and expressions that are used in special or technical ways by particular groups of people, often making the language difficult to understand.Unit 6 Cultural and Nonverbal Communication(1) Nonverbal communication * It is called all those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves.It is a system of symbols, signs and gestures developed and used by members of a culture to bring specific message to expression.(2) Proxemics * is the interrelated observations and theories of mans use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture. Its a subcategory of the study of nonverbal communication along with haptics(touch), kinesics(body movement), vocalics( paralanguage), and chronemics (structure of time).(3) Kinesics * is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.(4) Chronemics * is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. The way that an individual would perceive and value time, structure our time and react to time is a powerful communication tool, and helps set the stage for the communication process.(5) Paralanguage * refers to the rate, pitch and volume qualities of the voice, which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message(6) Haptics * is any form of nonverbal communication involving touch. Haptics is the science of understanding and improving human interaction with the physical world through the sense of touch.(7) Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood, emotions, and impression of others.(8) Olfactics The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, which can be considered analogous to sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates.(9) Oculesics, a subcategory of kinesics, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. Oculesics is a form of nonverbal communication focusing on deriving meaning from eye behavior.Unit 7 Time and Space Across Culture(略)Unit 8 Cross-Cultural Perception(1) Sensation is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.(2) Perception * in its simplest sense, perception is, as Marshall Singer tells us the process by which an individual selects, evaluates, and organizes stimuli from the external world. In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.(3) Selection. The first step in the perception process is selection. Within your physiological limitations you are exposed to more stimuli than you could possibly manage.(5) Interpretation. It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.(6) Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.(7) Uncertainty. It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or others feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.P104125(8) Assuming similarity instead of difference假定一致性(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity. (2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.(9) Ethnocentrism * refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group (e.g.,ethnic or racial group,culture) and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.(10) Stereotypes * refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.(11) Prejudice * refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.(12) Racism is any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.Unit 9 Intercultural Adaptation(1) Acculturation * refers to an individuals learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.(2) Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.(3) Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.(4) Separation. When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection wi