倾力奉献!高考英语写作学案.doc

高考英语写作指导一、 高考英语写作题型评分标准写作题对学生来说难度较大，因为这种题型涉及到语法和词汇知识的运用能力乃至逻辑思维、谋篇布局等综合能力。在上海卷中，写作部分的总分值为25分。字数要求在120-150字。其评分原则和标准如下：档次内容语言组织结构A9-109-104-5B7-87-83C5-65-62D3-43-41E0-20-20各档次给分要求：1. 内容部分： A. 内容充实，主题突出，详略得当。 B. 内容较充实，能表达出作文要求。 C. 内容基本充实，尚能表达出作文要求。 D. 漏掉或未能写清楚主要内容，有些内容与主题无关。 E. 明显漏掉主要内容，严重离题。2. 语言部分： A. 具有很好的语言表达能力，语法结构正确或有些小错误，主要因为使用了较复杂结构或词汇所致。 B. 具有较强的语言表达能力，语法结构和词汇的应用基本正确，错误主要是因为尝试较复杂结构或词汇所致。 C. 有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。 D. 语法结构与词汇的错误较多，影响了对内容的理解。 E. 语法结构与词汇的错误很多，影响了对内容的理解。3. 组织结构部分： A. 自然地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文流畅，结构紧凑，句子结构多样，词汇丰富。 B. 能使用语句间连接成分，全文流畅，结构紧凑，句子结构多样，词汇较丰富。 C. 能使用简单的语句间的连接成分，全文内容连贯，句子结构有一定的变化，词汇使用得当。 D. 尚能使用语句间连接成分，语言连贯性较差，句子结构单调，词汇较贫乏。 E. 缺乏语句间连接成分，语言不连贯，词不达意。二、 历年高考作文.高考体裁具体说明话题1999上海议论文提供提示的议论文学习英语2000上海记叙文提供提示的记叙文难忘的一课2001上海议论文提供提示的议论文轿车进入家庭2001上海（春）记叙文给出情景式记叙文志愿者2002上海议论文图画型议论文家庭教育2002上海（春）应用文图表型应用文手机2003 上海议论文情景书信式议论文对名牌的看法和建议2003上海（春）议论文提供材料式议论文网吧现象2004上海（春）议论文图画型议论文为学生“松松绑”2004上海议论文日记式议论文班级墙报2005上海议论文带提示的议论文“天生我材必有用”2006上海应用文图表型议论文南方大学和北方大学的比较2007上海（春）应用文书信寻友信息2007上海应用文带提示的应用文礼物2008上海议论文带提示的议论文集体舞比赛2009上海应用文情景书信式议论文英语夏令营2010上海议论文图画式议论文举起手来从上图中，不难发现高考作文体裁的重点是议论文。选材均为学生亲身经历的，或是日常关注的学校以及社会生活的方方面面。作文的选材更是体现了明显的时代感。所以，学生一定要关心身边周围所发生的事，并且要做到善于思考，才有可能在作文的内容上更胜一筹。三、如何应对高考作文。高考英语作文是在规定字数、规定时间的情况下进行的，而阅卷老师又是在规定的时间里完成阅卷的，所以高考作文的谋篇布局一定要清晰，最好是直线型展开。高考作文的篇章结构最好是三段式。第一段一定要开门见山地导入主题的揭示和表达，而不要“下笔千言，离题万里”。主体段一般由几个段落构成，是整篇文章的重点。在高考作文中，采用先总后分的方法比较合适。先给出主题句点明段落主题，然后提供事例、事实、数据、等细节内容。这种段落展开的方法能最低限度地减少读者的误解，在高考中使用具有一目了然的功效。结论段一般总结所述，把讨论的问题或谈及的要点作一概括，点明主题，并使之深化。但是学生在作文中存在很多问题，有的文不对题，词不达意；有的格式和遣词造句错误，整篇文章不知所云有的直接将汉语提示译成英文，生翻硬译，英语表达方式有误等等。所以掌握一定的方法步骤很重要。1. 要认真审题在提笔写作之前，花几分钟时间，弄清题目揭示的内容，格式，时间，环境非常必要。可以避免出现文不对题的现象，也可以避免因反复造成的时间浪费。审题包括：（1） 仔细阅读写作要求和提示，在重点词下划线，以引起重视和注意。（2） 用序号的方式排列要点，把材料分成主次。（3） 确定作文的体裁，格式和人物。（4） 确定作文的时间主线时态。注意用最恰当的时态来表达作文内容。2. 动笔写作文时的注意点：（1） 写作一定要切题，抓住要点。题目要求的内容都应该写进去，以保证内容的完整，其他相关细节，也不宜多写；对于与要求无关的内容不可随意发挥，更不可为了表现英语水平默写文不对题的句子，画蛇添足。（2） 写作必须注意格式。 在写作时，特别是写应用文时要注意它的格式，汉语与英语的写作格式有很大区别。比如，英语写作和汉语书信的格式不同。由此可见，考生在平时就要注意英语写作的格式，加强训练。（3） 写作必须注意语法正确及用词得当 在写作不同的题材和体裁的文章时，所用的句式，时态，语言特征及用词也不相同。在写作时，考生要多从交际的角度考虑问题。以写信为例，要考虑写信的目的，写信人和收信人之间的关系，什么是对方已知或未知饿信息等等。每写一句话，都要符合写信人的身份，符合英语的习惯，达到传递信息的目的。写信如此，其它体裁的短文也是如此。（4） 写作切不可用汉译英的方式进行 在写作时，考生不要把题目中的汉语提示直接译成英语，要尽量消除汉语式的英语，用简练的，地道的英语来写。（5） 写作应连贯、流畅。要用自己最熟悉最有把握的词句写作，少用复句和长句，多用简单句、短句和主动句，正确使用连词；要用多样化的句子结构和句型使所表述的语言流畅、自然；一旦遇上一时表达不出的内容时就换个说法。（6）注意书写规范，大写、缩写和标点符号要准确。 3. 写完后要检查： 写完后要认真通读全文，查找是否有下列错误：（1）动词的时态和语态；（2）单词拼写；（3）冠词；（4）语序；（5）名词单复数；（6）主谓一致；（7）句子的完整性；（8）标点，格式，字数等。高考英语写作模板第一段：1.现象/现状说明段 2.图画描述段 3.图表描述段 第二段：4.观点阐释段 5.利弊说明段 6.意义阐述段 7.原因阐释段 8.举例说明段 第三段：9.趋势预测段 10建议措施段一热点话题-How to类议论文模板(答题性议论文)第1段：导入：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题。 In recent days(years), _A has become a hot topic among(people).As is well-known ,(A现状说明)_.A may (cause/effect)_if(without)_.So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to (do) _.They can be listed as follows. (Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective.)第2段；正文；列出23个解决此类问题的办法。Firstly,(方法一)_.For example,(举例说明)it is necessary for us to_ . Besides, _.What is more,_(such as)_Secondly,(方法二)of course,_Last but not the least,(方法三)_第3段：强调解决此类问题的根本方法。 Only by doing like this means can we _(in the end). How to prevent the A(H1N1) Flu?As is well knownthe A flu is spreading throught the world. Howeverif we negnect it the deadly A flu may cause more infectors or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.Firstly it is necessary for you to realize the A flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For exampleyou shouldnt forget to wash your hands before meals.Besidesdont spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.Whats moreremember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public placessuch as the crowded cinemassupermarkets buseswhere the A flu may spread easily.Secondlyof course taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.Last but not the least if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold try to stay at homeand take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.二. 正反观点式议论文模板 第1段：导入：Recently (we) have had a discussion about whether (we) should_（导入话题）.(Our) opinions are divided on this topic. (Opinions about whether we should_ are found to vary.)（观点有分歧）第2段 正文：（正方观点）Most(some) of the (students )are in favour of (it)_.Here are the reasons. First_.Second_.Finally_(列出23个赞成的理由).第3段：（反方观点）However, the others are strongly against it. Their reasons are as follows. In the first place_. Whats more,_.In addition_.(列出23个反对的理由)第4段：结论Personally speaking, the advantages (of doing sth ) overweigh the disadvantages.The reason is that _(原因). So I support (it).（个人观点） 使用手机发短信俗称“拇指文化”（Thumb Culture），假设你班同学最近也在讨论这个话题，请根据下表提示用英语写一篇短文，介绍讨论的情况。大部分同学认同2,4,少数同学反对1迅速打出短信，及时取得并保持联系；2随时传递信息或笑话娱乐朋友；3短信比传统书信贺卡更有时尚感。1频繁使用手机打字发短信，可能损伤拇指，造成拇指疼痛；2随意传递笑话会干扰对方工作或学习。3传统沟通方式，如写信、贺卡等更显温馨。【参考范文】The Pros and Cons on Thumb CultureThe other day our class had a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of Thumb Culture.Most students are for sending text messages with cell phones because rapidly typed messages can keep them in touch with one another constantly. Besides, text messages with greetings or jokes seem more fashionable to the young than hand-written cards.However, the minority of the students are against it. They say Thumb Culture may cause new health problems or even injure the thumb by repeating the same typing movements too frequently. Unexpected messages may disturb your friends if they are working or studying. In addition, such traditional ways of communication as hand-written letters and cards can bring people more feeling of warmth.Anyway, its hard for us to reach the same conclusion. Maybe the argument will long exist.三.“A或者B”类议论文模板(对比观点作文)导入：第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.(表明观点) 正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that(原因一)_.Another reason is that(原因二)_(赞同A的原因) 第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent._ _(列出12个B的优势)In my opinion, I never think this reason (for B) can be the point. For one thing,_(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, _(反对的理由之二).结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that _.(得出结论) 某中学生英语报社正开展一场题为“Young teachers or elderly teachers，which do you prefer?”请你依据下面表格所提供的要点写一篇短文，向该报社投稿。老教师青年教师教学耐心；讲解细致；经验丰富精力充沛；教学活泼；勇于创新你的观点?注意：1、词数100左右，开头语已为你写好，不计入总数；2、短文必须包含表格的全部内容。要求观点明确，结构合理，紧凑连贯。3、参考词汇：energetic, adj. 有活力的 enthusiastic, adj. 热情的 create, vt. 创造Opinions are divided on this question. 【参考范文】Opinions are divided on this question. Some students may like elderly teachers teaching because they think elderly teachers have more teaching experience and that they tend to be patient and careful with explanations. However, I prefer to be taught by young teachers. Firstly, we students have much in common with them. So they are our friends as well as our teachers. Secondly, they are more energetic and enthusiastic. Usually they can make their classes lively and interesting. Besides, they are more ready to accept or create new ideas, including teaching. Thirdly, most young teachers devote themselves to their work, making them teach creatively and effectively.In a word, I prefer young teachers to elderly teachers.四.给出一个观点，反对这一观点论文模板导入：第1段：(给出观点说明)Some people believe that_（观点一）. For example, they think _（举例说明）And (说明理由)it will bring them _(为他们带来的好处). 正文：第2段：(反对这一观点)In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,_(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, _(反对的理由之二)结论：第3段:Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that _(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)五.观点论述类议论文模板(要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述)导入：第1段：(提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话)As a student, I am strongly in favour of（against） the decision(view) that_. （亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对） The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）正文；第2段；First of all_.(理由一).For example,_（举例说明）.Secondly_(理由二).Another case is that_（举例说明）.Besides_.(理由三) (列出23个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that_（照应第1段，构成总分总结构,换个说法讲述论点）.1.某英语报社拟成立“微笑俱乐部”，现向癸未征募会员。要求申请者提交一篇题为“I want to Smile”的英语短文。请你以申请者的身份，根据以下思路图的提示用英语写一篇短文。I Want to SmileThere are many advantages of smiling. It can not only make us happy, but also please others. If we smile at life, life will smile on us in return. So I want to smile at all whenever and wherever possible, First, I would like to smile at my parents because they have given me life and take all the trouble to bring me up. They arrange almost everything for me. With their help, I have made great progress. I would like to say “Thank you” to them with a smile. Then my smile should go to myself, for only in this way can I gain more confidence in smiling my troubles away and live a better life. In a word, lets greet every day with a smile. Tomorrow is another day. 2.你校开展了“敬重父母”的活动，请你根据以下表格内容为你校的英语报刊写一则报道 案旨尊敬父母是中华民族的传统美德(moral value)之一现状大多数同学都是独生子女。只看重自己不顾及父母决定开展“敬重父母“的活动措施制定了十条规定，提出要求。如：要记住父母的生日；父母进门要和他们打招呼等。 注意：1.报道应有标题；2报道必须包括所有内容要点，可以适当增加内容以使行文连贯；【参考范文】Respecting Parents Program Showing respect to parents is one of the Chinese traditional moral values, As most of the students today are “the only child” in their family, they often regard themselves as the “centre” of the family without caring much about their parents, our school started a program, which is called “Respecting Parents Program”, Ten “dos” have been worked out for the students to follow clearly and easily, including“Remember your parents birthdays and express your good wishes to them, say hello to your parents when you see them returning home and so on,”The program has been successfully winning praises from parents and society. People say that is what we should have done earlier.六.说明利弊题型模板 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)1. 说明事物现状2. 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面) 3. 你对现状(或前景)的看法导入:第1段.(说明现状) Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. 正文；第2段；(正说)First _(A的优点之一). Besides_(A的优点之二). (过渡)But every coin has two sides. (反说)The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that _(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse,_(A的第二个缺点).结论：第3段：Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to _(我的看法). 【From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way can _(对前景的预测). 】目前中学生中，尤其是高三阶段，家长陪读之风盛行，有的家长甚至不惜辞职或请长假。请你就此事发表你的观点，内容包括以下几点：益处给孩子做可口的饭菜，洗衣服，从而让孩子有更多的时间学习和休息。不利影响增加家庭经济负担；给学生造成许多精神压力；孩子的独立生活能力得不到培养。你的态度参考范文：Nowadays many parents decide to leave their work in order to keep their children company in schools when they reach Senior Three. There are positive effects as well as negative effects over the issue.The advantage is obvious. With parents preparing delicious food and helping doing all the washing, children can eat properly and have more time to study and enjoy themselves. However, it costs more money and gives students more pressure because they have to be thinking from time to time how they can reward their parents. In addition, it may change the way the students spend their time. Personally, I dont quite agree to it. If a student is always under the protection of his parents, he cant develop his own ability to live independently, nor will he be able to deal with his daily life properly. They might meet with trouble when getting along with his fellow students in the days to come, which may affect his work or even his life in the future. Above all, we students should not only learn the book knowledge, but also learn to live independently.七.现象说明文模板 (一种事物或现象通常有负面意义倾向)导入:第1段(说明现象) Recently _.What amazes us most is_,It is ture that_. 正文；第2段； (现象原因)There are many reasons explaining_.The main reason is_(原因1).What is more ,_ (原因2).Thirdly_(原因3).As a result,_. (现象结果)结论：第3段;(你的观点)Considering all there,we should_.(解决方法措施)For one thing(理由1)_.For another thing_(理由2)_. In Conclusion_ 目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations”。请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。内容要点如下：主要原因考试偏多、偏难不用功、懒惰取悦父母、老师个人看法作弊不对，违反校规要诚实，努力学习（其他看法）注意：1短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥； 2短文标题与开头已为你写好，不计入总词数； 3词数：100左右。4参考词汇：作弊 cheat（v.）My Opinion on Cheating in ExaminationsIt is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.【参考范文】 My Opinion on Cheating in ExaminationsIt is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school(现象)As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and dont work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. Whats more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.八.图表作文的模板 导入：第1段：图表描述(图表情况)As can be clearly seen from the graph(table/chart),great changes have taken place in (the number of) . (描述变化)The _ have/has jumped (skyrocket