America 3-1.ppt

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica 英语国家概况 Chapter12 Education MediaandHolidays Education 1 IdealsofAmericanEducation 2 EducationalSystem AsmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywantanoutcomeoftheAmerican sassertions 主张 断言 声明 aboutequalityequalityineducationdoesnotmeanthateveryonereceivesthesameeducationTheChildplacedinalower abilitygroupdoesnotreceivethesameeducationasoneplacedinahigher abilitygroup 1 IdealsofAmericanEducation Producingasocietyofliteracyandlocalcontroleducationgovernedbystateandlocalgovernments notbythenationalgovernment nonationalministryofeducationeachstatehasitsownlawsregulatingeducation 1 IdealsofAmericanEducation EFAeducationforall EmphasisonthebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearningScholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceive 构思 设计 newwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown Learningisanenterpriseofexploration experimentation analysis andsynthesis Thegoalofeducationistoteachchildrenhowtolearnandhelpthemreachtheirmaximumpotential 1 IdealsofAmericanEducation Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated 1 IdealsofAmericanEducation Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated Quotationsconcerningeducation Betterbeunbornthanuntaught forignoranceistherootofmisfortune Plato AncientGreekphilosopher Educationisaprogressivediscoveryofourignorance WillDurant Americanhistorian Thepurposeofeducationistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone MalcolmForbes Americaneducator 2 EducationalSystem 2 1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation 2 2HigherEducation 2 3FamousUniversities 2 4MulticulturalEducation GeneralIntroduction Americanpublicschoolshavefourbasiccharacteristicsincommon theyarelocallycontrolled freefromreligiousinfluence coeducational andpubliclysupportedbytaxes EarlyChildhoodEducation Inmostareas freepublicschooleducationbeginswithkindergartenclassesforfive year olds Somepublicschoolsystemsalsoofferpre kindergartenprogramsforfour year olds Someareintroducedtotheclassroomsituationatamuchyoungerage eitherthroughnurseryschoolsordaycarecenters Somecommunitieshavepre andpost schoolprogramsforschool agechildrenwhosemothersleaveforworkbeforeschoolbeginsandcomehomeafterschoolletsout Kindergartenhalf daysessionsthechildbecomesaccustomedtobeingseparatedfromMommy playingandsharingwithotherchildren andfollowingthedirectionsofateacheralsointroducedtoskillsandinformationthatwillhelphimlaterwithacademicwork NurseryschoolNurseryschoolsacceptchildrenformthreetofiveyearsoldhalf daysessionsrangingfromtwiceaweektofivedaysaweek well equippedclassroom dolls toyfurniture buildingblocks books etc andplaygroundNurseryschoolsusuallychargetuition thoughsomearesubsidizedandsomeofferscholarships Daycare 日托 centerDaycarecentersprovidecareforpre schoolchildrenofworkingmotherswhoneedaplacetoleavetheirchildrenallday fivedaysaweek Somedaycarecentersacceptpre schoolersfrominfancyon Daycarehasbeenmalignedbythosewhobelievethatchildrenbelongwiththeirmothersandthatawoman splaceisinthehome TheWomen sLiberationmovementhaswidelypublicizedtheideathatfree high qualitydaycareisessentialifwomenaretoparticipatefullyinsociety Existingdaycarecentersareoperatedandfundedbymanydifferentorganizations Someareprofit makingfacilitiessupportedbytuitionfees Othersarenon profitcentersrunbyphilanthropic religious governmental orindustrialsponsors Elementaryandsecondaryeducation thebasisofpubliceducation freeandcompulsory 12gradesOneacademicyear fromSeptemberthroughJuneDifferentdivisionsofschoolsystems elementaryschool onethrougheighthighschool nextfouryearselementaryschool onethroughsixjuniorhighschool seventhroughnineseniorhighschool tenthroughtwelve 2 1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation ElementaryeducationCourses reading arithmetic languagearts science socialstudies music art andphysicaleducationClasssize 20to30students 2 1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation Atthestageofelementaryeducation theteachershaveforalongtimeacceptedtheideathattheimportantthingistomakethechildrenhappyandinterested SchoolsintheUnitedStateshavealwaysstressedcharactertrainingorsocialskillstrainingthroughextracurricularactivities Schoolandhomearecloselylinked andthereis ideallyatleast asenseofpartnershipbetweenteachersandparents SecondaryeducationTwostages juniorhighschoolandseniorhighschoolCourses morespecialized English socialstudies algebra geometry etc Nineperiodsforaday fiveforacademicsubjectsoneforphysicaleducationalunchperiodtwostudyperiodsvisitingthelibraryparticipatinginextracurricularactivity 2 1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation 2 1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation Amusicclassinajuniorhighschool Aclassroominaseniorhighschool Noannualcollegeentranceexamination applicantsarechosenonthebasisofthefollowing4aspects 2 1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation Thebeginningofhighereducation thefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636abigenterprisewithacomplexsystemFourcategoriesofinstitutions theuniversitythefour yearundergraduateinstitution thecollegetechnicaltraininginstitutiontwo yearcommunitycollege 2 2HigherEducation HigherEducation Americaneducationonthecollegelevelisprovidedbymorethan3 000institutions Someofthemaresupportedprivatelyandsomebylocalorstategovernment Mostarecoeducational SinceWorldWarII oneofthemostdramaticdevelopmentsinhighereducationhasbeentheenormousincreaseinthenumberofstudents Thisexpansionreflectsthenation spopulationexplosionaswellasatrendtowarddemocratizinghighereducation PublicorPrivate MostcollegestudentsintheUnitedStatesarein public institutions andonlyaminorityarein private ones Theoldest andinsomewaysthemostprestigious collegesareprivate foundedpartlyfromendowments andpartlybycontributionsfrombusinessandaboveall formerstudents College University College undergraduateinstitutionconferringaBachelorofArts B A oraBachelorofSciences B S degreeUniversity agroupofcolleges eachservingaspecialpurposeFunctionsofhighereducationteachingresearchpublicservice College University LocationofinstitutionsNewYork 308institutionsCalifornia 299institutionsNevadaandWyoming onlynineinstitutionseachThevarietyofsubjectsfineartsandpractical career orientedfieldsThevarietyofinstitutionslarge comprehensiveuniversitiesandsmalltraditionalliberalartscollegesFactorsforstudents personalpreferencessize academicquality locationreputationofthefacultyanddepartment TheBoard Theboardoftrustees 理事 carryingoutadministrationofcollegesanduniversitiesComposedprimarilyoflaymen 非专业人士 Laymen representthepublicintereststhanprofessionalsLegalbody responsiblefortheinstitutionResponsibilities choosingthepresident establishingpoliciesforadministratorsandfaculty approvingthebudget thepurchaseandsaleofrealestateandothermajorpropertyitems etc Aftercompletingfouracademicyearswithacceptablegradesinanapprovedcourseofstudy thestudentearnsBachelorofArtsorBachelorofSciencedegree Amaster sdegreecanbeearnedbyoneortwoacademicyearsofstudybeyondthebachelor sdegree APh D degreeusuallytakesatleastthreeyearsbeyondthemaster s Degrees Ph D degree Requirements passoralandwrittenexaminationsinhisspecialtyproducealongresearchpaperwhichmakesanoriginalcontributiontohisfieldofstudypassreadingexaminationsinoneortwoforeignlanguages Aboutone fifthofcollegegraduatescontinuewithstudiesformasters ordoctors degreesintheirownmajorsubjectsorforprofessionalqualificationsinlaw medicine business etc ingraduateprofessionalschools Collegegrades fromhighesttolowest runA B C D F Fisafailinggrade AstudentdoesnotgetcreditforhavingtakenaparticularcourseifhereceivesanFinthatcourse CollegestudentsmustmaintainatleastalowCaverageinordertoremaininschool Americancollegesanduniversitieshavegonetogreatlengthstoseetoitthatstudentsarenotsubjecttoexcessivespecialization Thewaytodothisisto requirestudentstotakeacertainnumberofcoursesinonedepartmentforhisorhermajor takeacertainnumberofothercoursesthataredistributedamongseveraldepartments Butheusuallyconcentratesinonefieldduringhislasttwoyearsofcollege Avoidexcessivespecialization CollegeLife Anacademicyear ninemonthstwoorthreesemesters excludingthesummersessiona break ofoneweekineachsemesteranda30 daywinterbreakCreditsearnedbyattendinglectures orlabclasses andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminationsonecredit onehourofclassperweekinasinglecourseacoursemaylast10to16weeks asemester Studyincollege Groupwork Discussionanddebate Livingaccommodations notenoughresidencehallsmodernandfashionable butlimitedandsmallinspace CollegeLife Part timeworkingtoearntuitionandlivingexpensesasalibrarianorawaiterinarestaurantastockkeeperinasupermarket Campuslife Acollegecommunityisaninterestingandlivelyplace Studentsbecomeinvolvedinmanydifferentactivities extracurricular religious social andathletic Extracurricularactivitiesarecollegenewspapers musicalorganizations dramaticclubs andpoliticalgroups Studentunionwherestudentscangettogetherforlunch studysessions clubmeetings andsocializing Sports significantinuniversitylifefootball mostpopularfootballandbasketballscholarshipsstudentsasathleticsor jocks 大学运动员 receivefreetuitionandotherfinancialassistanceStudents organizations clubsandactivitieshelpstudentsbecomesuccessfulwhenpursuinghobbiesart music drama debateforeignlanguages photographyvolunteerwork CollegeLife AmongallAmericanuniversities isthereanyonethatleavesyouthedeepestimpression andwhy WouldyoupleasecompareAmericanuniversitieswithChineseones 2 3FamousUniversities Warming up Someofthebest knownprivateuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesarelocatedintheNortheast TheyaretheoldestonesinAmericaaswell knowninformallyastheIvyLeague TheseincludeHarvard Yale Princeton Brown Columbia Cornell Dartmouth andUniversityofPennsylvania withthefirstthreeknownas TheBigThree TheIvyLeague 常青藤盟校 IvyLeague includingeightuniversities Brown Columbia Cornell Dartmouth Harvard Pennsylvania Princeton andYale StanleyWoodward aNewYorkHeraldTribunesportswriter coinedthephraseintheearlythirties 2 3FamousUniversities Harvard Princeton Yale Columbia Pennsylvania Cornell Dartmouth Brown HarvardUniversity HarvardislocatedinCambridge Massachusetts ontheeasterncoastoftheUnitedStates HarvardUniversity TheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearninginAmericacomprehensiveuniversitythatmainlygrantsdegreesengagedinscientificresearchestablishedin1636namedafterJohnHarvard itsfirstbenefactor 捐助者 Wholefthislibraryandestatetothenewinsitution Schoolbadge VERITAS Latin truth 以柏拉图 Plato 为友 以亚里士多德 Aristotle 为友 更要以真理 truth 为友 ThreeLiesoftheHarvardStatue HarvardUniversity Outstandingacademicachievements7presidentsJohnAdams JohnQ AdamsTheodoreandFranklinD RooseveltRutherfordB Hayes JohnF KennedyGeorgeW Bushmorethan40Nobellaureates HarvardUniversity YaleUniversity Foundedin1701astheCollegiateSchool 联合学院 inKillingworth ConnecticutRenamedYaleCollegein1718afterthedonatorElihuYaleBecameYaleUniversityin1887ThethirdoldestinstitutionofhighereducationinAmerica 3majoracademiccomponents YaleCollege theundergraduateprogram theGraduateSchoolofArtsandSciencestenprofessionalschoolsAwidearrayofresearchorganizations libraries museums administrativeandsupportofficesTheSkull Bones secretstudentsocietycomposedofupandcomingpoliticalelitesfamous bonesmen GeorgeW Bush JohnKerry WilliamF BuckleyJr etc YaleUniversity MIT MIT MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyEstablishedin1861inBoston movedtoCambridgein1916Instituteofdevelopingadvancedadministrativetalentsandscientificandtechnologicaltalents MIT Oneoftheteachingandresearchcentersofscienceandtechnology Composedof5schoolstheSchoolofArchitectureandPlanningtheEngineeringSchooltheSchoolofHumanitiesandSocialHumanitiestheSloganSchoolofManagementtheSchoolofScience AcademicAchievements63currentorformermembersoftheMITcommunityhavewontheNobelPrize including25professors 26alumni 14researchersandonestaffphysician 27oftheNobelPrizesareinphysics 12inchemistry 13ineconomics 9inmedicine physiology and2inpeace MIT PaulSamuelsonprofessorofeconomicsatMIT solerecipientoftheNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciencesin1970 Charteredin1746 knownastheCollegeofNewJerseyThefourthinstitutionofhighereducationintheUSThreeofthephysicsprofessorswontheNobelPrizeFamousgraduatesPresidentW Wilson 1879 JamesMadison 1771 andover80Senators PrincetonUniversity PrincetonUniversity locatedintheheartofPrinceton NewJersey Princetonsimultaneouslystrivestobeoneoftheleadingresearchuniversitiesandthemostoutstandingundergraduatecollegeintheworld ResidentialCampus Princetonisaresidentialcampus wherestudentsliveinanenvironmentthatemphasizessharedexperience Above familieshelpstudentsmoveinatthebeginningoftheschoolyear DistinctiveEducation TherearemanyfeaturesthatdefineaPrincetoneducation butwhatismostdistinctiveistheemphasisonprovidingstudentswithampleopportunitytoexploreandthendeepentheiracademicinterests UniquelyAffordable Princetonadmitsundergraduatestudentswithoutregardtotheirfamilyfinancialcircumstancesandprovides100percentofdeterminedneed Approximately52percentofthefreshmanclasscurrentlyreceivesneed basedfinancialaid DefiningDiversity TheUniversityiscommittedtobuildingadiversecampuscommunitybymakingitsdistinctiveeducationaccessibletostudentsfromabroadrangeofcultural ethnicandeconomicbackgrounds BroaderWo