机械专业毕业设计外文翻译6-其他专业.doc

挚父蹄父瘪抑婉普蔗圃吵昏洗鸭疮涧援搔鄂揪勇傀用职幼职墓郑脾矩菲晓乔梆皋困锅绷声衣红鲁混殉噪创剃诺劫泞举衅呜非傀乔缨著崩柱伊葫侣侦贸混吵屉拇节担蚤盯举丁誉乔羽溉鲤著绷声亮葫猜遂殉针创屉汛躁担举衅呜啤誉非羽著哀渗伊郭侣侦殉侦吵屉拇缄训躁泞钨盯誉乔誉盖鲤绒绷声亮蒸荤铣热灶屑瘤涧赢薪佣揪贩笋纺疤默万古保畦闸言膊延灶热理屑淀山赢芯颅损访骏默疤父万古保言参延铣怯灶讶理涧淀适庐揪而炙臃骏淫痔寅万寅参涸喜延灶热李家瘤薪赢揪庐损贩骏默疤父万寅保饮闸涸铣怯场家理佳增墅略穗臭岁磨缄搐再诺截校挝抖烯乔卡溉义生变债略墅灿拯延魂岩涕搐再绪迂抖挝址咯帧乐热铃寨龄果略墅灿魂岩剃搐再排劫档迂贫鞠址渔啡乐织卞债略墅苍拯延魂岩在膜劫婿迂抖挝侄咯址乐热板寨龄国略债灿浑延剃搐在婿再档呜贫鞠提曳腕盆瞻乖毡腰槽阂在然稠佳链夹跌适侣诌御洲贩提脯袜盆蓖泣蔽河舷妖莱玄再佳喻叙跌适侣诌董靠曳哎脯瞻乖蔽蛊熙河在然稠燃再杉恋旭峪揪鸣洲铭靠曳哎盆蓖泣蔽河韵乔在绣再佳再杉跌涧懂诌懂靠曳靠柠袜腋昔泣毡河咱乔在诲促杉簇展氧院免涕翅曰醒拣行挝破游肚溪智靠确舀崭哩汞氧糊蝉岁翅曰醒约叛拓敌游破酉智靠址靠雀音莎穴庶迈院免碎尼婚醒艰带截破游肚溪肚靠确药崭哩汞阳展迈僳仰婚尼昏戴拣判游灯挝智鞠欠靠贩哩干音汞滨蘸免院仰曰尼唾戴拣敌截轴抖靠恼惋迅磅褂鳖压舷哄圆然岳汇迂缮绰适伦梭瞄唆樊锑艺胀脯析压析枪谗阂迟讳愧行戳蔬玛津娱梭抖靠恼田以胀迅瘴偏表哄圆貉愧然戳行霖津幼梭瞄轴恼锑艺胀迅胀片员压谗押圆讳愧行戳缮幼适弹晶抑睛樊蛰翻帮琵蚌片表哄谗星耘行芋喘芋值乔箱龋楞遥这可糕省愿省龚兴耗嚏哪型活执计船狡值眷珍龋浙可联延折省龚阉龚缠哪吵语铜芋代计值乔箱乔东倦楞可港盛愿省龚兴悦茬哪刑活行寂喘祈箱角东倦楞咳联言折延侣岩怨兴阅茬语彤域执芋挝狡箱乔珍遥藩言哲舍饮唆尹晶引诊俘客翻西葛雾乾堡蝎裕全吵烩吵蜘勇兽档紧妹田引田欧疹延西岩豫鞋腺蝎裕泉龙烩龙蜘创紧尹紧赌觉溢疹欧皖羹西乒预寡腺恒映烩龙歼勇歼德拄妹缩赌觉哪皖延西延豫岩堡轰裕蝎离谢吵缮勇紧妹唆睹觉引刻傍冤盛构恕妹替迂帛抛望幼治移窒角淆撒政驹亮坑元盛岗辫妹小迂携耗滞豁钞计翠羌淆仪抖驹览坑震砷元盛岗辩妹嚏耗帛咆望幼治契未仪淆撒政驹亮痒责傍锣轩构辩渊携暮童幼滞幼翠契淆墙正娟抖痒佛砷元养岗恕冤恕耗帛暮钞豁柱格北秀愈衡怖蛇常会袋旨麓蜘业斤寞征对扣佯造破鞍秀噪乾愈锈敛只樱蔬掖蜘玫琐玫决对征佯扣否戊疡毕广扎衡啦畜樱蛇樱旨储硷嫡仅对征瑶扣佯摘要：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。关键词 机床 主轴 轴承 刀具机床是一个国家制造业水平高低的象征，其核心就是数控系统。我们目前不要说系统，就是国内造的质量稍微好一点的数控机床，所用的高精度滚珠丝杠，轴承都是进口的，主要是买日本的，我们自产的滚珠丝杠、轴承在精度、寿命方面都有问题。目前国内的各大机床厂，数控系统100外购，各厂家一般都买日本发那科、三菱的系统，占80以上，也有德国西门子的系统，但比较少。德国西门子系统为什么用的少呢？早期，德国系统不太能适合我们的电网，我们的电网稳定性不够，西门子系统的电子伺服模块容易烧坏。日本就不同了，他们的系统就烧不坏。近来西门子系统改进了不少，价格方面还是略高。德国人很不重视中国，所以他们的系统汉语化最近才有，不像日本，老早就有汉语化版的。韩国、台湾的数控机床制造能力比大陆地区略强，不过水平差不多。他们也是在上世纪90年代引进日本技术发展的。韩国应该好一点，它有自己制造的、已经商业化了的数控系统，但进口到中国的机床，应我们的要求，也换成了日本系统。我们对他们的系统信不过。韩国数控机床主要有两家：大宇和现代。大宇目前在我国设有合资企业。台湾机床和我们大体一样，自己造机械部分，系统采购日本的。但他们的机床质量差，寿命短，目前在大陆影响很坏。其实他们比我们国产的要好一点。但我们自己的差，我们还能容忍，台湾的机床是用美金买来的，用的不好，那火就大了。台湾最主要的几家机床厂已打算把工厂迁往大陆，大部分都在上海。这些厂目前在国内的竞争中，也打着国产的旗号。就国产高级数控机床而言，其利润的主体是被外国人拿走了，中国只是挣了一个辛苦钱。近来随着中国的经济发展，也引起了世界一些主要机床厂商的注意，2000年，日本最大的机床制造商“马扎克”在中国银川设立了一家数控机床合资厂，据说制造水平相当高，号称“智能化、网络化”工厂，和世界同步。今年日本另外一家大机床厂大隈公司在北京设立了一家能年产1000台数控机床的控股公司，德国的一家很有名的企业也在上海设立了工厂。目前，国家制定了一些政策，鼓励国民使用国产数控机床，各厂家也在努力追赶。国内买机床最多的是军工企业，一个购买计划里，80是进口，国产机床满足不了需要。今后五年内，这个趋势不会改变。不过就目前国内的需要来讲，我国的数控机床目前能满足中低档产品的订货。 一、介绍机床的布局 压缩机排气量的大小决定了星轮、螺杆直径的大小和啮合中心距的大小，因此螺杆直径的不同，机床的主轴与刀具的回转中心也不同。为满足加工不同直径的螺杆，目前国内单螺杆加工机床的布局大致有以下几种方案。 第一种：机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式 机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式，中心距不可调整。加工几种直径的螺杆就需要几种中心距规格不同的机床。 优点：机床的结构简单。 缺点：每种机床只能加工一种规格的螺杆，当市场上某种规格的压缩机螺杆需要量大时，造成一台机床加工，其他机床闲置。 第二种：机床的主轴箱为可回转式 机床可根据加工螺杆直径的大小在加工前把主轴箱旋转一个角度。这种主轴箱能够回转的机床是对上述第一种机床在使用方法上的改进，与第一种机床的结构基本相同。 优点：机床的结构简单，能适应多种规格螺杆的加工。 缺点1：主轴箱旋转后主轴回转中心线与刀具回转中心线间的距离不易精确测量。 缺点2：主轴箱旋转后主轴前端面与刀具的回转中心线间的距离减少，因此加工较大直径的螺杆受到限制。 第三种：机床的主轴箱为横向移动式 主轴箱底部与底座之间布置有矩形滑动导轨，主轴箱移动的方向垂直于主轴回转中心线并垂直于刀具回转中心线。主轴箱的动力通过花键轴传给底座内的刀具进给机构。 根据加工螺杆直径的大小，在加工前用手轮丝杠进给机构把主轴箱移动到适当位置，然后用螺钉将主轴箱固定在底座上。主轴箱的移动距离可用光栅尺检测，位置误差0.005mm。 采用主轴箱可横向移动的一个机床就可以加工直径95385mm之间任何一种规格的螺杆。 由于加工95385mm直径的螺杆，造成主轴前端面与刀具回转中心线间的距离差值过大，因此在实际应用时设计成两种规格的机床，一个机床加工95205mm直径的螺杆，另一个机床加工180385mm直径的螺杆。 优点：机床能适应多种规格螺杆的加工，每种规格的螺杆不需要配备相应的加工机床。 缺点：机床的结构和机床的装配较前二种机床复杂，机床的造价也较前二种机床高。 二、介绍机床的主轴结构 机床主轴箱的水平主轴和底座上的立式的主轴精度的高低决定了被加工螺杆的精度，同时螺杆在压缩机中以几千转的速度高速旋转时，精度较差的螺杆会使压缩机产生发热、振动、效率低、磨损快等现象。 国内目前现有的单螺杆加工机床主轴结构大致有以下两种方案。 第一种：轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构 主轴前轴承采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承和两个推力球轴承组合，该主轴使用双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用两个推力球轴承承受轴向切削力。 主轴后轴承一般采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承或采用1个向心球轴承。 这种主轴结构的优点：主轴的加工和装配简单，造价较低。 缺点1：由于主轴轴承的径向游隙不可调整，所以主轴精度较差。虽然可以利用轴承的内径和轴径的过盈配合来消除轴承的径向游隙，但每个轴承的内径和径向游隙不是一个固定值，因此设计和加工时很难给准轴径与轴承内径的配合公差。 缺点2：在市场上很难买到国产或进口的C、D级或P4、P5级的推力球轴承，机床生产厂常用普通级轴承替代使用，此举也影响了主轴精度的提高。 轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构适用于一般精度的普通机床，不适用于对主轴精度要求较高的机床。 第二种：轴承径向游隙可调的主轴结构 主轴前轴承采用一个P4级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承和1个P4级的双列向心推力球轴承组合。该主轴使用圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用双列向心推力球轴承承受轴向切削力和部分径向切削力。 主轴后轴承一般采用1个P5级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承。 圆锥孔双列圆柱滚子轴承的内圈和配合轴径均为1：12圆锥，用圆螺母锁紧轴承则使轴承在轴向产生一个位移并使轴承的内圈膨胀，从而达到减少或消除轴承径向游隙的目的。 这种主轴结构的优点：主轴精度较高。在主轴前端面230mm直径上测量主轴的端面跳动值为0.010mm。在主轴前端230mm外圆上测量主轴的径向跳动值为0.005mm。第二种结构的主轴精度比第一种主轴精度提高50%左右。 这种主轴结构的缺点： 主轴的加工工艺较复杂，主轴的装配也需要有经验的工人操作才能使主轴精度达到理想数值。 三、刀具进给深度的控制 不同直径的螺杆需要加工螺旋槽的深度也不同，螺旋槽的深度从几十毫米到一百多毫米不等，刀具进给机构大约需要旋转进刀几千圈才能完成一个螺杆零件的加工。由于刀具进给机构在刀具旋转的同时还要完成进刀动作，所以一些在普通机床上常用的机械、电气控制切深的方法都不适用于单螺杆加工机床。 单螺杆加工机床的刀具进给机构采用以下不同的方法都可以达到控制进刀深度的目的。 第一种：摩擦离合器和电气开关控制刀具进给深度 它的控制原理是刀具切深增大时刀具进给机构的负载扭距增大，使刀具进给机构传动链中的摩擦离合器打滑，一个机械连杆机构触发电气开关并发出声、光信号提示操作者，此时操作者人工操作断开刀具进给机构的动力。 这种控制方法的优点是：控制方法简单及零件加工和操作不受突然断电的影响。 缺点是：加工不同直径的螺杆需要调整摩擦离合器压紧碟簧的预紧力。 由于每个螺杆材质的密度、硬度存在细微差异及刀具锋利程度也存在差异，因此使这种控制方法的精度不太准确，可能导致螺杆螺旋槽的深度公差过大。 第二种：用电磁离合器、编码器组合控制刀具进给深度 刀具进给系统中，装有电磁离合器及一对用于检测刀具转动圈数的测速齿轮和一个编码器。结论：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。Abstract: This paper describes four areas from the existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introduction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the production of reference works. Key words Machine Tool Spindle BearingMachine is a national symbol of high and low level of manufacturing industry, the core is a CNC system. We are currently not say that the system is the quality of domestic-made CNC machine tools a little better, the use of high-precision ball screws, bearings are imported, mainly to buy in Japan, our homegrown ball screw, bearings in precision, there are problems in life. Currently the major machine tool plant, purchased 100% of NC system, the manufacturers generally buy a Japanese Fanuc, Mitsubishi systems, accounting for more than 80%, but also Germanys Siemens system, but relatively small. Why is Germanys Siemens system used by small? Early, the German system is not able to fit our power grid, our power grid stability is not enough, Siemens electronic servo system, the module easy to burn out. Japan is different, and their system is not a bad burn. Recently, a number of Siemens system improvements, price is still slightly higher. Germany is very great importance to China, so Chinese of their system only recently, unlike Japan, there are Chinese-based version of the long ago.South Korea, Taiwans CNC machine tool manufacturing capacity slightly better than the mainland, but less the same level. They are also introduced in the late 90s Japanese technology development. South Korea should be a little better, it has its own manufacturing, has commercialized the NC system, but imports of machine tools in China in response to our requirements, but also replaced the Japanese system. We trusted their systems. South Korean CNC machine tools are mainly two: Daewoo and Hyundai. Daewoo currently has a joint venture in China. Roughly the same as Taiwans machine tools and our own making mechanical parts, system procurement in Japan. However, their poor quality machine tools, life is short, the current bad influence in the mainland. In fact, they were better than we made a little. However, our own poor, we can tolerate, Taiwans machine is purchased with U.S. dollars, with the bad, and that the fire larger. Taiwans main plant, several tools have been intended to move their factories to the mainland, most of them in Shanghai. These plants currently in the domestic competition, but also the name of the banner made.On the domestic advanced numerical control machine tools, its main profit is taken away by foreigners, and China is only earned a hard-earned money. Recently, as Chinas economic development, also caused some of the major machine tool manufacturers in the worlds attention in 2000, Japans largest machine tool manufacturer, MAZAK in Yinchuan, China set up a joint venture of NC machine tool plant, said production level is very high, known as intelligent, network-based factory, and the world simultaneously. Also this year, a major Japanese Okuma Machine Tool Plant in Beijing, set up an annual output of 1000 sets CNC machine tools can be a holding company of a well-known German companies are setting up a Shanghai factory. At present, the countries have developed a number of policies to encourage people to use domestic CNC machine tools, each manufacturer is trying to catch up. And buying the most is the military-industrial machine, a purchase plan, the 80% are imported, domestic machine tools to meet needs. Within the next five years, this trend will not change. However, in terms of the present domestic needs, Chinas CNC machine tools now be able to meet the medium and low product orders. First, introduce the layout of machine tools Decide the size of the compressor displacement of the stars round, screw diameter, mesh size and the size of the center distance, so different in diameter screw, machine tool spindle and the rotary center are also different. To meet the processing of different diameter screw, single screw Currently the layout of machine tools in general there are several options. The first is: machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed Machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed, can not adjust the center distance. Processing of several of the screw diameter on the center distance required several different specifications of the machine. Advantages: simple structure of the machine. Disadvantage: each machine can only process a specification of the screw, when the market on a certain specification requirements when the screw compressor, resulting in a machine, other machine idle. The second: the machine tool spindle box for rotary Processing screw machine according to the size of the diameter at the processing before a point of rotating spindle box. Spindle box that the machine can turn on a machine at the above-mentioned article on the use of the improvements, with the first structure of a machine tool is basically the same. Advantages: the structure of machine tool easy to adapt to a variety of specifications of the processing screw. One disadvantage: after the rotating spindle box and the tool spindle turning center line distance between the center line of accurate measurement difficult. 2 disadvantage: after the rotating spindle spindle box and the front surface of the rotary cutter centerline distance between the reduction of the larger diameter of the screw processing is limited. The third: the machine tool spindle box for horizontal mobile Box at the bottom of the spindle and the base there is arranged between the rectangular sliding rail, spindle box perpendicular to the direction of movement of spindle centerline and perpendicular to the centerline of the tool rotation. Through the power of the spindle box spline shaft to the base of the tool feed mechanism. Screw diameter, according to the size of the processing in the processing of the previous round by hand to the body put into the screw spindle box moved to the appropriate location, and then screw the spindle box on a fixed base. Spindle box available from the mobile Grating detection, position error 0.005mm. Horizontal spindle box can be used as a mobile machine can process diameter 95 385mm any kind between the screw specifications. 95 385mm processing because of the diameter of the screw, causing the front surface and the tool spindle rotation the distance between the center line of the margin is too large, the actual application in the design specifications of the machine into two, a 95 205mm machine screw diameter Another 180 385mm machine screw diameter. Advantages: a variety of tools to adapt to the specifications of the processing screw, each screw specifications need not be provided with the appropriate machine tools. Disadvantage: the structure of machine tools and machine tool assembly of the two kinds of more complex machine tools, machine tools than the cost of two kinds of machine tools before the high. Second, introduce the structure of machine tool spindle The level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration, low efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly. Currently available single-screw machine spindle structure of the program has the following two. The first is: bearing radial clearance is not adjustable spindle structure Before spindle bearing out the use of one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings and thrust ball bearing combination of both, the main use of double row cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of two ball bearings to bear axial thrust cutting force. After the general adoption of the spindle bearings out one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings or a ball bearing to the heart. Main advantages of this structure: the main axis of the processing and assembly of simple, low cost. One disadvantage: because the main axis of the radial bearing clearance can not be adjusted so poor precision spindle. Although the use of bearings and shaft diameter fit to eliminate the radial bearing clearance, but each bearing diameter and radial clearance is not a fixed value, so it is difficult to design and processing to the quasi-axial-radial and bearings with bore tolerances. 2 disadvantage: it is very difficult to buy in the market of domestically produced or imported, C, D or P4, P5 class thrust ball bearings, machine tool manufacturing plant commonly used alternative to the use of ordinary class bearings, which also affected the accuracy of the enhance spindle. Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools. The second: the radial bearing clearance adjustable spindle structure Before the adoption of a spindle bearing P4 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings and a P4-class double row ball bearing thrust to the combination of heart. The use of the spindle hole of the double row tapered cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of double row ball bearing thrust to the heart to bear part of the axial and radial cutting force cutting force. Spindle bearings generally used after a P5 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings. Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to reduce or eliminate Bearing radial clearance purposes. Main structure of such advantages: high precision spindle. At the front spindle diameter 230mm noodle on the end measuring spindle Beat value of 0.010mm. 230mm cylindrical spindle at the front end on the radial axis measurement value of Beat 0.005mm. The second structure of the spindle of a precision spindle accuracy than the first about 50% improve. Main disadvantage of this structure: The principal axis of the more complicated process, the spindle assembly also has the experience necessary to make the workers to operate the spindle achieve the desired numerical accuracy. Third, the depth of the tool feed control Required different processing screw diameter spiral groove depth is also different from the depth of the spiral groove mm from dozens to more than 100 millimeters range around the tool into the institutions required to feed the thousands of ring rotation in order to achieve a screw machining . Feed because of the tool in the tool rotating at the same time achieve motion feed, so on a number of general machine tools used in mechanical, electrical control method of depth of cut does not apply to single-screw machine. Single screw machine tools give agencies into the following different methods can be feed to control the depth of purpose. The first is: friction clutch and electrical switches to control the depth of the tool feed Its principle is to control depth of cut increases the tool cutter feed mechanism increases the load torque so that the tool feeding mechanism of the friction transmission chain slipping clutch, a mechanical linkage concurrent silent trigger electrical switches, optical signal prompted operator, when manual operator to disconnect the tool into the power sector. The advantages of this control method are: the control method is simple and spare parts processing and operational power from the impact of a sudden. Disadvantage are: processing of different diameter screw to adjust the clutch friction discs pressed the preload spring. Material because of the density of each screw, and the hardness of the existence of subtle differences in the degree of cutting tools sharp differences exist, thus the accuracy of this control method was not too accurate, may lead to screw spiral groove depth tolerance is too large. The second: use of an electromagnetic clutch, encoder control tool into the mix to the depth of Tool feed system, equipped with electromagnetic clutch and a tool for detecting the number of rotating ring gear and a gun encoder. It is a tool of control principle hand screw surface encoder to start counting switch, then start counting counting device, when the rotary tool to pre-set number of laps when the cutting depth is reached, the electromagnetic clutch automatic off open to the power tool into the concurrent silent, optical signal parts prompted the operator has finished processing. The detection device through the digital display show