四六级大学英语写作突破2.ppt

Part2TheWritingSkills 1 IntroductionAModelEssayThefollowingmodelwillhelpyouunderstandtheformofanessay Thewriterofthisessaydecidedtodevelophersubjectof moviegoing Hereistheessay TheHazardsofMoviegoingIamamoviefanatic Myfriendscountonmetoknowmovietrivia whowasthepigtailedlittlegirlinE T TheExtra Terrestrial DrewBarrymore andtoremembereverybigOscarawardedsinceIwasingradeschool bestpicture1994 ForrestGump Myfriends though havestoppedaskingmeifIwanttogoouttothemovies WhileIlovemoviesasmuchasever theinconvenienceofgoingout thetemptationsofthetheater andthebehaviorofsomepatrons 主顾 arereasonsformetowaitandrentthevideo Tobeginwith Ijustdon tenjoythegeneralhassle 混乱 oftheevening Sincesmalllocalmovietheatersareathingofthepast Ihavetodriveforfifteenminutestogettothenearestmultiplex Theparkinglotissharedwithseveralrestaurantsandasupermarket soit salwaysjammed Ihavetodrivearoundatasnail spaceuntilIspotanotherdriverbackingout Thenit stimetostandinanendlessline withtheconstantthreatthatticketsfortheshowIwantwillsellout Ifwedogettickets thetheaterwillbesocrowdedthatIwon tbeabletositwithmyfriends orwe llhavetositinafrontrowgapingup 凝视 atagiantscreen Ihavetoshelloutaridiculousamountofmoney upto 8 foraticket Thatentitlesmetositwhilemyshoessealthemselvestoastickyfloorcoatedwithspilledsoda bubblegum andcrushedRaisinets Second thetheaterofferstemptingsnacksthatIreallydon tneed Likemostofus Ihavetobattleanexpandingwaistline AthomeIdoprettywellbysimplynotbuyingstuffthatisbadforme Icanmakedowithsnackslikeceleryandcarrotsticksbecausethereisnoicecreaminthefreezer Goingtothetheater however islikespendingmyeveninginaSeven Eleven 便利店 that sbeenequippedwithamoviescreenandcomfortableseats AsItrytopersuademyselftojusthaveadietCoke thesmelloffreshpopcorndrippingwithbuttersoonovercomesme Chocolatebarsthesizeofsmallautomobilesseemtojumpintomyhands IriskpullingoutmyfillingsasIchewenormousmouthfulsofMilkDuds BythetimeIleavethetheater Ifeeldisgustedwithmyself Manyoftheotherpatronsareevenmoreofaproblem Littlekidsraceupanddowntheaisles usuallyingigglingpacks Teenagerstrytoimpresstheirfriendsbytalkingbacktothescreen whistling andmakingwhattheyconsidertobehilariousnoises Adultsactasiftheywereathomeintheirownlivingroom Theycommentloudlyontheagesofthestarsandrevealplottwiststhataresupposedtobeasecretuntilthefilm send Andpeopleofallagescreatedistractions Theycrinkle 沙沙作响 candywrappers stickgumontheirseats anddroppopcorntubsorcupsofcrushediceandsodaonthefloor Theyalsocoughandburp squirm 扭动 endlesslyintheirseats fileoutforrepeatedtripstotherestroomsorconcessionstands 售货摊 andelbowmeoutofthearmrestoneithersideofmyseat Afterarrivinghomefromthemoviesonenight 1decidedthatIwasnotgoingtobeamoviegoeranymore Iwastiredoftheproblemsinvolvedingettingtothetheater resistingunhealthysnacks anddealingwiththepatrons Thenextday IarrangedtohavepremiummoviechannelsinstalledaspartofmycableTVservice andIalsogotamembershipatmylocalvideostore Imaynowseemoviesabitlaterthanotherpeople butI llbemorerelaxedwatchingboxofficehitsinthecomfortofmyownlivingroom 2 PartsofanEssay TheHazardsofMoviegoing isagoodexampleofthestandardshortessayyouwillwriteincollegeEnglish Itisacompositionofoverfivehundredwordsthatconsistsofaone paragraphintroduction athree paragraphbody andaone paragraphconclusion Therolesoftheseparagraphsaredescribedandillustratedbelow 2 1IntroductoryParagraphTheintroductoryparagraphofanessayshouldstartwithseveralsentencesthatattractthereader sinterest Itshouldthenadvancethecentralidea orthesis thatwillbedevelopedintheessay Thethesisoftenincludesaplanofdevelopment a preview ofthemajorpointsthatwillsupportthethesis Thesesupportingpointsshouldbelistedintheorderinwhichtheywillappearintheessay Insomecases theplanofdevelopmentispresentedinasentenceseparatefromthethesis inothercases itisomitted Example 1 In TheHazardsofMoviegoing whichsentenceorsentencesareusedtoattractthereader sinterest 2 Doesthethesisincludeaplanofdevelopment 3 Writethewordsinthethesisthatannouncethethreemajorsupportingpointsintheessay a b c 2 2Body SupportingParagraphsMostessayshavethreesupportingpoints developedatlengthoverthreeseparateparagraphs Someessayshavetwosupportingpoints othersfourormore Forthepurposesofthiscourse yourgoalwillbetwoorthreesupportingpoints Eachofthesupportingparagraphsshouldbeginwithatopicsentencethatstatesthepointtobedetailedinthatparagraph Justasathesisprovidesafocusforanentireessay atopicsentenceprovidesafocusforasupportingparagraph Example 1 Whatisthetopicsentenceforthefirstsupportingparagraphofthemodelessay 2 Thefirsttopicsentenceisthensupportedbythefollowingdetails fillinthemissingdetails a Havetodrivefifteenminutesb c Endlessticketline d e f Stickyfloor3 Whatisthetopicsentenceforthesecondsupportingparagraphoftheessay 4 Thesecondtopicsentenceisthensupportedbythefollowingdetails a Athome onlysnacksareceleryandcarrotsticks b TheaterislikeaSeven Elevenwithseats 1 freshpopcorn 2 3 5 Whatisthetopicsentenceforthethirdsupportingparagraphoftheessay 6 Thethirdtopicsentenceisthensupportedbythefollowingdetails a b c Adultstalkloudlyandrevealplottwists d Peopleofallagescreatedistractions 2 3ConcludingParagraphTheconcludingparagraphoftensummarizestheessaybybrieflyrestatingthethesisand attimes themainsupportingpoints Inaddition thewriteroftenpresentsaconcludingthoughtaboutthesubjectofthepaper Example 1 Whichtwosentencesintheconcludingparagraphrestatethethesisandsupportingpointsoftheessay 2 Whichsentenceintheconcludingparagraphcontainsthefinalthoughtoftheessay DiagramofanEssayIntroduction Openingremarkstocatchreader sinterest Thesisstatement Planofdevelopment optional Body Topicsentence1 supportingpoint1 Specificevidence Topicsentence2 supportingpoint2 Specificevidence Topicsentence3 supportingpoint3 SpecificevidenceConclusion Summary optional Generalclosingremarks Orboth Isparents educationnecessarytothechildren sgrowth Thisisaquestionfrequentlyaskedwhenparentsfindtheirchildrenunwillingtofollowthem Somepeoplemaythinkthatparents educationisnecessarybecauseitmayteachchildrenthedisciplineandprovidethemwithvaluableadvice bothofwhichcanbehelpfultotheirfuturelife However someotherpeopleregarditasunnecessaryastheythinkitmaygreatlyrestrictchildren sfreedomandcreativity AsfarasIamconcerned acertainamountofparents educationisnecessary Thechildren sgrowthisjustlikethethatofatree Ifpeoplewantasaplingtogrowintoabigtree theyneedtogiveitwater sunshineandmanureandcuttheunnecessaryleaves However toomuchwaterandmanuremaydecaytherootandbringdeathtothetree Toomuchsunshineandcutofleavesarealsoharmfultothegrowthofthetree Itisthesamewiththechildren sgrowth Infact childrendoneedtheirparents educationiftheycanbecomeawell behavedandeducatedperson Withoutit childrencanbehaveverybadlyanddislikelearning whichissomethingnoparentswanttosee Nevertheless iftheyreceivetoomucheducationfromtheirparents theymaydependtoomuchontheirparentsandlosetheabilitytothinkanddecidebythemselves Insummary itisreallywrongtosaythatchildrendon tneedparents educationbutitisunsuitablethatparentsgivetoomucheducationtotheirchildren Onlytherightamountofeducationcanbebeneficialtochildren sgrowth 2 TheWritingProcessFormanypeople thewritingprocessinvolvesthefollowingsteps 1 Discoveringathesis 2 Developingsolidsupportforthethesis oftenthroughprewriting 3 Organizingthethesisandsupportingmaterialandwritingitoutinafirstdraft 4 Revisingandtheneditingcarefullytoensureaneffective error freepaper 2 1Makingalist oneofthetechniquesinprewritingInmakingalist alsoknownasbrainstorming youcollectideasanddetailsthatrelatetoyoursubject Piletheseitemsup oneafteranother withouttryingtosortoutmajordetailsfromminoronesortryingtoputthedetailsinanyspecialorder Yourgoalisjusttomakealistofeverythingaboutyoursubjectthatoccurstoyou Example TheModelof TheHazardsofMoviegoing 1 Theauthorof TheHazardsofMoviegoing madeupthefollowinglistbeforeshestartedtowritetheessay TrafficisbadbetweenmyhouseandtheaterNoisypatronsDon twanttorunintoJeremyHardtobeonadietKidsrunninginaislesI mcrowdedintoseatsbetweenstrangerswhopushmeoffarmrests NotenoughparkingParkinglotneedstobeexpandedToomanypreviewsCan tpauseorfast forwardasyoucanwithaVCRLonglinesHighticketpricesToomanytemptationsatsnackstandCommercialsforfoodonthescreenCanpreparehealthysnacksformyselfathomeTubsofpopcornwithbutterHugechocolatebarsCandyhasalwaysbeenmydownfallMoviemaybesoldoutPeoplecoughingandsneezingTeenagersyellingandshowingoffBythetimeyouhavedonewiththelist youarereadytoplananoutlineofyourpaper andchoosewhatyouthinkisrelevantandimportanttoyourthesis 如何选材呢 一 围绕主题选材 主题是选材的依据 选材时不能孤立地考虑材料本身如何 它本身也许很生动 但却与主题无关 就要坚决舍弃 二 选典型的材料 要选有代表性的 最能反映事物本质 最能表现主题的材料 这样的材料才能以一当十 三 选新颖的材料 选择新颖的材料可避免一般化 给读者耳目一新的感觉 四 选真实的材料 材料要反映客观实际 引证的事实或数据要有权威性 以下是一些热门话题的写作素材 供读者练习写作时选用 Examples 1 AnimalsTopic Isitnecessarytokeepanimalsinzoos For 1 Inthemodernsociety zoosarealmostindispensableplacesinlargecitiesforpeopletovisit 2 Insomelargezoos therearevariousanimals 3 Inthezoos allanimals includingthoserareanimals canenjoygoodcareandprotection 4 HumanbeingsandotheranimalscannotstaytogetherpeacefullyontheEarth 5 Becauseofhumanbeingslustforfortune manyvaluableanimalsarekilledorsold especiallythoseendangeredspecies 6 Tokeepanimalsinzoosseemtobeanactivewayforpeopletoprotectthosepooranimals 7 Itisbeneficialnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotohumanbeingsaswell 8 Azoocanservethepurposeofeducatingandentertainingpeople narrowingthedistancebetweenhumanbeingsandanimals 9 Azoocanbeascientificstudycentertorescuemoreendangeredspicesandmakeanimalsservepeoplebetter Against 1 Toputanimalsintosmallcageswillchangetheirlivinginstincts andthereforebreaktheecologicalbalance 2 Viewedfromthebasicrelationsbetweenanimalsandhumanbeings animalsshouldhavetheequalfreedomwithhumanbeings 3 Animalshavetheirownlivinginstinct anditisthisinstinctthatformsthebiologicalchainoftheEarth Topic KeepingpetsArguments1 Itkeepsuscompanytogetridofthefeelingofloneliness 2 Ithelpsustokeephumane 3 Itinvitesustoloveandtobeloved4 Itcomfortsuswhenhumanwordsdon thelp 5 Itgivesusasenseofbeingimportantandneededbecausetheydependonusforahome foodanddrink 6 Itkeepsusintouchwiththenaturalanimalworld 7 Keepingpetshelpschildrentoformgoodnature 8 Ithelpspeopletodevelopfaithfulness Counter arguments1 Keepingpetsisawasteoftimeandresources 2 Petsarehumanizedandlosetheiroriginalnature 3 Petsandchildrenoftenfightovercareandloveinthefamily 4 Peoplenowadaysaresocrazyaboutpetsthattheyevenneglectcaringtheirownchildren 5 Theoverpopulationofpetshascausedserioushygieneproblems6 Itisashamethatmanypetseatmuchbetterfoodthanwehumanbeingsdo 7 Sometimespetsscarechildren 8 Itisreallyagainstnaturetocagebirds chaindogs andconfinecatstohouses 2 CommunicationTopic TocommunicatebyphoneorbyletterInfavorofwritingletters1 Itistoodirecttocommunicatebytelephone 2 Iwouldratherexpressmyemotionsthroughapen 3 Icancarefullyorganizemyideasandwritethemdownwithease 4 InthiswayIcanwritedownallmyjoysorsorrowsinminutedetailswithoutomittinganysmallpoints 5 IfIuseatelephoneIwillhavetosaysomethingjustcomingintomymindatthetime forgettingotherthings 6 ThenIwillhavetomakeanothercalltomakeupforthemissingpoints 7 StillanotherreasonIprefertocommunicatebyletteristhatasmyfamilyaswellasmostofmyfriendsarenotinShanghaibutinHunanProvince 8 Itismuchmoreeconomicaltocommunicatewiththemincorrespondence Infavorofmakingphonecalls 1 Makingphonecallsisconvenientandtimesaving2 WhenIamtoobusytofinetimewritingletters IwillphoneMumofDadtosendamessage 3 AndIneverhesitatetoringupwhenIaminneedofhelpurgently 3 EconomyTopic AdvertisementsAdvantages1 Aproductwillneversellwellifnooneknowsaboutit 2 Advertisementscanbeaservicetopeople 3 Consumerscancomparethesameproductsofdifferentbrands 4 Itisinformative andcanhelppeoplebuyandsellgoods 5 Anexcellentadvertisementcanmakethecompanysucceed 6 Advertisementprogramsareusuallywellshot 7 AniceTVcommercialisabeautifulart Disadvantages1 Someadvertisements however arenotveryusefultopeople sometimesevenharmful 2 Inmoderntimes manyadvertisementsaresubjectiveratherthanobjective persuasiveratherthaninformative 3 Theonlypurposeoftheseadvertisementsistopersuadepeopletobuytheirlow qualityproducts Solution Thelawofadvertisementshouldbelaiddown 4 EducationTopic Isitwiseofacollegestudenttotakeapart timejob Arguments1 Part timejobshelpcultivateindependenceamongyoungpeople 2 Part timejobsfosterasenseofcompetitionthatisimportantforstudentsinthefuture 3 Part timejobsenhanceayoungperson ssocialawareness 4 Beingabletoearnmoney studentsfeelthattheyhavebecomeadultsand therefore feelasmatureastheirparents 5 Part timejobshelpstudentsestablishconfidencebecausethroughtheworktheycanrealizetheirownvalueandcapability 6 Part timejobexperiencegivesstudentsaninsightintowhatworkisaboutandpreparesthempsychologicallyfortheirfuturejobs 7 Part timejobsteachstudentshowharditistoearnmoneyandhelpthemformagoodhabitofbeingthrift 8 Part timejobshelpstudentstoapplytheirknowledgeintopractice andinreturn theirexperiencewillhelpthemknowbetterwhattheyhavelearnedinclassesandfrombooks 9 Part timejobsgivestudentsasenseofachievementbycontributingtonationalconstruction10 Part timejobsaddcolortotheirroutinestudyandfacilitatetheirpersonaldevelopment 11 Part timejobsrelievetheeconomicburdensoftheirparents 12 Withthemoneyearned studentscanbuymanyofthebookstheylike Counter arguments1 Studentsmaybecomemoney oriented 2 Manystudentswhohavepart timejobshaveshownadeclineintheirscores 3 Part timejobsdonothelpdevelopasenseofthriftinessamongyoungpeoplebecausemanystudentsspendthemoneyonhighpriceditemsandluxuriesthattheirparentscanhardlyafford 4 Themaintaskofstudentsistostudyhardandlearnwhatisneededforthedevelopmentofthecountry Socialexperiencecanbegainedlateraftergraduation 5 Sincestudentsareintheirformativeyears part timejobsmayexposethemtosocialillsatanagewhentheycannotdifferentiatevirtuefromevil 6 Somestudentsbecomejuveniledelinquentsbecausetheycomeundertheinfluenceofbadpeoplewhiledoingpart timejobs 7 Somestudentshavebecomedropoutsbecauseafterdoingpart timejobstheymaycometoafalseconclusionthatthemoreeducationonereceives thelessmoneyonecanmake 8 Manyjobsdonebythestudentsrequirenothingofthestudents knowledge Topic Travelingismoreimportantthanreadingbooksinordertounderstandthepeopleandtheworld Doyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement 1 Oneneedn ttravelaroundtheworldinordertounderstandthepeopleandtheworld 2 Onecanknoweverythingintheworldbyreadingextensively 3 Onecanhardlyaffordtotraveltoeverycorneroftheworld 4 ItisveryhazardousandevenimpossibleforcommonpeopletotraveltosuchplacesasAfricaandAntarctica 5 Norcanoneaffordthetimeunlessheisaprofessionaladventurer 6 Infact mostpeoplehaveregularjobsandcan thavetoomuchtimetotravel 7 Eventhoughonecanaffordtotravelaroundtheworld hewillnotnecessarilybeallowedtovisitanyplacehelikestovisit 8 Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology itisbecomingmoreandmoreconvenienttomakeuseofthelibrary Areadercanmakeuseofthebooksinthelibraryinanothercountry 9 NowadayspeoplecanalsomakeuseoftheInternettoknowwhatishappeningintheworld 5 FriendsTopic Somepeoplelikedifferentfriends Otherslikesimilarfriends Comparetheadvantagesofthesetwokindsoffriends Infavorofmakingsimilarfriends1 Onecantalkverycongeniallywithasimilarfriend forsimilarfriendsusuallyhavecommoninterest similarpersonality experience andeveneducationandfamilybackground 2 Asimilarfriendcanunderstandmewell WhenImeetwithsomethingunhappyorunfortunate Icantalkwithhim 3 Eventhoughhecannothelpmetoovercomethedifficulty atleasthecancomfortmeandgivemesomeadvice whichisveryconducivetomypsychologicalhealth 4 Whenonemeetswithtroubleormisfortune hewillnotbeunderstoodwellbyadifferentfriend 5 Asimilarfriendiseasytocommunicatewith Whenonetalkssomethingwithasimilarfriend heneedn tintroducethebackgroundofanevent forsimilarfriendsusuallyhavealotofthingsincommon 6 Ifonewantstotalkaboutafilmorabookwithsomeone hecanhardlytalkfreelywithapersonwhohasneverseenthefilmorreadthebook Infavorofmakingdifferentfriends1 Onecanlearnfromstrongpointsofadifferenttooffsethisownweaknesses foradifferentfriendusuallyhasdifferentinterestandexperiencewhichmaybeabeneficialcomplementtoone 2 Adifferentfriendisamirrorthatcanreflectyourvirtuesandshortcomings 3 Differentfriendshavewhatyoudonothavesothatyoucanlearnfromthem Conclusion1 Onemayhavealotoffunwithfriendswhoaresimilarbutonecanenjoyanewlifewithfriendswhoaredifferent 2 Nomatterhowsimilartheyare everytwofriendshavedifferences andnomatterhowdifferenttheyare asfriends theyhaveatleastonesimilarity thesinceritytowardsfriends 6 KnowledgeandExperienceTopic Whichismoreimportantforyouinyourlife knowledgefrombooksyouread orpersonalexperienceinreality Usedetailstoexplainyouranswer Infavoroftheknowledgefrombooks1 Theknowledgefrombooksmakesonelearned 2 Knowledgeinbooksistheessenceofhistory 3 Itcontainsthewisdomofourantecedents 4 Onecanonlyexistforashortperiodoftimecomparedtoendless extendinghistory 5 Itisimpossibleforonetoexperiencealltheimportanteventsandmeetallthefamousfigures 6 Theonlywaytocompensateforitistoreadbooks 7 Variousbookstellusdifferentknowledgeinvariousfields 8 AndforthisreasonIhavebeenlearningbookknowledgeallthetimeuptillnow Infavoroftheknowledgefromexperience1 Theexperiencefromreallifemakesoneperceptibleandpractical 2 Theoryinbooksisnotpracticaluntilitisputinuse 3 NotalltheknowledgeIgotfrombooksispracticaloruseful andwiththedevelopmentofthescienceandtechnology thetheoryformulatedinthepastmaynotbeapplicableinthefuture 4 Practiceistheonlycriterionoftestingthetruth 5 SoImustgoinformorepracticalworktogainexperience 6 Evenifthebookknowledgehasbeenprovedtobetrue itisnotmyown andIstillwanttoexperienceitbymyself 7 Basedonthosereasons Ibelievethepersonalexperienceismoreimportantthanthebookknowledgeforthepeopleofmyage 7 TravelTopic Somepeopleliketotravelalone Othersliketotraveltogetherwithseveralfriends Whichdoyouprefer Explainwhy Infavoroftravelingalone1 Maybethegreatestadvantageforatravelertotravelaloneisthathecanenjoythecompletefreedominthecourseofthejourney 2 Hedoesnothavethetroubletopersuadeotherstoagreewithhisplanortobeinterruptedbyhiscompanionswhenheismusingonascenehelikesbest Infavoroftravelingwithsevera