Why Dehli cannot plan its new town翻译introduction部分.docx

metropolises mtrplsiz n.中心； 大都会； 大城市peripheries prfri n.周边；边缘；外围affluentflunt adj.富裕的 n.支流contentious kntens adj.好辩的；好争吵的；有争议的land acquisition 土地征购governance 统治，支配，管理foci fsa n.焦点；聚焦。名词focus的复数形式之一.municipalmjunspl government 市政府seek-soughtst waste processing and disposal 垃圾处理unregulatednrejuletd adj.不规范的；紊乱的；不受管理的regulate vt.调整；校准；管理；控制moderately mdrtli adv.适度地；一般地haphazardhphzd adj.偶然；随意；杂乱无章adv.杂乱.任意地n.偶然、IntroductionThe title of this article is a reference to Roys (2009) article entitled Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities, in which she argues that informality is itself a planning paradigm that offers municipal authorities flexibility to alter land-use. This insight serves to disrupt essentialized notions of formal and informal that may serve as useful reference points in European or American cities but are of little use in Indian metropolises. More recent research has focused on how the notions of formal and informal are produced, become institutionalized and are contested (Schindler,2014). In the case of Delhi, authorities have encouraged arterial growth of the metropolitan region in an effort to channel growth away from the congested urban core.在Delhi，政府权威想要鼓励大都市地区的、发展，企图把发展从拥挤的城市核心中引导出。 This has resulted in unprecedented growth of new towns on Delhis periphery. （unprecedentednpresdentdadj.前所未有的；新奇的）这引起了Delhi边缘地区的新城市前所未有的发展Many multinational firms have located offices in Indias new towns, and middle class residents who relocate to new towns are driven by the desire to escape the congestion of centrally located areas and/or to bypass the urban poor (Bhattacharya and Sanyal, 2011;Glover, 2012). 很多跨国企业设置公司在印度的新城镇，而且，很多中产阶级的居民，因为渴望远离城市中心地区的拥挤和/或者避开城市贫民，也迁移到新城镇Rather than a smooth transition to a bourgeois utopia replete with open space and urban amenities (Fishman, 1989),however, existing scholarship has demonstrated that the politics surrounding land acquisition and urban planning in peri-urban areas is highly contentious (Roy, 2003; Goldman, 2011;Arabindoo, 2009). 然而这并不是一个向充满开放空间和城市便利设施的乌托邦的顺利转变，当前学术界论证了边缘城市地区关于土地征用和城市规划的政策是充满争议的While the violent nature of confrontations between municipal authorities and local communities who are dispossessed of land and resources has attracted interest from scholars and the popular media, much less research has been conducted on issues of urban governance and everyday life in Indias new towns. 这种市政权威和当地并不拥有土地和资源的社区的本性之争吸引了学者和大众媒体的关注和兴趣，然而，关于印度新城镇城市管理和日常生活问题的研究却很少This article seeks to contribute to scholarship on Indias new towns by focusing on the practices and politics of solid waste management (SWM) in Noida, a new town on Delhis periphery.本文章旨在通过关注Noida（Delhi周边的一个新城镇）的固体垃圾管理的政策和实例， 对印度新城镇的学术研究做出贡献Noidas population is rapidly approaching one million, and its growth has outpaced the municipal governments ability to develop public services and infrastructure to handle the concomitant increase in solid waste. Noida的人口快速增长，正在向一百万大关前进，从而伴随的还有固体垃圾的增长，人口的增长速度已经超越了当地政府发展公共服务和用来处理固体垃圾的公共设施的能力 While the latest master plan stresses the importance of effective SWM the city lacks waste disposal facilities, and most waste is collected by small- and medium-sized firms that operate informally. 最新的总规划强调了高效的固体垃圾管理的重要性，城市缺乏垃圾处理设施，和大部分垃圾由中小型的非正规的公司收集。Residents and enterprises such as restaurants, hotels, shopping malls, and hospitals are forced to seek market solutions to waste management, and although this system allows for relatively effective waste collection, waste processing and disposal remain haphazard.因此，居民和企业，例如餐厅，酒店，商场和医院被强制寻求市场方式来管理垃圾，然而尽管这个系统容许相对高效的垃圾收集，但是垃圾处理仍然处于混乱状态 Informal waste processing/disposal facilities have proliferated (i.e. small-scale collection depots for recyclable waste and unauthorized dumping sites), and this has precipitated a crisis in public health which has aroused widespread alarm and sparked demand among middle class residents for government intervention.不正规的垃圾处理设施在激增，这引发了公共健康的危机，引起了广泛恐慌和中产阶级居民对政府参与干预的强烈要求Our goal in this article is twofold. First, we seek to explain why formal SWM has lagged behind the rapid increase of generated waste in recent years. 我们这篇文章的目标有两个。首先，我们旨在解释为何近年正规固体垃圾管理的发展远远落后于产生的垃圾的快速增长 We examine SWM in Noida from collection to disposal, and we show that an adequate understanding of Noidas dismal SWM system must move beyond simplistic explanations of state failure or market failure. 我们检验Noida固体垃圾管理收集到处理的全过程，然后我们得出一个关于Noida惨淡的固体垃圾处理系统的合理解释，而不是一个过于简单化的“政策失败”或者“市场失败”的解释We demonstrate that municipal authorities have sought to regulate the beginning of the SWM system (i.e. collection), but their efforts have foundered due to an absence of regulation at the end of the system (i.e. disposal). 我们论证市政当局试着规范固体垃圾管理系统（实际上主要是垃圾收集），但是他们的努力因为没有规范垃圾管理系统的最后一步-“垃圾处理”而以失败告终Second, we explore the actually existing practices and politics of waste management on an everyday basis among middle class residents, government officials, private sector firms and laborers in the informal sector. 第二，我们探究实际存在的实践和基于中产阶级居民日常生活基础的垃圾管理的政策、政府官员、私营部门公司和非正规部门的工人。The management and control or lack thereof of solid waste is a contentious political topic that is incessantly discussed and debated among these interest groups.对固体垃圾管理和控制是一个有争议的不断被讨论的政治话题Since waste collection services in Noida are purchased on the open market, conventional wisdom would predict that affluent residents would enjoy efficient waste management services by bringing their substantial financial resources to bear.自从Nodia的垃圾收集服务在开放市场上出售，传统观点预测富裕居民将通过施加重要的金融资源而享受到高效的垃圾管理服务（这一句我不太懂）We demonstrate that the reality is not this straightforward because in the absence of an effective public SWM system affluent residents must negotiate directly with waste collectors. 我们论证事实并不是那么简单，因为没有一个高效的公共固体垃圾管理系统，富裕居民就必须直接和垃圾收集者协商These interactions call into question the extent to which the poor are bypassed, and serve to account for the extreme socio-spatial differentiation and splintered landscape characteristic of Indias new towns. 这样的互动将会造成问题，而问题是穷人是被“避开”的，这也解释了严重的社会空间分化和分裂印度的新城镇景观特色。（the extent to which我不知道要怎么翻译）Thus, this paper seeks to contribute to scholarship on urbanization in India by demonstrating how scholarship on urban planning must include analysis of negotiations and struggles surrounding service provision.因此，这篇文章旨在通过证明城市规划的学术研究必须包括对提供服务的协商和斗争的分析，对印度城市化的学术研究做出贡献 Furthermore, existing scholarly research on the negotiations and struggles surrounding SWM is set within the context of the privatization of existing public systems (Baud et al., 2001; Baud and Post, 2003; Ahmed and Ali, 2006; Chaturvedi and Gidwani, 2011).而且，目前关于固体垃圾管理的协商和斗争的学术研究是在目前公共系统私有化的背景下的Baud et al. (2001) demonstrate that municipal authorities typically pursue alliances with large-scale formal firms and they are reluctant to enter into formal partnerships with small-scale informal-sector enterprises. Baud et al.说明市政当局通常实行和大型正规公司联盟的举措，而他们不情愿和小规模非正规部门的企业建立正常伙伴关系While NGOs can occasionally facilitate the integration of informal-sector workers into formal SWM systems, these arrangements are difficult to scale-up (Baud and Post, 2003). 而非政府组织可以偶尔地促进非正规部门的工人纳入正式的SWM系统，这些安排是难以放大的By focusing on a city that lacks a waste management system, we hope to move the focus beyond questions surrounding privatization, and focus on the initial roll out of urban service systems. 通过关注一个缺少垃圾管理系统的城市，我们希望将焦点移到围绕着私有化的问题之外，然后关注城市服务系统的initial roll（不知道怎么翻译- -）This paper is organized into five sections.这篇文章由五个部分组成