Global Marine Power (Wave and Tidal) Industry 2015 Market 全球海洋电力(波浪和潮汐)产业2015市场.docx

Global Marine Power (Wave and Tidal) Industry 2015 Market ResearchChapters1 Industry Overview1.1 Basic Information of Marine Power (Wave and Tidal)1.1.1 Definition of Marine Power (Wave and Tidal)Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the worlds oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries.The term marine energy encompasses both wave power i.e. power from surface waves, and tidal power i.e. obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water. Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the wind, even if the wind turbines are placed over water.The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around the world.1.1.2 Classifications of Marine Power (Wave and Tidal)Table Classifications of Marine Power (Wave and Tidal)ClassificationsExplanationWave PowerWave energy is generally considered to be the most concentrated and least variable form of renewable energy. It is the high power density of wave energy that suggests it has the capacity to become the lowest cost renewable energy source.Tidal PowerTidal energy is produced through the use of tidal energy generators. These large underwater turbines are placed in areas with high tidal movements, and are designed to capture the kinetic motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity. Tidal power has great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the massive size of the oceans.Source: QYR Energy Research Center, Oct 20161.1.3 Characteristics of Marine Power (Wave and Tidal)Oceans, covering more than 70 % of the earth, have long been appreciated as a vast renewable energy source. The energy is stored in oceans partly as thermal energy, partly as kinetic energy (waves and currents) and also in chemical and biological products. Numerous techniques for extracting energy from the sea have been suggested, most of which can be included in one of the following categories: wave energy, marine and tidal current energy, ocean thermal energy, energy from salinity gradients (osmosis), and cultivation of marine biomass. The kinetic energy present in marine and tidal currents can be converted to electricity using relatively conventional turbine technology. To harness the kinetic energy in waves present a different set of technical challenges and a wide variety of designs have been suggested. Only a fraction of the global ocean energy resource can be found in sites economically feasible to explore with the available technology. However, this fraction could still make a considerable contribution to electricity supply. This is the reason why the marine renewable sector is currently the focus of much industrial and academic research around the world.Sites with attractive wave climate and intense tidal currents are abundant in the vicinity of the European coastline. It has been shown that 48% of the European tidal resource is in the UK, 42% in France, and 8% in Ireland. There are basically two ways of generating electricity from marine and tidal currents: by building a tidal barrage across an estuary or a bay in high tide areas, or by extracting energy from free flowing water (tidal kinetic energy).1.2 Development Overview of Marine Power (Wave and Tidal)Globally there have been relatively fragmented efforts to develop marine energy technology to convert the energy in waves and tidal currents into electricity. However, interest in the sector has been growing in recent years (particularly in Europe) and a number of technologies have progressed to second and next generation devices. As the sector develops, there are many challenges that must be overcome and a key message from developments in the sector over the last decade is that putting devices in the water is expensive and reliability and cost effective maintenance constitute important challenges.The following players are the main Marine Power (Wave and Tidal) players:Table Global Major Marine Power (Wave and Tidal) PlayersPlayerWebsiteSource: QYR Energy Research Center, Oct 20161.3 Enter Barriers Analysis of Marine Power (Wave and Tidal)Electricity production from wave energy is not a mature technology so coats associated with can be high. Since projects are new developers have no financial or economic model to take as reference, the new players may suffer the risk in the industry.Devices deployed as of late 2011 have not shown themselves to be currently competitive in terms of the cost of energy alone in comparison with other generation sources such as conventional fossil fuel generation or more developed technologies for the production of renewable energies. One of the key challenges for the marine energy sector and the individual technology developers is to reduce costs in order to make the cost of marine energy technology competitive with other forms of electricity generation.The International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that wave and tidal current energy technologies are currently among the most expensive when compared to conventional fossil fuel electricity generation or other renewable forms. It should also be noted that the reduction in costs for mature technologies, such as hydropower, is small and marginal.The greatest barrier to tidal range technology advances are the relatively high upfront costs related to the developments of the dykes or embankments, and the ecological implications of enclosures or impoundments. Moreover due to tidal cycles and turbine efficiency, the load factor of a conventional tidal barrage is around 25%, which leads to high cost of energy. Improvement in turbine efficiency, in particular innovative reversible turbines for ebb and flood generation, should provide a significant increase in energy yield.Table Available Costs and Performance ParametersOcean energy technologyInvestment costs (USD2005/kW)Annual O&M costs (USD2005/kW)Capacity factor (%)Design life (years)Wave6,200-16,10018025-4020Tidal5,400-14,30014026-4020Source: QYR Energy Research Center, Oct 20162 Marine Power (Wave and Tidal) International and China Market Analysis2.1 Marine Power (Wave and Tidal) International Market Development HistoryTidal energy is one of the oldest forms of energy used by humans. Indeed, tide mills, in use on the Spanish, French and British coasts, date back to 787 A.D. Tide mills consisted of a storage pond, filled by the incoming (flood) tide through a sluice and emptied during the outgoing (ebb) tide through a water wheel. The tides turned waterwheels, producing mechanical power to mill grain. We even have one remaining in New York- which worked well into the 20th century.Tidal power is non-polluting, reliable and predictable. Tidal barrages, undersea tidal turbines like wind turbines but driven by the sea and a variety of machines harnessing undersea currents are under development. Unlike wind and waves, tidal currents are entirely predictable.Tidal energy can be exploited in two ways:By building semi-permeable barrages across estuaries with a high tidal rangeBy harnessing offshore tidal streamsBarrages allow tidal waters to fill an estuary via sluices and to empty through turbines. Tidal streams can be harnessed using offshore underwater devices similar to wind turbines.Most modern tidal concepts employ a dam approach with hydraulic turbines. A drawback of tidal power is its low capacity factor, and it misses peak demand times because of 12.5 hr cycle of the tides. The total world potential for ocean tidal power has been estimated at 64,000 MWe. The 25-30 ft tidal variations of Passamaquoddy Bay (Bay of Fundy) have the potential of between 800 to 14,000 MWe.Wave energy sites are a more recent development than wind and remain relatively uncommon. Their development has been concentrated in Europe and especially in Scotland. Outside of Europe, the USA and Australia in particular are developing wave energy sites. There are 59 wave energy sites globally in various stages of development.2.2 Marine Power (Wave and Tidal) China Market Development HistoryChina is increasing spending on tidal power, and its largest project could outmatch any planned development in Europe. China is increasing spending on tidal power; its largest project could outmatch any planned development in Europe. Currently, the UK is the leader in marine power, with a goal of 2000 megawatts installed by 2020. The largest potential project in China is a US $30 billion tidal wall that could have an installed power base of about a gigawatt. The dam-like structure has turbines with curved blades that allow marine life to swim through while harnessing the energy in the water. The project has domestic and int