（通用版）高三英语二轮复习 第二板块 题型四 阅读七选五教师用书.doc

题型四阅读七选五全国卷3年考情分析 位置关系2016201520143年统计卷卷卷卷卷卷卷在某段第一句设空(段首题)主旨句38题37题38题38题，39题/40题39题7承上启下句/在某段最后一句设空(段尾题) 结论、概括性语句/37题1承上启下句/在某段段中设空(段中题)并列或递进关系/39题，40题37题36题，37题36题，37题，38题，40题 36题，38题36题，40题13转折或让步关系36题，40题36题，38题36题40题39题/7因果关系/39题/1解释例证关系37题，39题/40题/37题，39题38题6命题者说阅读七选五不但要求学生扎实地掌握词汇和句子、语段和语篇等方面的知识，而且要求学生具备综合分析和辩证的逻辑思维能力，这是实现学生对阅读材料深层理解的基础性能力。这种题型的语篇的主线通常都很清晰，通常都是具有明确的逻辑关系的议论文或说明文。该题型中设有五个空，而对应的选项有七个，其中有两个选项为干扰性错误选项。这七个选项通常包括主旨句、过渡性句子、细节注释性句子三类。主旨句主要以标题类和主题句为主，过渡性句子通常涉及文章结构，细节注释性句子主要涉及上下文逻辑意义。因此学生需要根据文章结构、内容选出正确的选项填入相应的空白处。新课程标准中“提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”的阅读学习的教学理念在本题型中得以充分的体现，学生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑关系的理解和掌握也得到了考查。综合上表可知，段首题和段中题是考查重点，而段中题又以并列或递进关系和转折或让步关系居多，这就要求考生必须联系上下文去做题，仔细揣摩上下句之间的逻辑关系。因此，在做阅读七选五时，考生可以从“位置”和“逻辑”两个角度来把握该题型的解题技巧。下面我们就从这两个角度分两个方面来突破这一题型！一、基础保分课 掌握通性通法，内化快捷解题路径对应学生用书p58通法总览题型分解一 段首题1空格为主旨句在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。典例(2016全国卷)_38_ you might represent each letter with a number, for example. lets number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. if we substitute a number for each letter, the message “meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”g.another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. 分析：本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。仔细阅读下文可知，下文举例说明了用数字来代替字母的密码方式，空格处应为一个主旨句，由此可知g项能起到统领本段的作用。故选g项。2空格为承上启下句 在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。典例(2016北京高考)no matter where you are on the riskseeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 74(e.this_is_when_you_start_to_move_away_from_your_family_and_into_the_bigger_world.) to help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. new experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well._75_ for the riskseekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.g.new brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.分析：本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。上文主要讲述了科学家的观点对冒险活动的热爱在青少年时期有所增长。大脑增加了对新经历的渴望，而新的经历也意味着许多冒险。75题承接上文，引入下文的讲述，即“新的大脑研究表明当我们面对紧张的情况时，我们的大脑的工作方式是不同的。”接着阐述是如何的不同。故选g项。二 段尾题1空格为总结、概括句 做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如to conclude, in a word, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, therefore, as a result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。典例(2016洛阳高三二模)there is no doubt that analyzing the exact data is important to assessment of an actual event.but data should be dealt with wisely.we often get wrong data which mislead us.remember, data have no feeling but we humans have.data dont mean much to people if we do not have the abilities to analyze the data with the knowledge and confidence to judge whether they are true or false._a.thus we should try our best to be wise thinkers.分析：本题设空在段尾，空格前的一句论述内容是“如果我们没有能力运用所学知识和自信去分析数据正确与否，那么数据对我们来说就毫无意义”。所得出的结论就是“因此我们要尽最大努力成为一名睿智的思考者”，结合线索词thus可知a选项是正确答案。故选a项。2空格为承上启下句 还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。典例(2014北京高考)making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. a key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources._71_go to the original source. media reports often simplify the results of medical research. find out for yourself what a study really reported, and determine whether it was based on good science. think about the type of study. 72(d.and_examine_the_findings_of_the_original_research.)g.the following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.分析：本题设空处为第一段段尾。第一段简要提出我们要学会分析来自各种渠道的健康信息，第二段就如何对这些信息进行分类整理给予一些建议。从文章篇章结构分析，空格起承上启下的作用。故选g项。三 段中题 段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。因此第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，于是得出了正确答案。下面列举常考的依据逻辑关系设置的考题。1根据并列或递进关系解题 并列或递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有first(首先，第一), second(第二), third(第三); firstly(第一，首先), secondly(第二，其次), thirdly(第三); first(第一), next(其次), then(那么，然后); in the first place(第一，首先), for another(其次); to begin with(首先，第一), to conclude(最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。如果空格前后两句之间有also(也，而且), further(进一步地，而且), furthermore(而且，此外), likewise(同样地，也), similarly(相同地，类似地), moreover(而且，此外), in addition(另外), whats more(更重要的是), not only . but also(不但而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。典例(2016全国卷)recall (回忆) your childhood memoriesour model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood. grandmas rose garden and dads vegetable garden might be good or bad, but thats not whats important. _39_ how being in those gardens made us feel. if youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 40(g.for_each_of_those_gardens,_write_down_the_strongest_memory_you_have.) then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grownup garden. have fun.c.its our experience of the garden that matters分析：空格前说“但那一点不重要”，由此可推测空格处会指出什么才是重要的，前后为顺承逻辑关系，c项“我们做园艺工作的体验才是重要的”符合题意。故选c项。2根据转折或让步关系解题 转折或让步关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而), nevertheless(然而，不过), still(还，仍然), though(可是，不过，然而), yet(然而), on the contrary(正相反), in contrast(与此相反，相比之下), in comparison(比较起来，与比较), by comparison(相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折或让步关系。典例(2016全国卷)a code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. to read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39(f.with_a_code_book,_you_might_write_down_words_that_would_stand_for_other_words.) for example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” the message “bridge out” would actually mean “meet me.” _40_ however, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. so codes must be changed frequently.a.it is very hard to break a code without the code book.分析：根据空格后的however可知前后句存在着逻辑上的转折或让步关系。上文指出了利用密码本来破解密码的方式。根据后文“however, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long”可知选择a项(没有密码本很难破解密码)符合题意。故选a项。3根据因果关系解题 如果前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果), thus/therefore(因此), so/such . that(如此以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着因果关系。典例(2013全国卷)if you find a public speaking course that looks as though its going to give you lots of dos and donts, walk away! your brain is so full of what youre going to be talking about. _54_. as far as were concerned, there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking.your audience can be your friends.g.so trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse分析：本题可利用因果关系解题。空格前面一句“your brain is so full of what youre going to be talking about.(你的大脑充满了要谈的内容。)”表示原因，而g项中的so在此处表示结果。故选g项。4根据解释例证关系解题 前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和演绎(从观点到例子)。典例(2016全国卷)there are three main types of cryptography. _37_ for example, the first letters of “my elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “meet me.”e.you can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.分析：本题可利用解释例证关系解题。本题采用的思维方式是演绎(从观点到例子)，空格后的句子是例子，即“for example, the first letters of my elephant eats too many eels spell out the hidden message meet me.”。故选e项(你可以拼写每个单词的第一个字母来隐藏信息)。课堂巩固训练 (2016湖北省八校高三第二次联考)in your life, sometimes you may be asked to speak in front of a large group of people. although it sounds a little scary, even those with stage fright can speak successfully to the group with adequate preparation.practice your speech before the big day. _1_ if possible, practice the speech in front of a friend or family member to get used to saying it to real people. if you feel you must have note cards, limit the amount to about three cards. this will force you to keep your speech concise (简洁的) and help you keep your eyes focused on your audience.remember why youve been invited to speak. if youre battling fear over speaking to a large group of people, keep your mind on the fact that you were selected for this important role. the speech organizers must have seen something valuable in you or your expertise. _2_remember that fear of public speaking is very common. _3_ most of the people in the audience would be feeling the same fear and stress that you do in your position. knowing this may make you feel better._4_ what you say should be tailored to why youre there and who youre speaking to in order to avoid sounding general. if speaking to a charity group, mention the good work certain specific individuals have done for the cause. if speaking at a business conference, briefly state why you want to help these people.keep eye contact with the crowd. _5_ pick one person in each section and look at him while youre speaking. after each important point in your speech, switch your focus to another section. when you focus only on one person at a time, the size of the crowd isnt as frightening.aa good memory is really helpful.bshow appreciation to your audience.cmention your audience in your speech.dthe more you have it memorized, the better.ein fact, its normal to feel nervous or stressed out before a big speech.fseparate the crowd into three sections mentally as you get up to speak.gthe knowledge of other peoples respect for you should reduce some of the fear.语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。主要就如何在众人面前克服恐惧并进行成功的演讲提出了一些建议。1选d根据该段主题句可知，演讲前要进行练习；根据该段第四句可知，若一定要准备提示卡片，请把数量限制在3张，即此处是讲记不住演讲词的办法。d项“演讲词记的越熟越好”与下文话题衔接密切。故d项正确。2选g根据空格前“the speech organizers must have seen something valuable in you or your expertise.”可知，你受邀做演讲是因为组织者看中了你的专长，由此可知，g项“其他人对你知识的尊重应该可以让你减少些许恐惧”承接上文话题，符合语境。故g项正确。3选e根据该段主题句可知，害怕公开演讲很正常。下文应是对该句内容进行分析，故e项“事实上，在大型演讲前感到紧张或有压力是很正常的”符合语境，前后句构成顺承关系。故e项正确。4选c此处为该段主题句。根据下文可知，你所讲的内容应与你在这里演讲的原因及观众的身份相适应，避免空洞的概括。c项“演讲过程中要提及观众”概括了该段中心意思，适合做主题句。故c项正确。5选f根据空格后“pick one person in each section”可知，f项“separate the crowd into three sections .”与下文话题衔接紧密，符合语境。故f项正确。二、重难增分课 破译连环迷局，谨防“多米诺效应”对应学生用书p61阅读七选五之所以是考生的失分重灾区，是因为一处错选常常会导致多处错选，被考生戏称为“多米诺效应”。如何防止连环错现象的发生，笔者总结出常见6大失分错因，帮考生跳出“错连环”怪圈，力保阅读七选五题型创满分。错因一 因选项特征相似而失分典例(2016全国卷)there are three main types of cryptography. 37(e) for example, the first letters of “my elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “meet me.”_38_ you might represent each letter with a number, for example. lets number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. if we substitute a number for each letter, the message “meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”ait is very hard to break a code without the code book.bin any language, some letters are used more than others.conly people who know the keyword can read the message.das long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.eyou can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.fwith a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.ganother way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.正确答案选g失误分析conly people who . message. 宾语相似ganother way to hide a message.c项和g项有相似的宾语message，而且上一段最后一句“. spell out the hidden message .”中含message一词，因此有些考生看到c选项中的message就会先入为主而误选c项。名师支招 考生在遇到两个有相似特征的选项时，要格外关注，仔细比对这两个选项，结合空处所在的上下文语境和前后文的逻辑关系进行作答，切忌因先入为主而误选。错因二 因忽略词汇衔接而失分典例(2016全国卷)recall (回忆) your childhood memoriesour model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood. grandmas rose garden and dads vegetable garden might be good or bad, but thats not whats important. _39(c)_ how being in those gardens made us feel. if youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. _40_.then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grownup garden. have fun.aknow why you gardenbfind a good place for your own gardencits our experience of the garden that mattersdits delightful to see so many beautiful flowersestill others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plantsfyou can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, toogfor each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have正确答案选g 失误分析部分考生可能会忽略小标题中的“recall”和“childhood memories”，以及前文中的“those gardens”， “recall the gardens of your youth”；后文中的“childhood memories”等，或者没有利用好这些词汇衔接信息，从而误选其他选项。如果利用好这些词汇衔接，会比较容易选出正确选项g项。名师支招 英语词汇衔接关系表现为词的复现。词的复现指的是某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、上下义词、概括词或其他形式重复出现在语篇中。文章的句子通过这种复现关系，达到相互衔接、意义完整。阅读七选五语篇的上下文语境中往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达等，甚至有相同词汇的重复使用。词汇衔接关系是我们解题很好的线索。 错因三 因忽略关键信息而失分 典例(2014全国卷)from my experience, there are three main reasons why people dont cook more often: ability, money and time. _36_ money is a topic ill save for another day. so today i want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule: .atry new things. bability is easily improved.cmake three or four instead.dunderstand your food better.ecooking is a burden for many people.flet cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.ga little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.正确答案选b 失误分析考生往往由于把握不准关键信息而造成误选其他选项。根据第一句中的几个关键词：ability，money，time，我们可知人们不经常做饭有三个原因。下文先说“money is a topic ill save for another day(钱的问题我们下次再说)”，接着说“so today i . make the most of the time”，谈及了money和time。故空格处谈论的应是与ability有关的话题。名师支招 考生如何利用关键词解题，在解题时要比较文章和选项中的关键词。若匹配，则该选项很可能就是正确答案。具体步骤如下：(1)阅读各个空格的前后句，标记关键词。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组、数词、代词、连词等；(2)阅读各个选项并标记关键词；(3)比较并匹配上述两类关键词，最终确定答案。错因四 因忽略意义衔接而失分典例(2015全国卷)unfortunately, weve all been victims of betrayal. whether weve been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. _37_ its understandable, but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there.alearn to really trust yourself.bit is putting confidence in someone.cstop regarding yourself as the victim.dremember that you can expect the best in return.etheyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.fthis knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.gseeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.正确答案选e失误分析部分考生可能忽略了语境中上下文前后句的意义衔接，而误选其他选项。上一句“sometimes people simply cant trust anymore.(有时候人们就是不能再信任别人。)”和选项e“theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.(他们曾经受过严重伤害，不能容忍这种事情再次发生。)”有意义上的衔接。名师支招 对于阅读语篇句子间意义衔接的考查是阅读七选五的常考点之一。考生们在分析语篇段落层次时，可以借助上下文、前后句间的语篇连接词来判断。此外，考生们要真正理解文章的主旨大意，弄清空格前后句子的确切含义，然后根据意义的连贯性从七个选项中选出正确答案。最后，同学们要将所选的选项代入原文，看短文语言是否通顺、逻辑是否合理，从而验证答案。错因五 因忽略逻辑关系而失分典例(2015全国卷)you didnt lose “everything”. once trust is lost, what is left? instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. _40_ instead, its a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.alearn to really trust yourself.bit is putting confidence in someone.cstop regarding yourself as the victim.dremember that you can expect the best in return.etheyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.fthis knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.gseeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.正确答案选g 失误分析部分考生可能没有注意到本空与后文的逻辑关系而误选其他选项。仔细阅读短文，我们可以看出空格的上文指出要看到生活中积极的一面。下文中的instead一词说明空格和下文存在着行文逆转，即转折关系。扫遍七个选项，只有g项(看到事情的积极方面并不意味着你对发生的事情视而不见)合适。名师支招 文章中及后面的选项中表示逻辑关系的标志词，是选择答案的重要线索。常见的语篇标志词从细节、逻辑上可分为：并列或递进关系(firstly, and, or, moreover, whats more, also, neither .nor ., either .or ., besides, furthermore, in addition to .)；转折或让步关系(but, however, instead, yet, while, by contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, although, though, even if, even though .)；概括归纳关系(in short, in brief, in summary .)；因果关系(so, therefore, thus, as a result, because, for, since, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, because of, for this reason .)；时间关系(at first, at last, finally, afterwards, in the meantime, later, then .)；解释例证关系(in fact, for example, for instance .)。 错因六 因忽略结构衔接而失分 典例(2014北京高考)making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. a key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources._71_go to the original source .watch for misleading language .use your common sense ._75_ friends and family members can be a great source of ideas and inspiration, but each of us