高中英语 教材核心词汇讲解及训练 新人教版必修5.doc

核心词汇梳理并重点训练必修 5 23第 23 页 共 23 页unit 1 great scientistsconclude, defeat, expose, cure, blame, contribute, put forward, apart from, make sense, every time1. conclude vt.&vi. 断定；使结束；达成，缔结 sth (from sth) conclude 推断出，断定(from sth) that with sth conclude sth 以结束by doing sthconclude sth with sb 就某事与某人达成协议conclusion n. 结束，结论in conclusion 最后，总之arrive at / come to / draw / reach a conclusion得出结论come to the conclusion that所得结论是eg: these are facts; what do you conclude from them?let me conclude my speech with a saying: where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成britain concluded a trade agreement with china.i came to the conclusion that he was lying.2. defeat vt. 打败；战胜；使受挫 n. 失败辨析defeat / beat / win：这三个词都有“赢”的意思，但用法不尽相同。 defeat和beat都可接sb作宾语，一般可以互换，其宾语通常是“人”或“一个团体”，如a team，a class，a school，an army等。另外，defeat还可用于指战争中“击败”敌军或入侵者。 win后接sth，如game，war，prize，love，respect等；后接sb时表示“争取某人”。eg: zhang yining defeated li jiawei with difficulty in the 29th olympics.the problem has defeated me and i cant solve it.the party faces defeat in the election.3. expose vt. 暴露，揭露，使曝光，使面临expose sth / sb / oneself (to) 显露或暴露某事物 / 某人 / 某人自己exposed adj. （指地方）无遮蔽的；不遮挡风雨的be exposed to 暴露于eg: dont expose your baby to the sun.the liquid is not to be exposed to air, for it will soon evaporate.the film has been exposed.we want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.4. cure n. 治愈；痊愈 vt. 治愈；治疗a cure for sth 治疗的方法cure sb of + 疾病名称 治愈某人的疾病cure sb of + 不良行为 矫正某人的不良行为与cure sb of sth结构类似的短语还有： remind sb of sth 使某人想起某事suspect sb of sth 怀疑某人（做）某事rob sb of sth 抢了某人某物inform sb of sth 通知某人某事warn sb of sth 警告某人某事accuse sb of sth 控告某人某事eg: there is no cure for the common cold at present.can you cure me of my cold?that nasty shock cured him of his inquisitiveness forever.辨析treat / cure： treat表示治疗过程，不表示结果。 cure强调结果，意为“治疗，治愈”，常与of连用。5. blame vt. 责备；谴责；把归咎于 n. 过失；责备blame sb for sth 因某事而责备某人blame sth on sb 把某事怪到某人头上be to blame 应受责备get / accept / bear / take the blame for对负责lay / put the blame for sth on sb把某事归咎于某人身上eg: she blamed him for the failure of their marriage.dont go trying to blame it on me!if anyone is to blame, its me.she took the blame on herself.6. contribute vt.&vi. 捐款；贡献；捐助contributeto 把贡献给contribute to 导致；向投稿；有助于contribution n. 贡献；捐款；稿件make a contribution to对作出贡献eg: all the people in our school contributed something to the disaster in sichuan.various factors contributed to his downfall.she contributes regularly to a physics journal.7. put forward 提出，建议；推荐；将提前put aside 节省，储蓄，储存put away 放好，积蓄put back 放回，拨回put down 记下，镇压put in 放入，加进put off 延期，推迟put on 穿上，演出put out 熄灭，扑灭put through 接通电话put up 举起，张贴，公布，挂起，建造eg: she put forward some good proposals for educational reform.her name was put forward as the best for the job.put the clock forward by 5 minutes.8. apart from 除之外；此外 除之外（都） (= except / except for) 除之外（还）；此外 (= besides) 与apart相关的词组：takeapart 将拆开tell a and b apart 分辨出a与beg: this essay is good apart from a couple of spelling mistakes.apart from the occasional visit, what does alan do for his kids?i often took some old toy cars apart when i was a child.9. make sensemake sense of 理解，明白make no sense 没道理，没意义there is no sense in doing sth 做没道理in a sense 在某一方面；就某种意义来说in no sense 决不eg: can you make any sense of the article at all?it makes good sense to grow fruit trees on the hillside.in a sense, learning the law is like learning a language.in no sense can the issue be said to be resolved.10. so many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. every time引导一个时间状语从句，相当于whenever，意为“每当” 名词词组作连词用，引导时间状语从句的有：every time, each time, any time, the last time, next time, the first time, the moment, the second, the minute, the hour, the day等。 引导状语从句的副词有：directly, instantly, immediately等。eg: every time i catch a cold, i have pains in my back.the first time i climbed onto the wall, i felt very nervous.she let out a cry the moment she saw the snake.i left immediately the clock struck 5.练习：1. once the price had been agreed, a deal . （很快就达成协议）。2. the prime minister by saying that he was satisfied with his visit in china.a. concluded b. conducted c. convinced d. converted3. evidence obtained from observation and experiment is often used to a scientific theory. a. confirm b. conclude c. consult d. confuse 用defeat, beat与win的适当形式填空4. he all his opponents in the election.5. mary the first prize for swimming.6. the more one is the english-speaking environment, the better he or she will learn the language. a. exposed to b. filled in c. caught on d. kept up7. they have discovered a new for the disease. a. treatment b. cure c. way d. method8. the careless driver is for the traffic accident that yesterday. a. to blame; happened b. to blame; was happening c. to be blamed; was happened d. to be blamed; happed9. im sure your suggestion will solving the problem. a. contribute b. devote to c. lead to d. attribute to10. the state council has a new economic policy on the benefits of the farmers. a. put up b. put forward c. put off d. put out11. his nose, hes quite good-looking. a. besides b. apart from c. except that d. now that12. it doesnt make to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. a. sense b. opinion c. use d. difference13. dont stop you meet with a word you dont understand. a. at the time b. each time c. by the time d. sometimes14. you talk to someone or write a message, you show your skills to others. a. at times b. some time c. every time d. the timeunit 2 the united kingdomconvenience, attract, arrange, delight, thrill, consist of, leave out, break down, do / does / did + 动词原形1. convenience n. 便利；便利的事物或设施for convenience 为了方便起见at ones convenience 在方便的时候convenient adj. 方便的，便利的be convenient for 对是方便的eg: please send me an answer at your convenience.is this evening convenient for you to go out?we bought this house for convenience; its near the school.注：convenient作表语时，不可用人作主语，要用事物作主语或用it来充当形式主语。convenient不和“of sb + 不定式”连用，但可与“for sb + 不定式”连用。作表语时后接不定式的主动形式。2. attract vt. 吸引；引起注意attract ones attention 吸引某人的注意attract sb to 把某人吸引到attraction n.have an / no / a little / much attraction for sb对某人具有 / 不具有 / 有一点 / 很有吸引力attractive adj. 有吸引力的；引起兴趣的eg: the story has attracted a lot of interest in the media.what attracted me most to the job was the chance to travel.the television has little attraction for me.3. arrange v. 筹备；安排；整理；布置；排列arrange sth 整理，排列；安排，筹备arrange to do sth 安排做某事arrange sth for sb 为某人安排某事arrange for sb to do sth 安排某人做某事arrange (with sb) to do sth （与某人）约定干某事arrange that 商定；安排arrangement n. 安排，筹备make arrangements for 安排好eg: ive arranged for the window cleaner to come on thursday.have you arranged to meet mark this weekend?the local newspaper made arrangements for an interview with professor stein.注：表示“安排某人做某事”用arrange for sb to do sth，而不用arrange sb to do sth。make arrangements (for sth / for sb to do sth)中的arrangement常用复数形式。4. delight n. 快乐，高兴，喜悦 vt.&vi. （使）高兴，（使）欣喜delight in (doing) sth 以某事为乐（尤指不该做的事）to ones delight 令某人高兴的是take / find / have delight in喜好；以为乐with / in delight 高兴地its a delight to do sth 做某事是令人愉快的delighted adj. 高兴的，快乐的be delighted at 为而高兴be delighted to do sth / thatdelightful adj. 令人快乐的eg: chris delights in teasing his sister.much to our delight, everything goes well.thanks for the invitation. id be delighted to come.my brother is a delightful young man.5. thrill vt. 使激动；使胆战心惊 n. 兴奋；紧张give sb a thrill to do sth / of doing sth 做某事让某人感到激动thrilled adj. 兴奋的；激动的be thrilled at / about / with sth对感到兴奋thrilling adj. 令人感到兴奋的eg: the film thrilled the audience.it was a real thrill to meet yao ming.he was thrilled at the sight of her.i had a thrilling experience on the lake last sunday.6. consist of 由组成consist of 一般不用于进行时和被动语态 consist in (= lie in) 在于，存在于consistent adj. 相容的，一致的be consistent with 和一致；相符be made up of 由组成 be composed of make up 组成eg: the world consists of seven continents.the beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.we should do this: what we say is consistent with what we do. 言行一致7. leave out 省去；遗漏；不考虑leave alone 不管，让独自呆着；不打扰leave aside 搁置leave behind 忘带，留下leave for 动身到（某处）leave off 停止，中断eg: you can leave out the details, just give us the main facts.ive told you before leave my things alone!the lights of the city were soon left behind.he left off playing the piano to answer the telephone.8. break down （机器）出故障；破坏；（计划、谈判）失败；（化学）分解；（身体）垮掉break in 破门而入；打断break into 闯入；突然起来（后接tears，laughter等）break out （战争）爆发；（火灾）发生break off 折断；突然停止讲话；休息；结束break through 突围；突破；冲垮；克服break up 拆开，结束；解散break away (from) 挣脱；脱离eg: the elevators in the building are always breaking down.peace talks have broken down over the question of reparations.she broke away from him and ran to the window.9. to their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions.“do / does / did + 动词原形”用于肯定陈述句中，加强语气。eg: do come this evening.he did write to you last week.tom does study hard now.注： 这种强调句只有一般现在时和一般过去时。 只对肯定句的谓语动词进行强调，没有否定式和疑问式。 do / does / did在句中要重读。 在祈使句中使用时，往往不表示命令，而表示强烈的请求，有时也表达更加客气的语气。练习：1. i will come to pay a visit to you if this weekend. a. youre convenient b. it is convenient for you c. you feel convenient d. it is convenient with you2. the film named crazy stone has a lot of for young people. a. attractions b. attraction c. interest d. attack3. our headmaster for me to show the visitors around our school. a. asked b. wanted c. arranged d. let4. at the good news, she couldnt help crying. a. delighting b. delighted c. delightful d. being delighted5. 我们听到你被北京大学录取的好消息非常兴奋。 we the wonderful news that you were admitted to peking university.6. 当从飞机上跳下来的时候，他感到一阵兴奋。 he felt as he jumped from the plane.7. the group of eight (g8) the eight richest countries in the world. a. is consisted of b. is made up c. consists of d. consists in8. while copying this paper, be careful not to any words. a. leave behind b. leave aside c. leave off d. leave out9. she showed us the whole dance first, then so that we could learn it more easily. a. got it through b. carried it out c. broke it down d. took it off10. we had just covered a distance of three miles the engine and the car came to a stop.a. then; was broken b. when; broke downc. until; was failed d. since; burst out11. i tell tom that i visited the national stadium called “the birds nest”, in beijing, but he completely forgot it. a. do b. does c. did d. doingunit 3 life in the futureprevious, lack, switch, take up, lose sight of, speed up, as though1. previous adj. 以前的；早先的previous to 在前；先于（to为介词）previously adv. 以前地；先前地eg: no previous experience is necessary for this job.previous to this, shed always been ill.the world record was previously held by a spanish athlete.2. lack v.&n. 缺乏；缺少的东西 lack + n. v. lack for + n. （多用于否定句中）需求；需要 for / through lack of + n. 因缺乏 n. a lack of + n. 缺乏no lack of 不缺乏 lacking adj. 短缺的；缺乏的be lacking in 缺少eg: li jiaweis real problem is that she lacks confidence.he has got a bad headache through lack of sleep.the film was lacking in pace.3. switch n. 开关；转换 vt. 转换switch on 接上；打开switch to 变换到switch off 切断；关掉switch over 完全转变；转换make a switch 进行改变eg: which switch do i press to turn it off?he switched the light on.hold on, please. ill switch you to the manager.we had to make a switch in our arrangement.lucy returned home from work early. after changing clothes, she switched off the light and came downstairs. then she switched on the tv and switched over with boredom.4. take up 拿起；接受；开始；继续；占据take apart 拆开（机器）等take away 拿走，夺去take back 收回（说错的话）take down 取下；记下；拆卸take for 认为，以为；误认为take in 接受，吸收；包括；领会；欺骗take on 承担；呈现；开始雇用take off 拿走；脱下（衣帽等）；起飞take over 占据；接任（职位）take out 拿出；去掉；扣除eg: she took up her first teaching post in 2009.the runners took up their positions on the starting line.is the supermarket taking on any more assistants?he is taking over my job while i am on holiday.5. lose sight of 看不见at the sight of 在看到时catch sight of 望见，看到in / within sight 在视线内，可以被看见in sight of 可以看见out of sight 看不见了，不被人看见eg: i lost sight of him in the crowd.she let out a cry at the sight of the snake.sheila caught sight of her own face in one of the shop windows.when we got to the beach, there wasnt a soul in sight.6. speed up 加速at high / low / full / top speed 以高 / 低 / 全 / 最高速at a speed of 以速度with all speed 尽快地reduce speed 减速pick up speed 加速eg: wed better speed up if we want to be in time for the film.at the turning, the car reduced speed.the police car is running at a speed of 100 miles per hour to chase after the truck ahead of it.7. the air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.as though = as if“似乎是，好像是”，其后可接分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词。as though的意义和用法与as if相同，用来引导方式状语从句，如果从句表示的情况是事实，使用陈述语气，主句的位于多为look，seem，taste，smell，sound等词；如果从句表示的情况不是事实，则用虚拟语气，形式如下： 从句的动词在时间上与主句动词同时发生，从句的动词用过去时。 从句的动词在时间上先于主句的动词发生，从句的动词用had done。 从句的动词在时间上比主句的动词晚发生，从句的动词用would / could / might + do。eg: it looks as though they have succeeded in the experiment.she talks about hong kong as though she had been there before.the boy is running here and there as though searching for something.the old man set upon the thief as though mad.8. hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached. 过去分词作状语时与主语的关系：若其逻辑主语是句子的主语，则与句中主语含有逻辑上的被动关系。 过去分词的句法功能：可以在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、让步等状语。 过去分词的独立结构：过去分词作状语时，若其逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则须在过去分词前加上自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。 过去分词作状语的位置：多放在句首，也可放在后面或插在中间，一般要用逗号同其他部分隔开。eg: dealt with in a proper way, waste can be turned into useful things.united, we stand; divided, we fall. (= if we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.)the table set, they began to dine.he stood there silently, moved to tears.练习：用previous的正确形式填空1. she has two children from a marriage.2. it was time to interview the farmer, for whom i had worked.3. to her departure, she gave a big party.4. though money, his parents managed to send him to university. a. lacked b. lacking of c. lacking d. lacked in5. he used to play tennis, but now he has (改变，转变) golf.6. he got tired of teaching and (转而) writing stories.7. -it doesnt work. -have you (打开它)?8. as the holiday is drawing near, tourism is starting to . a. run off b. go off c. take off d. break off9. my study of biology has much of my spare time, but it has given me a great deal of enjoyment. a. taken in b. taken down c. taken up d. taken away10. after having followed the thief for half an hour, they him in a large department store. a. lost the sight b. caught sight c. out of sight d. lost sight of11. 火车以每小时200公里的速度行驶。 the train runs 200 kilometres an hour.12. 他们加快了新汽车的生产。 they have production of the new car.13. he often speaks too much as though he everything.a. knows b. had known c. knew d. has known14. she had a tense expression on her face, she was expecting trouble. a. even though b. as though c. so that d. now that15. the best part to peter, john was so disappointed that he felt unwilling to continue his taking part in the play. a. given b. giving c. to give d. having given16. in a traffic jam, students of a college in india answered their exam papers on the school bus. a. having caught b. be caught c. being caught d. caughtunit 4 making the newsconcentrate, inform, case, demand, approve, depend on, accuse of, so as to (do sth), be to do1. concentrate vt. 集中；聚集concentrate sth on sth / doing sth 专心致志于某事/做某事concentrate ones attention on 致力于；把注意力集中在concentrate on sth 集中精力做某事focuson 集中于fixon concentration n. 集中，专心eg: doctors are aiming to concentrate more on prevention than cure.we should concentrate our attention on work this month.concentration on strengthening our national football teams defence is essential.2. inform vt. 告知；通知inform sb of / about sth 告知某人某事inform sb (that) 通知某人informed adj. 了解情况的；见识广的keep sb informed 使某人随时了解最新情况eg: please inform us of any change of address as soon as possible.we regret to inform