人教版高中英语选修8U1知识详解.doc

Unit1A land of diversity基础落实.高频单词思忆1.He has twenty head of (牛) on his farm.2.He has six pieces of (行李).3. (显然),she has lost interest in physics.4.She had the (不同) of being the first woman to swim the Channel.5.Please (投入) a coin in/into the slot.6.Wed better h a car for the weekend.7.Those a who want to get the job are required to present their resume this month.8.The health a are investigating the problem.9.Research i that eating habits are changing fast.10.They failed to g the importance of his words.cattle luggage apparently distinction insert hire applicants authorities indicates grasp .重点短语再现1. 用方法；借助2. 坚持；维持；沿袭（风俗、传统等）3. 与某人合作或一起工作4. 包括；吸收5. 继续存在6. 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等7. 申请；请示得到8. 背靠背9. 划线；标出界线10. 许多.典型句式运用1.However,it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.然而，土著美国人很可能在一万五千年前就在加州生活 着。 (1) likely 是指从外表、迹像上进行判断，有可能发生。possible指客观上有可能，但往往含有希望很小的意味。 probable 的可能性比possible大，表示“很可能，十有八九”。(2)likely 既可以用人也可以用物 作主语，常用句型是：It is likely that.或sb./sth.is likely to. 。(3)possible和probable都不能以人作主语，常用句型有：It is possible (for sb.) to do sth. 或It is possible that.;probable只能用It is probable that.句型。2.Two centuries later,the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States.两百年后，西班牙人定居在南美洲大多数地区以及现在美国所在的西北沿海。 （1）此句中的of后面所引导的是一个宾语从句。（2）what此时用作连接代词，在意义上译法非常灵活，可以指“的东西”“.的人”“的时间”“的地点”等。在句法中可以充当主语，宾语，表语，相当于定语从句的“ 先行词+关系代词 ”。当主句和从句同时缺少主语、宾语或表语时才可以用what。具体用法如下：1)指代“的东西”，意为“什么；多少；所的”相当于something that.What he said at he meeting astonished everybody present.2)指代“的人”，意为“的样子；面貌；状况”，相当的于the person that/who-In my opinion, you should owe your success mostly to your parents.-You are right. They have brought me up and made me what I am.3)指代“的地方”，相当于the place thatA modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten yours ago.4)指代“的时间”，相当于the time thatAfter what seemed to be a long time, the soldier came back to life.3.It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.人们认为这种多国籍的融合是如此巨大以致于不久就不会有主要的种族或文化团体，而只是多元文化的融合。 (1)It is said/believed/thought/supposed/guessed/feared/reported/hoped/ expected/concluded/announced/arranged that后接 主语从句 构成常用句型，此时，it是 形式主语 。(2)“It is+过去分词+that-clause”句式可以简化为：sb./sth.is said/thought/believed/reported to do/have done/be doing sth.但是hope除外。如：（1）Its said that Robert is going to study abroad tomorrow.=Robert is said to study abroad tomorrow.（2）It is reported that the way people spend their holidays has changed a great deal in the past ten years. The way people spend their holidays is reported to have changed a great deal in the past ten years.(3) Its said that a new supermarket is being built here.=A new supermarket is said to be being built here.4.People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California.被这里气候和生活方式所吸引的来自世界各地的人们也移民到了加利福尼亚。句中的attracted by the and the lifestyle是过去分词短语作定语修饰前面的名词 people 。句子的谓语是immigrate。导练互动重点单词1.means Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.观察思考 Every means has been tried.每种方法都试过了。 All possible means have been tried.所有可行的方法都试过了。 This plan must be put into practice by all means.这个计划必须付诸实施。 Can you solve the problem by this means?你能用这种方法解决这个问题吗？归纳总结means表示“方法，方式，手段”，其单复数同形。当means作主语且有every,each等词修饰时谓语动词用单数；有some,several,many,few等词修饰时谓语动词用复数。means一般用于以下搭配：by all means尽一切办法；一定；务必；（表示答应）当然可以by any means无论如何by means of用，依靠by no means决不；并没有（放到句首时，句子用部分倒装）by this means用这种方法即学即用(1)Today an airship is used as a means of advertising. (一种广告工具).(2)The burglars entered the house by means of (用) a ladder.(3) By no means (绝不) is this the first time you have been late.way/method/means/approach这几个词都表示“方法”，但表示“使用方法”时，way与介词in搭配；means与by搭配；method与with搭配。表示“(做)的方法”时，way后接of doing或to do；means和method其后接of doing；approach则与介词to连用。We need a fresh approach to sports in education.我们需要用一种新的态度来看待体育教育。Is there any way of contacting you while you are in Africa?你去非洲后有什么办法可以跟你联系？We are trying to develop new methods of pollution control.我们正在努力开发控制污染的新方法。【即时应用】用means/method/way/approach的适当形式填空(1)The scientist is showing the_of scientific farming to the peasants.(2)A car is a_of transportation.(3)To scare a bird is not the_to catch it.(4)He thought of an efficient_to the study of English idioms.【答案】(1)method(2)means(3)way(4)approach2.majority Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men,.观察思考 The majority is/are doing his/their best.大多数人都尽心尽力。 The majority of my friends have gone abroad.我的大多数朋友都出国了。 A majority of workers now work five days a week.现在多数工厂每周工作五天。归纳总结majority n. 大多数;大半。major adj.较多的；主修的v.主修(科目)minor adj.较少的，次要的 vi.辅修minority n.少数(1)majority为可数名词，指可数的概念，不指量（amount）。the majority作主语时，如果泛指多数，谓语动词用单复数形式皆可。(2)the majority of+名词，表示“多数”，其后的谓语动词取决于of之后的名词。(3)majority常由great修饰。(4)majority的反义词是minority，意为“少数，少数派，少数票，少数人”，复数形式是minorities，意为“少数民族”。(5)in the/a majority占大多数即学即用(1)多数人喜欢电脑胜过电视。 The majority of people seem to prefer computer to TV.(2)多数人赞成这个建议。 The majority was/were in favour of the proposal.3.occur Yes.It didnt occur to me that.观察思考 At the beginning of June an event occurred.六月初发生了一件事。 It occurred to me to visit my parents.我突然想去探望父母。 That sound does not occur in my language.我的语言里不存在那个音。归纳总结occur vi.发生;出现;存在。occur to sb.发生在某人身上It occurs to sb.to do sth.某人想起做某事某人突然想的几种表达法：sth.occurs to sb.sth.strikes es to sb. It occurs to sb.that-clauseIt strikes/hits sb.that-clause即学即用（1）事故发生在五点钟。The accident occurred at five oclock.（2）她突然想到她可能会收养一个无家可归的孩子。It occurred to her that she might adopt a homeless child.（3）同一个主题在她的许多作品中都有。The same theme occurs in many of her works.4.percentage Today,Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California,although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the “China towns” of Los Angeles and San Francisco.观察思考 A high percentage of the college students have parttime jobs at home and abroad.不管是在国内还是在国外，大多数的大学生一边学习一边打工。 What percentage of his income is paid in income tax? 他收入的百分之几拿去交个人所得税？ A good/great/large/heavy percentage of school books now have pictures.现在大多数教科书有插图。归纳总结percentage n.百分比;百分率;部分;某一比例。(1)percentage前不用具体的数字修饰，但可以被high,low等形容词修饰。(2)percent百分之，相当于“%”，其前面往往用具体数字修饰。(3)“a percentage of+n.”在句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据名词的单复数形式而定。即学即用(1) The unemployment percentage (失业人口的比例) keeps rising in the recent financial crisis.(2) A large percentage of (大部分) the hotels income _is (be) from the visitors to the lake nearby.5. applicant 申请人application n.申请；请求；申请书；申请表apply vi. (通常以书面形式)申请,请求6. apparent adj.显而易见的；明白易懂的；显然的apparently adv. 显然地；显而易见地 _(显然) theyve run out of their tickets for the concert. Her anxiety was _ (显而易见) to everyone. apply for 申请；请示得到 apply to 应用于，适用于运用：填入适当的词。 Ill apply _ the job today. What you said doesnt apply _ me. 重点短语与句型1.make a life Some died or returned home,but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.观察思考 The problem is how they make a life.问题是他们如何习惯于新的生活方式。 We make a living by what we get;we make a life by what we give.我们通过得到些什么来谋生；通过给予某些东西来适应生活。归纳总结make a life意为：习惯于新的生活方式、工作。come to life突然苏醒；突然开始工作；突然变得活跃live/lead a.life过着生活come back to life苏醒过来；恢复生气full of life充满生气make/earn a/ones living谋生start/make a new life开始新生活for life终生，一生，终身to the life栩栩如生，逼真bring sb.back to life抢救某人使活过来即学即用(1)他们去了西部地区，决心去适应新生活。 They went to the West and decided .(2)他靠卖菜为生。He selling vegetables.(3)救援队使婴儿苏醒过来了。The rescue team .2.keep up In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own,which today still keeps up their Danish culture.观察思考 I hope the fine weather will keep up.我希望好天气能保持下去。 If you do not keep up with the payments you could lose your house.如果你不继续付款，你的住房就可能保不住了。 Do you still keep up your Spanish?你还坚持说西班牙语吗？归纳总结keep up意为：_持续,维持;沿袭（风俗、传统等）。keep的相关短语：keep (on) doing sth.继续、重复做某事keep sth.up使某物保持在高水平keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事keep out of.不进入（某处），留在外边keep to sth.遵守，信守keep up with跟上，与同步前进即学即用用keep的相关短语填空(1)The rain all afternoon.(2) that dog my study!(3)She likes to the latest fashion.(4)The church bells me sleeping. 3.take in Its a 79 km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots.观察思考 The kind old lady offered to take in the poor homeless child.那位好心的老太太主动收留了那可怜的无家可归的孩子。 Dont let yourself be taken in by his tricks.不要被他的花招欺骗。 Fish take in oxygen through their gills. 鱼用鳃吸取氧气。 The tour takes in six European capitals. 这次旅游包括六个欧洲国家的首都。 It took me quite a long time to take in what you were saying.要花很长时间我才能领会你说的话。归纳总结take in意为：收留;欺骗；吸入；包括；理解，领会。take的相关短语：take away拿走；使离开；消除（病痛等）take down记下来；拆掉take for（错）当作；（误）以为take off起飞；匆匆离去；脱下take on呈现；雇佣take over接收；接管，取代take up占去，占据；开始从事即学即用(1)他一定是用他在墨西哥的经历来欺骗我们。 He certainly with his stories about his experiences in Mexico.(2)这种布料吸水很好。This kind of cloth easily.(3)学英语占去了我大量的时间。 Learning English a lot of my time.(4)这座城市呈现出节日的气氛。The city a festive air.(5)汤姆在其父亲去世后接管了那个农场。Tom when his father died.4.a great/good many Saw some interesting temples here,a number of markets and a great many restaurants.观察思考 Tom found that there were a great/good many people already there.汤姆发现那儿已经有很多人了。It seems that a great/good many of them are out of work now.似乎他们中的许多人现在失业了。 A great many of the flowers are white.那些花多数是白色的。归纳总结a good/great many意为： 许多 ， 大量 ，后接 复数名词 ，但a good/great many后接of时，必须加 限定词 ，如these/those/the/ones等，然后再加名词复数。加可数名词复数的有：many a great many a good many a good/large number of加不可数名词的有：much a good/great deal of a large amount of加可数/不可数的有：a lot of lots of plenty of注意以下几种情况：large amounts of+不可数名词+复数谓语quantities of+不可数名词+复数谓语a quantity of+不可数名词+单数谓语a quantity of+可数名词的复数+复数谓语a mass of+可数名词的复数+复数谓语a mass of+不可数名词+单数谓语masses of+可数名词的复数/不可数名词+复数谓语5.That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.这就是今天有超过40%的加利福尼亚人把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。典例体验 Thats why I left so early. 这就是我早早离开的原因。 This is where I was born.这是我出生的地方。 This is when he joined the army.这是他入伍的日子。 This is how he solved the problem.这是他解决问题的方式。归纳总结句中的why引导的为 表从 。why , when , where , how 引导 表从 ，宾语从句，可译为“的原因；的时候；的地方；的方法”。Thats why.这就是为什么（why从句表示结果）Thats because.这是因为（because从句表示原因）The reason why.is/was that.的原因是（表语从句常用that引导，而不用because）。即学即用（1）汤姆开会迟到了，那是因为他病了。Tom came late for the meeting.That because he was ill.（2）汤姆病了，那就是他开会迟到的原因。Tom was ill.That was why he came for the meeting.（3）汤姆开会迟到的原因是因为他病了。The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.6. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850，it was already a multicultural society. 到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第三十一个联邦州的时候，它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。 by the time一般过去时，主句一般用过去完成时。 完成句子 he graduated from primary school, he 1,000 words or so.到他小学毕业时为止， 他已经记住了大约1 000个单词。By the time our teacher came in, we speaking English.在老师进来前，我们都已经开始讲英语了。7. Of the first Spanish to go to California， the majority were religious men，whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加利福尼亚的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原居民传授天主教。8. Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.品味构词合成词串联扩展词性方式词例复合名词名词+名词classroom教室，newspaper报纸，schoolboy（中小学）男学生，bookcase书柜形容词+名词blackboard黑板，greenhouse温室，highway公路，sickbed病床动词+名词pickpocket扒手，breakwater防波堤副词+名词overcoat大衣,inland内地代词+名词he-goat公山羊,she-wolf母狼动词+副词diehard顽固分子，breakdown崩溃，故障，break-up瓦解名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编，father-in-law岳父，公公名词+形容词snow-white雪白的，seasick晕船的，colour-blind色盲的，worldwide世界范围的，heaven-born天生的，lifelong终身的形容词+形容词red-hot灼热的，bitter-sweet又苦又甜的，dark-blue蓝黑的副词+形容词ever-green常绿的，over-sensitive过于敏感的名词+分词snow-covered被雪覆盖的，hand-made手工制作的形容词+分词ready-made现成的，good-looking好看的，hard-working勤劳的副词+分词far-reaching深远的，well-meaning好意的，well-informed消息灵通的形容词+名词first-rate第一流的，second-hand旧的，用过的，二手的,bare-foot赤脚的形容词+名词+ -edwarm-hearted热心肠的，blue-eyed蓝眼睛的，middle-aged中年的，open-minded思想开明的，white-haired白发的数词+名词+ -edtwo-faced两面派的，four-cornered有四角的数词+名词+形容词five-year-old五岁的six-inch-tall六英寸高的名词+名词+ -ediron-willed有钢铁意志的代词宾格或物主代词+self (selves)himself他自己，ourselves我们自己every/no+body (one,thing)everyone (everybody,everything)每个人/每件事,nobody (no one,nothing)没有人/没有什么副词+动词overcome 克服，uphold支持；主张，outgrow长得穿不下（衣服）名词+动词sunbathe进行日光浴名词+名词sideways横着名词+副词headfirst头朝下形容词+名词meanwhile同时；其间介词+名词beforehand事先考题回扣【例1】If theres a lot of work ,Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. A.to doB.to be doing C.doneD.doing 解析 由句式结构可知，空格处应作为定语修饰work，且表示将来的时间，故须用动词不定式。现在分词强调动作正在进行，过去分词则强调动作已经完成。课文原文The nearest,and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States.【例2】 by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land. A.Being encouraged B.Encouraging C.Encouraged D.Having encouraged 解析 encourage与主句主语many farmers之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，因此应用被动形式，故排除B、D两项；A项表示该动作正在进行； Encouraged by the advances in technology为过去分词短语作原因状语。课文原文People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle,still immigrate to California.【例3】 In our class,when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a for everyone to stand up. A.signalB.chance C.markD.measure 解析 A项“信号”；B项“机会”；C项“记号”；D项“措施”。句中it代替“铃响时教师合上书”这件事，而“它”正是大家要起立的“信号”。【例4】 It is often that human beings are naturally equipped to speak. A.saidB.to say C.sayingD.being said 解析 句意为：经常听人说人类天生有说话的能力。It is said that.为固定句式，意为“据说”。 课文原文 It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups,but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.【例5】 It was in New Zealand Eliza- beth first met Mr.Smith. （全国高考） A.thatB.how C.whichD.when 解析 句意为：正是在新西兰伊丽莎白第一次见到史密斯先生。It+be+被强调成分+that为强调句型。 课文原文.,it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. I.短语运用by means of, occur to, take in, in addition, make a life, a great many, team up with,make up, mark out, be worthy of1.She was for early promotion.2.It didnt him that his wife was having an affair.3.There is, ,one further point to say.4.We expressed our feelings words.5. people gain a great deal of information from the Internet.6.The book being read.7.Are you a story?8. the big company is the only way to break out of money problem.9.The young men in the rural areas have to leave for big cities to .10.Some foreign culture has been by Americans so that a mixed culture is forming.marked out occur to in addition by means of A great many is worthy ofmaking up To team up with make a life taken inII.单项填空1.When the headteacher announced his plan for a spring outing,the of the students in the class for it. A.majority;wereB.most;did C.most;wereD.majority;was 解析 most的用法通常为“most of the+复数名词”或“most+复数名词”，故排除B、C两项；固定短语be for表示“支持，赞成”，所以答案为A项。注意：the majority of后跟复数名词，谓语动词用复数；若the majority单独作主语，谓语动词用单复数皆可。2.With a nod of his head,he me where I should sit. A.indicated toB.indicated that C.indicate toD.indicate that 解析 由题干可以看出，要用一般过去时态，所以C、D两项可排除；B项多了that;indicate to sb.向某人示意，符合题意。3.The boy said sadly,“No one can tell will happen next.” A.whatB.when C.whoD.where 解析 此题考查连词。tell的宾语从句中缺少主语，所以用what。4.I along the street looking for a place to park when the accident . A.went;was occurring B.went;occurred C.was going;occurred D.was going;had occurred 解析 此题考查时态。句意为：我正沿着街道找停车位，这时发生了交通事故。此处是when(这时，突然)句式之一；be about to do when.。5.Every means tried but without any result. A.have beenB.is to be C.are to beD.has been 解析 此题考查时态和语态。句意为：每种方法都试了，但是没有结果。由句意可知要用现在完成时态，强调对现在造成的影响。6. Chemistry is a branch of Chemistry. A.ApplyingB.Apply C.AppliedD.Applicant 解析 此题考查apply的用法。applied通常作定语，意为“应用的，实用的”。句意为：应用化学是化学的一个分支。7.You have done so much workyou pass the exam. A.are likely toB.have to C.canD.are bound to 解析 句意为：你做了那么多的习题你一定会通过这次考试的。be bound to do sth.一定做某事，符合句意。8.Dont be by products promising to make you lose weight quickly. A.taken offB.taken out C.taken awayD.taken in 解析 此题考查动词短语辨析。take off脱下；飞机起飞；take out取出；take away带走；take i