高考英语一轮复习 话题21 科学巨匠（Unit1 Great scientists）新人教版必修5.doc

话题21 科学巨匠（unit1 great scientists）晨读背诵话题单词1. experiment 【kspermnt】 n. 实验；试验 2. continue 【kntnju】 v. 继续3. scientific 【santfk】 adj. 科学的 4. doubt 【dat】 n. 怀疑5. positive 【pztv】 adj. 肯定的；积极的 6. economy 【knm】 n. 经济7. unnecessary 【nnessr】adj. 不必要的 8. sharp 【:p】 adj. 锐利的；锋利的9. electrical 【lektrk()l】 adj. 电的 10. precious 【pres】 adj. 贵重的；宝贵的11. cruel 【kru:l】 adj. 残酷的 12. prove 【pru:v】 vt. 证明，证实13. engine 【endn】 n. 机器 14. nuclear 【njukl(r)】 adj. 核能的 15. conclusion 【knklu()n】 n. 结论 16. achievement 【ti:vmnt】 n. 成就17. significant 【snfknt】 adj. 显著的 18. engineering 【endnr】 n. 工程学19. evolution 【ivlu()n 】n.进化 20. technology 【teknld】 n. 技术 话题短语1. make a list of 列出 2. pick out 辨别出；挑出3. pull.from 从拉拖 4. fall asleep 入睡5. get killed 丧命；被杀 6. a waste of 浪费7. pay off 还清(债务)；付清；得到回报 8. test on 检测9. give instructions 给出说明 10. be absorbed in 专注于11. information product 信息产品 12. contribute to 有助于；为做贡献13. broaden our knowledge 开阔视野 14. with the development of 随着的发展15. in addition 另外；此外 16. be available 可以利用的17. draw a conclusion 得出结论 18.make sense 讲得通话题句子1. shanghai is the first city in the world to build a high-speed maglev train from the city to pudong airport? 上海是世界上第一个从市区到浦东机场建造磁力悬浮火车的城市。2. it doesnt make any noise as planes do.它不会像飞机一样产生任何噪音。3. having realized that i could use a kite to attract lightning, i decided to do an experiment.意识到可以利用风筝来捕捉闪电后，我决定做一个实验。4. although blind, it has a sharp sense of smell. 尽管看不见，但它有敏锐的嗅觉。5. there is no doubt that 100 years ago animal testing was cruel but today animals in experiments are very well taken care of. 毫无疑问，100年前的动物试验是残酷的，但今天试验中的动物受到了很好的照料。6. tie the corners of the handkerchief to the points of the cross, and youll have a nice strong kite. 把手帕的四个角绑在十字架的端上，这样你就有一个又好看又结实的风筝。7. so many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.每当疾病突发时，总有成千的人死去。8. only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。9he placed a fixed sun at the center of the solar system with the planets going round it. 他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星围绕着太阳转篇章模板nicolaus copernicus was a polish astronomer (1473-1543). born in torun, he began his university studies in krakow in 1491, where he studied canon law and latin and greek classics. however he also had an interest in mathematics and astronomy. after obtaining his degree of doctor of canon law (教会法规博士学位)in italy in 1503, copernicus returned home to warmia in poland to serve as canon (=priest) . in 1530, copernicus completed his great work de revolutionibus (天体运行论). copernicus knew that these findings would lead him into trouble with the roman catholic church (罗马天主教教徒), so he was in no hurry to publish his theory. he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.汉语大意：尼古拉斯哥白尼(1473-1543)，波兰天文学家，出生在图灵，1491年在克拉科夫开始它的宇宙研究。然而他同样对数学和天文学感兴趣。1503年在意大利获得教会法规博士学位后，哥白尼回到波兰的瓦米亚开始成为一名牧师。1530年，哥白尼完成了他的天体运行论巨著。他知道这些发现会让他陷入与罗马天主教教徒的麻烦，所以他并不急于出版他的理论。他只是在1543年他死的时候出版了自己的理论。基础知识自测一、单词拓展(a)根据音标及词义写出英文单词1.characteristic 【krktrstk】 n.特征;特性2.conclude 【knklud】 vt. & vi.结束;推断出conclusion 【knklu()n】 n.结论;结束3.defeat 【dfit】 vt.打败;战胜;使受挫 n.失败4.attend 【tend】 vt.照顾;护理;出席;参加5.expose 【kspz】 vt.暴露;揭露;使曝光exposure 【ksp(r)】 n.暴露6.cure 【kj(r)】 n.治愈;痊愈 vt.治愈;治疗7.challenge 【tlnd】 n.挑战 vt.向挑战challenger 【tlnd】 n.挑战者8.absorb 【bsb】 vt.吸收;吸引;使专心9.suspect 【sspekt】 vt.怀疑n.被怀疑者;嫌疑犯suspicion 【ssp()n】 n.怀疑suspicious 【ssps】 adj.有疑心的10.foresee 【f:si:】 vt.预见;预告foretell 【ftel】 v.预言forecast 【fkst 】v.预报11.blame 【blem】 vt.责备;谴责 n.过失;责备12.pollute 【plu:t】 vt.污染;弄脏pollution 【plu:n】 n.污染13.handle 【hndl】 n.柄;把手 vt.处理;操纵14.link 【lk】 vt. & n.连接;联系15.announce 【nans】 vt.宣布;通告announcement 【nansmnt】 n.通知;宣告16.instruct 【nstrkt】 vt.命令;指示;教导instruction 【nstrk()n】 n.教授;传授；指示,说明17.construct 【knstrkt】 vt.建设;修建construction 【knstrk()n】 n.建设;建筑物18.contribute 【kntrbjut】 vt. & vi.捐献;贡献;捐助contribution 【kntrbjut】 n.贡献19.spin 【spn】 vi. & vt.(使)旋转;纺(线或纱)20.reject 【rdekt】 vt.拒绝;不接受;抛弃rejection 【rdektnn.拒绝;抛弃(b)单词活用 用所给词的正确形式填空。1. the farmers in this area had a good harvest last year thanks to the scientific (science)farming.2. the doctor had my eyes examined (examine)for weakening.3. they were defended (defend) in their attempt(企图)to reach the top of the mountain.4. the little brave girl exposed (expose) the crime(罪行)of the criminal(罪犯).5. we must try to analyses (analyses)the causes of the strike.6. you should not reject (rejection) the invitation from your old friend.7. what is your view (view)on chinese education?8. the police are watching the mans movement (move) secretly.9. kindness is one of the prime ministers characteristics (characteristic).10. the famous korean play actor got an enthusiastic (enthusiasm) reception in hong kong.二、短语互译及运用(a)短语互译1.put forward 提出2.draw a conclusion 得出结论3.expose.to 使显露;暴露4.link.to. 将和联系或连接起来5.apart from 除之外;此外6.make sense 讲得通;有意义7.look into 调查;研究8.at times 有时9.be against 反对10.(be) strict with 对严格的11.be to blame 应受责备12.with certainty 肯定地(b)灵活运用 选择以上恰当的词组填空。1. apart from these reasons, he said nothing and sat there silent.2. our english teacher is strict with us and never allows us to be late.3. he was to blame for the serious traffic accident since was almost drunk while driving.4. it doesnt make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.5. i cant say with certainty where i shall be next week.6. everything seemed to be against me, but i fought back to my old position of strength.7. the government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug abuse. 8. an interesting suggestion for measuring the atmosphere around mars has been put forward.三、课文语法填空stephen hawking, who is the most famous physicist, was born in britain on january 8th, 1942. as a child, he was enthusiastic about 1 (design) complicated toys but 2 (fortune), in his twenties, he suffered 3 a disease that was impossible to be cured, 4 was a great challenge for him. however, not only was he positive about the misfortunes 5 eventually he defeated all the obstacles but also he was 6 (absorb) in his research in the universe. in 1988, his best-seller a brief history of time was published, 7 which he put forward the idea 8 time itself has a beginning, and that it will have 9 end. in conclusion, he has made outstanding 10 (contribute) to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity. 1. designing2. unfortunately3. from4. which5. and 6. absorbed7. in 8. that9. an 10. contributions重点词汇精讲精练1. characteristic n. 特色；特性；典型 adj. 特有的，表示特性的，典型的背诵 a characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water. 骆驼的特点是不喝水也能活很长时间。辨析character/characteristic character 性格，品质 （本身具有的）；角色，人物；字体，字符characteristic 特点，特征（区别于其他事物）运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1)kindness is one of his characteristics (特性). (2) he proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his character (性格；特点)was seen at its best when he worked with others. 2. attend v. 注意；留意；处理(与to连用)=do with；出席；到场；照看；照料：=take care; look after背诵 well attend to the problem later. 稍后我们将关注那个问题。搭配attendance n出席，出席的人数，伺候，照料 attend a meeting/a lecture/school 参加会议/听报告/上学attend on/upon sb. 伺候某人；照顾某人attend to 处理，注意，专心于，照料运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1)he was very tired after the long run, and expected somebody to attend on (照顾)him.(2)business has to be attended to (料理). (3) attend to (专心)your studies.3. expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光，常与介词to连用，表示“使暴露于（日光、风雨等）；受到风险；使面临”。背诵 the soldiers in the open field are exposed to the enemys fire. 空地里的士兵暴露于敌人的火力之下。搭配expose sth./sb./oneself (to .) 显露或暴露be exposed to暴露于运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1)my job as a journalist is to expose the truth (揭露事实).(2)dont expose babies to strong sunlight. (不要让婴儿受到强烈阳光的照射。)(3)its very dangerous to be exposed to (暴露在这些病毒下)these viruses without any protection.4. cure vt.&n. 治愈，治疗法；常用于cure sb. of .结构中。背诵 the doctor cured her of a bad cold. 医生治好了她的重感冒。搭配curable adj. 可治愈的a cure for. 针对的治疗cure sb. of sth. 消除某人；治愈某人辨析cure, treat, heal与recovercure意为“治疗；治愈”，多用于指药物治疗并治愈某种疾病或改正不良习气。treat为日常用语，意为“治疗；医治”，指治疗病人的全过程或活动。heal意为“治愈（伤口）； 医治”，指治好外伤或烧伤后的部位，使伤口愈合，不用于指治疗感冒等疾病。recover意为“痊愈,复原”，主要是指从病中痊愈了，常与from连用。运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1)penicillin cured him of (治好了) his pneumonia. (盘尼西林治好了他的肺炎。)(2)after the accident, the lorry driver was treated (得到了治疗) for cuts and bruises. (事故后卡车司机的擦伤。)5. absorb vt. 吸收；吸引；使全神贯注；吸引（注意等）后常接介词in/by；合并（公司等）；吞并。背诵 so many good ideas! its too much for me to absorb all at once. 这么多好主意！太多了，很难一下子完全吸收。搭配absorbed adj.精神集中的absorbing adj.十分吸引人的absorb from sth.从中吸收be absorbed in专心于，全神贯注于运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1) deeply absorbed in the newspaper ( 看报纸太入神), the man walked into a wall. (那个人撞到了墙上。)2)they were so deeply absorbed in watching (聚精会神地看着)the show on television that they found it hard to pull away. 6. blame vt责备；谴责；归咎于 n责怪；(过失、过错等)责任背诵 who is to blame for the failure? 谁该为这次的失败负责?搭配blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而指责某人blame sth. on sb. 因某事而指责某人sb. be to blame for(doing)sth. 因(做)某事某人应该受到谴责说明 be to blame 应负责 (无被动形式)。运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1)he blamed me for my carelessness. （他责备我的疏忽大意。）(2)mr li is not to blame for the accident. （这次事故不能怨李先生。）(3)where does the blame for (症结)our failure lie?我们失败的在哪里？7. contribute vt.&vi.作贡献，捐献；投(稿)背诵 it was generous of her to contribute such a large sum. 她很大方，捐助了这么大笔钱。搭配contribute to sth. 增加，增添；促成某事contribute sth. to/towards 给捐献/捐赠contribute (sth.) to sth. 撰稿；投稿make a contribution to.为作贡献运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。 (1)we should contribute food and clothing for the relief of the poor. (我们应该捐赠食品和衣物救济贫民。)(2)drink contributed to (促使)his ruin.(3)the song dynasty contributed three great inventions to world civilization. (宋朝为世界文明贡献出三大发明。)8. put forward 提出(意见、建议)；推荐；提名；将表拨快背诵 its an explanation often put forward by our friend. 这是我们的朋友经常做出的解释。联想put in打断；插嘴，进港put off 推迟；延期put on 穿；上演put away 放好put down写下put on weight发福put out生产、扑灭运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1)she often puts forward (提出)some useful advice.(2)can i put you/your name forward as golf club secretary？(我推荐你担任高尔夫球俱乐部的秘书怎么样？)(3)we have put the wedding forward by one week. (我们已将婚礼提前了一周。)(4) put your watch forward (把你的表往前拨一下);youre five minutes slow.9. look into调查，了解，研究；朝里面看背诵 lets look into the problem together and figure out a way to solve it. 让我们一起来研究这个问题，想出解决的办法。联想look around/round/about环顾四周look after照顾；照料look back回头看look back+to/upon/on回顾；回想look down upon俯视；轻视look for寻求；寻找look forward to盼望look on旁观look on/upon.as把看作look out往外看；注意；当心look through透过看；浏览look up抬头看；查阅温馨提示look into与ones face/eyes等连用，表示“注视”。运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1)in other words i should not watch tv, or look over (看过去)your shoulder at other people while we are talking together. (2) there was a fire in the hotel. the cause is now being looked into (调查). 10. apart from 除之外；脱离开背诵 apart from being too large, the trousers dont suit me. 这条裤子不但太大，而且我穿着也不合适。辨析apart from, except for, except, except that, besides与in addition toapart from在表“除外（别无）”时相当于besides和except for,但apart from还有“除以外（还）”之意。另外，apart from, except for都可用于句首，但except不能。except“除”（不包括其后的宾语），besides“除了还”（包括其后的宾语）。另外，besides还可以作副词“并且，而且” but for表示“如果不是由于”之意（=if it were not for或if it had not been for）。in addition to 相当于besides“除之外，还有”（包括除去内容在内）except that 后面跟句子，用来表示理由或细节运用 用apart from, except for, except, except that, besides填空 。(1)we go there every day except monday.(2) he is a good man except for/apart from his bad temper.(3) your article is good except that there are some spelling mistakes.(4) apart from/besides the cost, it will take a lot of time .(5) apart from/except for that, everything goes well.11. make sense讲得通；有道理 背诵 your story doesnt make sense to me. 你编的故事我听不明白。联想make sense of 理解；明白make no sense 没有道理；没有意义in a sense 就某种意义来说in no sense 决不是，决非there is no sense in doing sth.做什么没有道理运用 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。(1)what he says makes sense (有道理).(2)can you make sense of (明白)this poem?(3)what you say is true in a sense (在某种意义上).(4)that just makes no sense to (毫无意义)me.(5) there is no sense ( 没有意义)in getting upset about it now.经典句型背诵仿写1. every time引导时间状语从句，意思是“每当”，相当于“when”。背诵 he goes through the whole performance of checking the oil and water every time he drives the car. 他每次开汽车都总是不厌其烦地把油和水整个检查一遍。联想类似的时间状语归纳each time 每次；每当 at the time 在时候 any/next/the first/the last time 意为“任何/下一次/第一次/最后一次”the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly等都可以引导时间状语从句。意为“一就”仿写 根据汉语意思完成句子。(1) 他每次去看她都给她带花。he brings her flowers every time he goes to see her.(2) 他第一次做实验就成功了。the first time he did the experiment, he succeeded.(3) 等他一到，我就把你的口信给他。ill give him your message the minute he arrives.(4) 他发工资那天买了一台电脑。he bought a computer the day he got his salary.2. only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，放在句首时，句子要部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或系动词 be放在主语之前。背诵 only in this way can you make progress. 只有以这种方式你才能取得进步。拓展 if only要是该多好，但愿。if only从句可单独使用，这时要用虚拟语气：表示与过去相反的愿望用 had done；与现在相反的愿望用 did/were；表示与将来相反的愿望用 “would/could/might动词原形”。仿写 根据汉语意思完成句子。(1) 只有在那时我才意识到我所犯的错误。only then did i realize the mistakes i had made.(2) 只有在1949年战争结束时他才能回家。only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home. 3. suggest that sb. (should) do 建议某人做某事背诵 all the members suggested that a new library (should) be built (build)所有的成员都建议要建一条新的铁路。说明(1)主语suggest(表明，暗示)that clause(动词不需要用虚拟语气)(2)主语suggest (建议，提议)that clause(动词需要用虚拟语气，即：should动词原形，should 可以省略)(3)若是直接接动词则用suggest doing，表示“建议做某事”。仿写 根据汉语意思完成句子。(1) 我向他建议我们用另一种方式处理这个问题。i suggested to him that we should tackle the problem another way. (2) 我建议去散步。i suggested going for a walk. (3) 他面色苍白，说明他身体不好。his pale face suggests bad health. 语言知识巧用妙用翻译或完成下列句子，注意黑体部分要用到本单元的短语和句型，然后将其合并成一篇5句话左右的短文。1. 在课堂上，我们的老师对我们很严格。 in class, our teachers are strict with us. 2. 老师经常提出一些问题让我们去思考。 our teachers often put forward some questions for us to think of. 3. 我们全身心投入到我们的学习中。 we are completely absorded in our study. 4. 只有经过不断的努力，我们的学习才能够得以改进。 only with great efforts will our study improve greatly. 5. 此外，老师还经常向我们介绍一些先进的学习方法。 apart from this, our teachers often introduce some advanced learning methods to us. 合并in class, our teachers are strict with us. they often put forward some questions for us to think of. apart from this, our teachers often introduce some advanced learning methods to us. we are completely absorded in our study. as we know only with great efforts will our study improve greatly. 轻轻松松走进高考阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为110的相应位置上。when very small dinosaur bones were found in a germany mine people thought they were from baby dinosaurs. 1 scientist martin sanders work shows that they were probably fully 2 (grow) and belong to the smallest giant dinosaur species ever found. growth marks on dinosaur bones are similar 3 growth rings on trees. the rings are far apart while the animal is young and growing quickly. 4 get closer as growth slows. “it is 5 (exact) these tight ring marks that we found in the fossil (化石) bones,” says sander. so the fossils must have been from adult animals.6 was this german dinosaur so much smaller than other giant dinosaurs, which grew up to 45 metres long and weighed as much as a thousand humans? 150 million years ago, most of germany was underwater. scientists think that 7 water levels rose, there was less and less land and food available. the dinosaur 8 (force) to adapt and evolved into a smaller animal 9 (need) less space and food.since 1998, scientists have dug up more than 1,000 dinosaur fossils in the mine. it is one of the few places in the world 10 the bones and footprints of dinosaurs have been found together.二、完形填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意然后从120各题所给的a、b、c和d项中，选出最佳选项。出处：2016年福建省福州第一中学高三上学期期中考试新鲜度难度话题 爱心激励成就未来 关键词positively体裁夹叙夹议 短文词数 312建议时间 17分钟 正确率 /20i had worried myself sick over simons mother coming to see me. i was a new 1 , and i gave an honest account of the students work. he couldnt read his own handwriting. 2 he was a bright student. his work in no way reflected his 3 .so when simons mother entered the room, my palms(手掌心) were sweating. i was completely 4 for her kisses on both my cheeks. “i came to thank you,” she said, surprising me beyond speech. 5 me, simon had become a different person. he talked of how he 6 me, he had began to make friends, and for the first time in his twelve years, he had 7 spent an afternoon at a friends house. she wanted to tell me how grateful she was for the 8 i had nurtured(培养) in her son. she kissed me again and left. i sat, stunned (惊呆), for about half an hour, 9 what had just happened. how did i make such a life-changing difference to that boy without 10 knowing it? what i finally came to 11 was one day, several months before, when some students were 12 reports in the front of the class, jeanne spoke 13 , and to encourage her to raise her voice, i had said, “he is the 14 one you have to convince, and he cant hear you in the 15 of the room.” that was it. from that day on, simon had sat up straighter, paid