热能与动力工程专业英语.docx

强度量：intensive properties do not depend on mass （e,g,p,=1/,u and h ）,extensive properties depend on the total mass of the system（e,g,V,M,U,and H）.Uppercase letters are usually used for extensive properties.准平衡：equilibrium：states of a system are most conveniently described when the system is in equilibrium, i.e. it is in steady-state.Often we will consider process that change “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process.A process is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the process is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.It is necessary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system.热力学第一二定律：In simplest terms,the law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat and work.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the conservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.The first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the internal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy.举例说明热力学定律应用：a cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air.An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodynamics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the pressure cooker,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes.绝热系统：isolated systems：not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment.开口系统：exchanging energy (heat and work )and matter with their environment .闭口系统：exchangeing energy (heat and work )but not matter with their environment .孤立系统：rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work .辐射换热:The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation .We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference ;this is called thermal radiation .对流传热:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics .we say that heat is convected away ,and we call the process convection heat transfer .对流传热的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection .If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate .We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate .传热学:Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference .传热学和热力学的区别:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat .The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions .The fact that a heat -transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics .Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium ;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another ;it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the process .Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy -transfer rates .As in the science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompass a variety of practical situations .影响辐射传热的因素：To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into Equation ,called the emissive :which relates the radiation of the “gray”surface to that of an ideal black surface .We must take into account the fact that not all the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface since electromagnic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to the surroundings.热能与动力工程thermal energy and power engineering能量转化energy-transfer比例常数proportionality constant比例系数proportionality factor活性中心active center对流传热convection heat transfer电磁辐射electromagnetic radiation角系数view factor准静态过程quasi-static process准平衡quasi-equilibrium静态平衡static equilibrium强度参数intensive property广延参数extensive property燃烧机理combustion mechanism平均分子运动average molecular motion热反应堆thermal reactor热力学性质 thermodynamic property摩尔热容molar heat capacity动能kinetic energy压缩因子compressibility factor温度传感器temperature sensor测量电路measurement circuit电压输出voltage output静电荷electrostatic charge励磁电源excitation power内能internal energy能量原理energy principle能量平衡energy balance能量守恒conservation of energy剪切应力shear force/stress角速度angular velocity速度梯度velocity gradient温度梯度temperature gradient一维one-dimensional机械能mechanical energy内能internal energy动能kinetic energy势能potential energy凝固/硬化take a set流体动力学fluid dynamic hydrodynamics蒸汽发生系统steam generating system辅助设备auxiliary equipment空煤比the air-coal ratio质量作用定律the law of mass action阿伦尼乌斯定律arrhennius law活化分子active molecule活化分子碎片active molecule fragments活化能activation energy自由价free valency支链反应定律the law of branched chain reactions化学反应方程式stoichiometric equation活化中心active centres能级energy levels甲烷methane ch4压缩机compressor冷凝器condenser膨胀阀expansion valve可逆reversible绝热adiabatic等熵isentropic余隙容积clearance volume比容specific volume压力损失pressure loss溶液给水温度liquid feed temperature体积流速the volume flow rate液压头liquid head成比例的proportional成反比例的inversely proportional热力学定律principles of thermodynamics平衡温度equilibrium temperature相变phase change导热性thermal conductivity传热系数heat transfer coefficient强制对流forced convection自然对流natural convection外表面external surface焓enthalpy熵entropy对流传热convection heat transfer牛顿冷却公式Newton law of cooling流体物性properties of the liquid质量流量比mass flow ratio电磁辐射能electromagnetic energy热辐射thermal radiation净辐射量net radiation流体力学fluid mechanics热力学性质thermodynamic property牛顿粘性定律Newton law of vosicosity温熵图temperature-entropy diagram回转式发动机rotary engine汽轮机steam turbine光化学烟雾photochemical smog核电站nuclear power plant流化床燃烧fluildized bed combustion余热锅炉a heat recovery builer表面积surface area强度量：intensive properties do not depend on mass （e,g,p,=1/,u and h ）,extensive properties depend on the total mass of the system（e,g,V,M,U,and H）.Uppercase letters are usually used for extensive properties.准平衡：equilibrium：states of a system are most conveniently described when the system is in equilibrium, i.e. it is in steady-state.Often we will consider process that change “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process.A process is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the process is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.It is necessary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system.热力学第一二定律：In simplest terms,the law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat and work.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the conservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.The first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the internal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy.举例说明热力学定律应用：a cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air.An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodynamics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the pressure cooker,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes.绝热系统：isolated systems：not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment.开口系统：exchanging energy (heat and work )and matter with their environment .闭口系统：exchangeing energy (heat and work )but not matter with their environment .孤立系统：rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work .辐射换热:The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation .We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference ;this is called thermal radiation .对流传热:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics .we say that heat is convected away ,and we call the process convection heat transfer .对流传热的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection .If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate .We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate .传热学:Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference .传热学和热力学的区别:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat .The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions .The fact that a heat -transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics .Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium ;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another ;it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the process .Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy -transfer rates .As in the science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompass a variety of practical situations .影响辐射传热的因素：To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into Equation ,called the emissive :which relates the radiation of the “gray”surface to that of an ideal black surface .We must take into account the fact that not all the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface since electromagnic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to the surroundings热能与动力工程thermal energy and power engineering能量转化energy-transfer比例常数proportionality constant比例系数proportionality factor活性中心active center对流传热convection heat transfer电磁辐射electromagnetic radiation角系数view factor准静态过程quasi-static process准平衡quasi-equilibrium静态平衡static equilibrium强度参数intensive property广延参数extensive property燃烧机理combustion mechanism平均分子运动average molecular motion热反应堆thermal reactor热力学性质 thermodynamic property摩尔热容molar heat capacity动能kinetic energy压缩因子compressibility factor温度传感器temperature sensor测量电路measurement circuit电压输出voltage output静电荷electrostatic charge励磁电源excitation power内能internal energy能量原理energy pri