一般将来时和被动语态的具体讲解和练习.doc

一般将来时讲解与练习一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态句中一般有以下时间状语：tonight，in the future，tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天），in+段时间（在.之后）等。二、基本结构：主语+be going to + do； 主语+will+ do. 主语(只能为I /We)+shall+do三、否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not；will后加not成wont；shall后加not成shant例如：Im going to have a picnic this afternoon. Im not going to have a picnic this afternoon.四、一般疑问句：be或will或shall提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。例如：We are going to go for a walk this weekend. Are you going to go for a walk this weekend?五、对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。 1. 问人。Who 例如：Im going to New York soon. Whos going to New York soon. 2. 问干什么。What do.例如： My father is going to watch a match with me this afternoon. What is your father going to do with you this afternoon? 3. 问什么时候。When. 例如：Shes going to go to bed at nine. When is she going to bed?六、同义句：be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow. = I will go swimming tomorrow.七、be going to与will 的区别 be going to与will 的用法虽然都表示将来发生动作或情况，但它们的用法是有区别的。（1）be going to主要用于： 1、表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算、计划要做的事情。E.g. What are you going to do today? 今天你们打算做什么？ Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon. 今天下午我与爸爸打算去看歌剧。 Im going to play the violin. 我打算拉小提琴。Shes going to play the piano. 她打算弹钢琴。 2、表示根据目前某种迹象判断，某事非常有可能发生。E.g.Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 瞧！乌云密集，天要下雨。I am afraid I am going to have a cold. 恐怕我要患重感冒。(2) will主要用于在以下几个方面：1、表示单纯的未来“将要”通用各个人称。eg:They will go to visit the factory tomorrow. 明天他们将去工厂参观。Ill come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling. 我将与王兵、刘涛、杨玲一起来。2、表示不以人的意志为转移的自然发展的未来的事。eg:Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday. 今天是星期六。明天是（将）是星期日。He will be thirty years old this time next year. 明年这个时候他就（将）三十岁。3、问对方是否愿意做某事或表示客气地邀请或命令。eg: Will you please turn on the radio? 请打开收音机好吗？Will you go to the zoo with me? 你与我一起去动物园好吗？八、一般将来是特殊用法：1) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to talk about the report next Saturday.2） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。3）有些表趋向性的动词可用想在进行时表将来：例如：go，come，arrive，fly(飞往)，reach（到达），stay，leave，start, die.如：Im going to go to the zoo this weenend.= Im going to the zoo this weenend. Hes going to leave for Paris.= Hes leaving for Paris. The old man is dying.=The old man will die. 这个老人要去世。4）要注意“主将从现”这一语法现象：重要连词有： if (如果)，as soon as (一.就.),when(当.时候)，before，after，until(直到 not.until直到.才) , unless(=not.if 除非).If it rains, we wont have a picnic next week.Ill tell you the news as soon as you come back. 时态详解：一般将来时 1. 一般将来时的定义一般将来时表示在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用时间副词tomorrow, soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime 做状语。如：What will you do this afternoon. 你今天下午干什么？We will have a meeting tomorrow. 我们明天要开会。He is going to study abroad next year. 明年他要出国学习。 2. 一般将来时的结构及应用(1) shall / will + 动词原形。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。特别是表示客观性的事情或在某条件下要发生的事情，只能用此结构。如：What shall we do if he doesnt come? 如果他不来，我们该怎么办？Will you be free this evening? 今天晚上有空吗？I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他会告诉我们真实情况的。(from )(2) be going to + 动词原形。表示已经计划或安排好了的事情，也可表示有迹象表明肯定要发生的事情。如：We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚上开会讨论这件事情。Look at the black clouds over there. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那边的乌云，我想天要下雨了。There is going to be an English evening this week. 本周要举行一个英语晚会。(3) be to + 动词原形。表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情。如：Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天该谁打扫教室了？When are you to return your library book? 你什么时候要还图书？The bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. 这渡桥该在今年年底前完工。(4) be about to + 动词原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一种时间上的巧合，因此，句子不能再用时间状语。如：Dont leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了，李蕾就要来了。Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安静下来，音乐演唱会就要开始了。(5) be +现在分词。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。这个句型中动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。如：Go ahead, and Im coming. 走前面一点吧，我就来。The dog is dying. 那条狗要死了。Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快点，商店就要关门了。(6) 一般现在时。表示一种严格按照计划进行的动作。比方说，上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。如：Dont hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙，回忆八点过一刻开始。The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽车四点返回。(from ) 一般将来时也译为单纯将来时。例A：I shall not come if it rains tomorrow（如明天下雨我就不来。）例B：My brother will leave for the United States next week（我的哥哥下星期要到美国去。）解说 从句式我们可以了解一般将来时的表达须借助于助动词“shallwill”。关于“shallwill”的用法，传统文法谈得很多，同时各文法学家的理论也不很一致。更重要的是英国人与美国人对“shallwill”的用法规则并不很一致，也不很严谨，所以本书拟只提供下面的五个规则，相信各位只要把下面这五个规则学通了，你的“shallwill”的用法就可以中规中矩了。说或写都尽量使用“Ill， Youll， Hell ， Shell ， Itll， Well ， Theyll ”的简缩形（如用法例2、3）。要表达主语的“意志”，通常都用“will”（文法上称为意志将来。）例A：I wont see him again（我不愿意再与他见面。）例B：Who will go and help that poor old man?（谁愿意去帮助那个可怜的老人？）Mary will （玛莉愿意。）说话者要把自己的“意志”表达或行使出去，通常用“shall”。例A：You shall not do that again（你不可以再做那样的事。）例B：He shall return that book tomorrow（明天他必须把那本书归还。）第一人称问句使用“shall”。例A：Shall I call you a taxi ?（需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗？）例B：Shall we tell her the truth ?（我们可以把实情告诉她吗？）问句是“Shall?”，答句就用“shall ”；问句用“Will ？”，答句就用“will ”。例A：Shall you go to school tomorrow ?（你明天须要上学去吗？）Yes， I shall Well have an exam （是的，我必须去。我们明天有考试。）例B：Will you go to school with me tomorrow?（明天你要不要与我一道去学校？）No， I wont Im going on a picnic（我不要。我已定好要去郊游。）注：Lets ”的附加疑问通常使用“， shall we ?”。Lets have a rest， shall we?（我们休息一下，怎样？）一般将来时除了使用“shallwill V”以外，也可以使用下列的几种句式来表达。1be going to V （即将会；打算将）例A：It is going to rain Take an umbrella with you（带一把伞去。看样子就要下雨了。）例B：The Browns are going to move to Australia（布朗先生全家打算迁移到澳大利亚去。）2be about to V （即将，指紧接着要发生的动作。）例：Lets wait a minute He is about to arrive（我们等一下。他即将会到达。）3be Ving （定于，指接近的将来动作。）例：He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning（他定于明天早晨到香港去。）4be to V （定于，指预定的将来动作。）例：She is to be here at 9：00 am tomorrow（她定于明晨九时到达这里。）5V（e）s （定于，指接近的将来动作，但不如第3项主观。）例：He leaves for Hong Kong tomorrow morning（他定于明天早晨到香港去。与（3）项的区别在于（3）项的动作是出自主语的决定，（5）项则不一定是出自主语的决定。）常用于修饰一般将来时的时间副词有：tomorrow， tomorrow morning （afternoon， evening）， next 时间 （next night， next Monday ， next week， month， next summer， next year）， in （the） future （将来），soon （不久之后），in 时间 （in five days再过五天，in two weeks再过二星期），etcDrilling Square请在下列各题空格处填入shall或will。1You _ not drive through a red light2I _ do everything for her3_ you help me with this heavy bag， John?4_ I help you with that heavy bag， Madam?5Lets go and take a walk after dinner， _ we?6No one _ leave the classroom if I havent said Okay， said the teacher7It _ soon be over， I am sure8Do what you _ ， but dont go out9I _ take you there with me， if its OK with your mother10Rain or shine， I _ come请在下列各题空格处就所设动词给予适当的将来时。1A：How do you want to go to Hualain， by air or by train?B：I am not in a hurry this time， so I （1） take the train2A：（2） （you like） to go to the game this afternoon?B：Id love to Where （3） （we meet） ?A：You just stay home and wait for me I （4） drive my car there， so I （5） （pick） you up at about 1：30 3A：Its a good dictionary I （6） （buy） it， but I dont have money with me nowB：Dont worry I （7） （lend） you4A：I hear Miss Chen （8） leave our school and teach in a bigger school in TaipeiB：But the principal （校长） （9） not let her go He says she （10） teach at least for another semester until he finds a new teacher情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加 s 1清辅音后读/s/； mapmaps2浊辅音与元音后 bagbags读 /z/；carcars以s， sh， ch，x等结尾的词 加 es 读 /iz/busbuseswatchwatches以ce， se， ze，（d）ge等结尾的词加 s 读 /iz/licenselicenses以辅音字母y 结尾的词 变y 为 i 加es 读 /z/babybabies练习：一、填空。1. 我打算明天与朋友去野炊。I _ _ _ have a picnic with my friends. 2. 下个星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打篮球。 What _ _ _ _ _ next Monday? I _ _ _ play basketball. 3. 你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。_ your mother _ _ go shopping this _? Yes, she _. She _ _ _ buy some fruit.4. 你们打算什么时候见面？What time _ you _ _ meet?二、改句子。5. Nancy is going to go camping.（改否定） Nancy _ going to go camping.6. Ill go and join them.（改否定） I _ go _ join them.7. Im going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.（改一般疑问句） _ _ _ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow?8. We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.（改一般疑问句）_ _ meet at the bus stop at 10:30?9. She is going to listen to music after school.（对划线部分提问） _ _ she _ _ _ after school?10. My father and mother are going to see a play the day after tomorrow.(同上) _ _ going to see a play the day after tomorrow?三、用所给词的适当形式填空。11. Today is a sunny day. We _ (have) a picnic this afternoon.12. My brother _ (go) to Shanghai next week.13. Tom often _(go) to school on foot. But today is raining ,he _ (go) to school by bike.14. What do you usually do at weekends? I usually _ (watch) TV and _(catch) insects?15. Its Friday today. What _she _ (do) this weekend? She _ (watch) TV and _ (catch) insects（害虫）.16. What _ (do) you do on Sundays? I _ (pick) apples on a farm. What _ (do) next Sunday? I _ (milk) cows.17. Mary _ (visit) her grandparents tomorrow.18. Liu Tao _ (fly) kites in the playground after school every Friday.19. David _ (give) a painting show next Monday.20. I _ (plan) for my study now.21.We _(buy) him a pen for his birthday next week.22.I_(call)you when I get there.23._ I _(begin)to play computer games?24.If it _(be) sunny tomorrow, we_ (have)a picnic outside.25.I_(tell)him the news when I see him at the office.26.There _(not be)a football match next month.27.-_he_(give)a talk on “Works of art”next Friday? -No, he _. He _ (visit) the Palace Museum.28. Where_Tom_ (go) the day after tomorrow?29. She _ (not go) swimming this weekend.30. She _(watch) TV every evening. But she _ (not watch) TV tonight.四、单项选择：1.Mother _ me a nice present on my next birthday.A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give2.He _ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday.A. gives B. gave C. will give D. is going giving3. He _in three days.A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back4. Who _ _ swimming with us tomorrow afternoon?A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; goes5. The day after tomorrow they _ a volleyball match.A. will watch B. watches C. is watching D. to watch6. They _ an English evening next Sunday.A. are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have7. _ you _ free next Sunday? A. Will; are B. Will; be C. Do; be D. Are; be8. He _ there at ten tomorrow morning. A. will B. is C. will be D. be9. I _ _ a teacher in the future. A. will, be B. is, be C. is, being D. will, is10.They _ _ to the park next Sunday. A. will goes B. will go C. is going D. will go11.My family _ _ to church next weekend. A. will go B. goes C. will going D. is going12.My mother will _ me a pencil tonight. A. gives B. giving C. give13.He _ play football tomorrow. A. will B. is C. be14.My grandpa and grandma _ to see us in two days.A. will coming B. will come C. is coming D. are coming15.She _ _ TV this evening. A. wills watch B. will watching C. is watching D. will watch16.My grandpa _ _ at home the day after tomorrow.A. will stay B. wills stay C. will stays D. is staying17.Mom will _ back soon. A. comes B. coming C. comes D. Come朋友们，看看自己掌握一般将来了吗？如果掌握了，那就认真复习，好好巩固！再接再厉！如果还没有，再多看几遍，多做些题，相信你很快就会掌握的！加油啊！(表预测性)及打算、计划或准备做某事(表计划性)。被动语态一、被动语态概述 语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态与被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。如： They didnt offer Ann the job. （主动语态） Ann wasnt offered the job. （被动语态） 安没得到这份工作。 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式与否定式的变化也如此。 1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种形式 现以动词clean为例列表说明： 2、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时与动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化： 3、含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，“be+过去分词”部分不变。如： Tables can be made of stone. 桌子可由石头制造。 Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时） Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句） 三、被动语态的用法： 1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。 The old bridge was built many years ago. 这座古桥是许多年前建造的。 He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。 2、强调动作的承受者。 动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，也可省略。 Your plan is considered to be the best. 你的计划被认为是最好的。 3、动作的执行者是无生命的事物。 The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。 The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。 4. 避免更换主语，如： Once a promise is made, it shouldnt be broken. 诺言一旦许下，就不能违背。 Mothers love their children and children are sure to love their mothers. 母亲爱孩子，孩子当然也爱母亲了。 5. 使句子保持平衡，如： The lecture will be made by Joe Smith, who is a young artist from the States. 乔史密斯将来做报告，他是一位年轻的美国艺术家。 （Joe Smith有一个非限定性定语从句，所以后置） 四、主动语态变为被动语态 转换图示： 1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤： （1）将主动句的宾语变为主语，如果主动句的宾语是代词，需变为主格。如： （2）将动词改为“be+过去分词”，be与新主语的人称与数一致，时态不变。 （3）将主动语态的主语前加by放在谓语动词后，如果原主语是代词，要变为宾格。 They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting was held（by them）yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。 昨天举行了一个会议。 They wont forgive me. I wont be forgiven by them. 他们不会原谅我的。 我不会被他们原谅的。 2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项： （1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”等， 变为被动句时，通常删去“by”，除非强调原主语。如： They set up this hospital in 1975. This hospital was set up in 1975. 这所医院建于1975年。 Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成这项工作。 The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。 （2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语与间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态 有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。 Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack. （3）含有宾语+宾语补足语的句子，变成被动句后原来的宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了； 注意：不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时，变成被动时要加上to。 I heart Emily sing the song just now. Emily was heard to sing the song just now. 我刚才听见艾米莉唱这首歌了。 （4）含有宾语从句的主动句变为被动句，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，把宾语从句后置。 We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon. It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon. 我们决定这项计划必须马上实施。 （5）双重被动结构： 当某人或物成为两次动作的承受者时，要用双重被动结构。如： Parents often ask their children to do too much homework. The children are often asked to do too much homework. Too much homework is often asked to be done by the children. 五、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例） 1一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done） The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。 2一般过去时(was/ were +done) My bike was stolen last night. 我的自行车昨天被偷了。 When was the book introduced to China? 这本书什么时候引入中国的？ 3一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done) A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。 I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。 4现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done) The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。 The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。 A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。 5现在完成时(have/ has been + done) Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。 The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。 Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。 6过去完成时(had been+done) They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。 She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。 He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died. 他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。 六、高频考点： 1. 动词的主动形式表示被动之意 1）某些连系动词，如：look, feel, smell，sound, prove等。 The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。 Maria proves very patient and warm-hearted. 玛丽亚被证明很耐心、很热心。 2）表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的某些动词，虽然可以是及物动词，但这时用作不及物动词， 如：lock, shut, close, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, draw, cut, translate, burn, run, ride, begin, end, operate等。 The sentences translate hard. 这些句子很难译。 The door wont shut. 这个门关不上。 3）某些动词用在句型“主+谓+主补”时，如wear，blow，prove等。 The door blew open. 门被吹开了。 2. 不用于被动语态的动词 有些动词用于被动语态，如happen，cost，take，have (有)，own，possess, want (缺乏)。 An accident happened yesterday. 昨天发生了一起事故。 One should possess courage, determination and wisdom. 人要拥有勇气、决心与智慧。 3. “动词+反身代词”结构与“be+过去分词”结构 注意下面短语： devote oneself to (献身于) seat oneself (就坐) dress oneself (穿衣), amuse oneself (自娱自乐) lose oneself (迷路) prepare oneself for (做好心理准备), concern oneself about (担心) 这些短语经常用被动结构表示主动意义。 They were seated in the front of the hall. 他们在大厅前部就坐。 He was concerned about his