独家私人珍藏版微经期末整理.docx

402出品 以上这些是对上半学习所学的知识的总结，个人感觉，上半学期的内容比较重要，特别是供求关系、完全竞争以及不完全竞争情况下的各种分析对于我们今后的学习有很大的帮助。特别是第九章和第十章涉及到的关于垄断行业的知识，大家要好好把书上的图消化透彻，我认为期末考试会在这两个章节出很多内容，因为这两个章节是衔接两个老师上课的内容的章节，所以希望大家要多花时间自这两章上。至于杨扬老师给我们发的提纲，我也分析过了，我认为期末考试的难度不会太大，因为很多内容都不要求掌握不考，所以在下学期这一部分的内容总结中，我会以杨扬老师发的提纲为主作一些整理。以下是杨扬老师的提纲：Chapter 10 Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competitionn 10.0 市场结构的理论回顾（注意各种市场结构的区别）n 10.1 不完全竞争者的行为n 10.2 控制、创新与信息Chapter 11 Uncertainty and Game Theoryn 11.1 风险和不确定性经济学（图11-2所中引申的保险与投机的类比不要求）n 11.2博弈论（无限重复囚徒困境的触发战略、混合战略、聚点均衡不要求）Chapter 12How Markets Determine Incomesn 12.1收入和财富（课堂中所举的中国的发展实例不要求记诵）n 12.2通过边际生产率决定投入价格Chapter 13 Labor Marketn 13.1 Fundamentals of wage determinationn 13.2 Labor market issues and policies（ppt中的Union Wages In Practice不要求）Chapter 14Land and Rentn 14.1 土地和租金（税收的一般分析，即ppt中“存在税收时的供需情况” 现阶段不要求大家掌握，大家只需要掌握对土地征税的影响）n 14.2资本和利息Chapter 14 附录 市场与经济效率n 14.1 The efficiency of perfect competition（市场失灵大家了解其定义即可，现阶段不需要大家对引起市场的几大原因作深入的掌握）Chapter 18 保护环境（主要参照ppt）n 18.1 人口与资源限制（只需掌握马尔萨斯人口论观点）n 18.2 自然资源经济学（大致了解可分拨及不可分拨资源的定义即可）n 18.3环境经济学（了解外部性的定义、掌握正负外部性的图形表示（主要参照ppt即可）；公共品和私人品不要求掌握）CHAPTER 10 Monopoly and monopolistic competition1. 市场结构的回顾（详见第九章总结）2. Behavior of Imperfect Competition（1） Measures of Market Power The 4-firm concentration ratio HHI(不要求掌握)（2） Theories of imperfect competition3. Innovation & Information4.Measuring the waste from imperfect competitionDeadweight loss 本章是下半学期以来学习的重点，大家注意出现的一些图，一定要学会分析，还要学会计算Deadweight loss!CHAPTER 11 Uncertainty & Game TheoryKey Word: Speculation Dominant Strategy Dominant Equilibrium Nash Equilibrium Game TheoryBasic Concepts:1. Speculation: involves buying and selling in order to make profits from fluctuations in prices.2. Arbitrage(套利): purchase of a good or asset in one market for immediate resale in other market in order to profit from a price discrepancy.3. Hedging(套期保值): consists of reducing the risks involved in owning an asset or commodity by making a counteracting sale of that assets.4. Moral Hazard：when insurance rise the risky behavior and thereby changes the probability of loss.5. Averse Selection：arises when the people with the highest risk are also the most likely to buy the insurance6. Game theory (博弈论)： analyzes the way that two or more player or parties choose actions or strategies that jointly affect each participant. 7. The dominant strategy (占优策略) of a player is that he has a best strategy no matter what strategy the other player follows.8. Dominant equilibrium (占优均衡): both (or all) players have a dominant strategy.9. Nash equilibrium (纳什均衡) （sometimes called the noncooperative equilibrium (非合作均衡)）: no player can improve his or her payoff given the other players strategy. Conclusion:1. Economics of risk and uncertainty2.Game Theory3. Important examples of Game theory(1) The prison dilemma (2) The game of collusion (3)The pollution Game Deadly Arms Races The winner-take-all GamePS：这一章的内容重点在于博弈论，至于前面的投机、风险规避等知识点，大家要有所了解，注意书本中出现的例子，结合例子去分析，个人认为会出有关博弈论的问答题，会设置一个情景或者是给出一个表格，要考生分析哪个情况是占优均衡，哪个是纳什均衡，因此，关于博弈论的例子大家一定要掌握好，在杨老师的课件里面也有涉及到，大家可以去看看。还有，以下是李腾师兄提醒注意的地方：1. 为什么要有社会保险？（因为存在道德风险和逆向选择）2. 商业保险存在的三个条件？A.存在多种投保情况，所投保的风险程度或多或少地具有独立性 B.随机事件的概率也可以准确地做出估计 C.个人利益还未能腐蚀掉人们的基本道德。3. 结合效用理论和等边际原则说明套利、投机在经济上具有效率、合理性。CHAPTER 12 How market determine IncomesKey word: Income Wealth Factor Income Input pricing by marginal productivity Derived Demand & Dependent Demand Marginal Revenue Product Least-cost rule Economic RentConclusion:1.difference between income and wealthIncome: refers to the flow of wages, interest payments, dividends, and other things of value accruing during a period of time. (LORANZ CURVE)Wealth: is a stock consists of the net dollar value of assets owned at a given point in time.Role of government: transfer payment, tax2.The nature of factor demandsDerived Demands: (1)the firms firm for inputs is derived indirectly from the consumer demand for its final product.(2)When firms demand an input, they do so because that input permits them to produce a good which consumers desire now or in the future. (for instance,P230 FIGURE 12-2)Dependent Demands 3.Distribution theory and marginal revenue product(1)Marginal Revenue Product定义：The MRP of input A is the additional revenue produced by an additional unit of input A.(2)perfectly competitive case:MRPL=MRMPL =P MPLP=MR(3)imperfectly competitive case:MRPL=MRMPLPMR(4)Profit-Maximizing 根据边际法则，要达到利润最大化，企业应当使投入的边际收益产品与投入的边际成本相等。因此，对于完全竞争市场，利润最大化的时候， MP of Labor * Output price = price of labor =wage rate MRP=MC=P(5)Least-cost rule(适用于完全和不完全竞争市场)MP of Labor/Price of Labor=MP of Land/Price of land=1/MR推导过程：MPR=MR*MPMC=P（要素价格）/MP当P=MRP时，MR=MC，此时利润最大化 因此，MR=P/MP，再将其带入最小成本法则公式当中即可。注意：最小成本不一定是利润最大，而利润最大则一定是最小成本！(6)书本中P234-P238有几幅图，关于生产要素供给的，特别是向后弯曲曲线以及经济租金的图，要掌握好。向后弯曲的劳动供给曲线（李腾师兄的答疑课件上也有详细解释）：PS：本章内容主要围绕收入和财富的区别，生产要素的供给以及最小成本法则、利润最大化的确定来展开讨论的，很有可能考计算题，大家注意了！ CHAPTER 13 The Labor MarketA. Fundamentals of Wages Determination1. The general wage level2. Demand for Labor3. Supply for Labor4. Wage Differentials(1) Differences in jobs(2) Differences in People (labor quantity)(3) Differences in the “rents” of unique individuals(4) Segmented market(for professions and skilled trade)(5) Noncompeting Group(discrimination such as miners)B. Labor Market Issues and Policies1. History and practice of Labor Unions2. How unions raise wages3. Effects on wages and employment(as directly limited entry) P2554. Discrimination(1) by exclusion（排斥性歧视）(2) statistical discrimin