四2012年6月英语四级模拟考.doc

2012年6月英语四级模拟考Part Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: City Problems. You should write at least 120 words .following the outline given below in Chinese:1 越来越多的人涌人大城市，有些问题随之产生2 比较明显的问题有3我对这种现象的想法 City Problems Part Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Paper-More than Meets the EyeWe are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card. Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word paper. Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodIn order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is why is it left in the paper? The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. Acid-free might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper mayindicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagPaper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need topurchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.第2题The corn-flake packet is cheaper than _A high grade cardB middle grade cardC low grade cardD any grade card 第3题There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are _A woods, cottons and grassesB soft wood and cottonC soft wood, cotton and ragsD cottons and grasses第4题During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made fromA strong alkaliesB caustic sodaC cellulose fibresD a pulp of cellulose fibres第5题In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add _A albescentB bleachC escharoticD lysozyme第6题_ is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.A AcidB AlkaliC Cellulose fibresD Liguin第7题Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because _A leaving the lignin will decrease his paper yieldB leaving the lignin will make more paper from a treeC liguin is very useful in the processD lignin is essential for making paper第8题_ is particularly harmful to photographic materials,A LiguinB BleachC AcidD Chemical whiteners第9题If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be_第10题Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because_第11题What we can learn from Paper from Rag is that you had better buy archival materials_ Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes) Section A11.A 1016.B 1060.C 508.D 580.12. A Father and daughter.B Uncle and niece.C Aunt and nephew.D Cousins.13. A She wasnt invited.B She wasnt ready to come.C She altered her decision.D She forgot the invitation.14. A The door needs repairing.B He had lost all his keys.C He couldnt open the door.D He wanted the woman to help him.15. A Shes rather happy to hear so.B Shes disappointed to hear so.C Shes unhappy to hear so.D Shes surprised to hear so.16. A He thought it was a good car.B He thought it was too noisy,C He thought there was something wrong with the car.D He didnt like it.17. A In a car.B In a train,C In a ship.D In a plane.18. A Shell go to the concert.B Shell have a meeting.C Shell watch her neighbors children.D Shell visit her neighbor.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A The early history of bookbinding.B How old books become valuable.C Economical ways to protect old books.D Why some books decay.20. A They are often handled improperly by readers.B The paper is destroyed by chemicals.C The ink used in printing damages the paper.D The glue used in the binding loses its strength.21. A They are difficult to read.B They are slowly falling apartC They were not made from wood pulp.D They should be stored in a cold place.22. A Get some books for the man to look at.B Ask the man to look over her notes.C Continue her research in the library.D Find more information on how books are preserved.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A Which major the woman will be choosing.B An anthropology course the woman is taking,C How to find a job in publishing.D which anthropology professors the man recommends.24. A It is not as difficult as she had thought it wonld be.B She would like her professor to explain it more clearly.C She took a class on it last semester.D Her professor will write a book on it soon.25. A Her professor.B A classmate.C Her former boss.D A foreign diplomat.Section BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26.A Because nobody knew his address.B Because nobody knew his age.C Because Penurys private life was a secret.D Because Penury was still a bachelor at the age of forty-five.27.A He did not spend money freely.B He was always well-dressed.C He had a luxurious ear.D He worked hard for a living.28.A A photographer.B A burglar.C A reporter.D A professor.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.29.A In 1809.B In 1863.C In 1865.D In 1860.30.A Four years.B Five yearsC Three years.D Six years.3l.A A soldier.B A thief.C A government officer.D An actor.32.A Because they didnt like Lincoln being their President.B Because they wanted to set up their own government,C Because they disagreed with Lincoln on the abolishment of slavery.D Because they wanted to stage a war against Lincolns government.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33.A 10points.B 2 points.C 15 points.D points.34.A They will take one of the six major tests,B They will have to write a composition.C They will be given a pop test.D They will be required to read a short story in class.35.A An essay.B A magazine article,C A poem.D A short story.Section CPart Ill Section CScientists have developed a new cancer drug. So far, they have tested it only on (36) _ _ animals. The drug is designed to (37) and kill cancer cells but not healthy cells.First, the drug enters the cancer and destroys the supply of blood. Then it releases (38) to destroy the cancer cells.Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge carried out the study. The (39) appeared in Nature ( 40 ) . A school news release called the drug an anti-cancer smart bomb.Ram Sasisekharan is a professor at M.I.T. He says his team had to (41) three problems. They had to find a way to destroy the blood vessels, then to (42) the growth of new ones. But they also needed the blood vessels to supplychemicals to destroy the cancer.So, the researchers designed a two-part nanocell. The cell is (43) in nanometers, or one thousand millionth of a meter. (44) The scientists say it was small enough to pass through the blood vessels of the cancer, but it was too big to enter normal blood vessels. The surface of the nanocells also helped them to avoid natural defenses.(45) That cut off the blood supply and trapped the nanocell inside the cancer. Then, the nanocell slowly released chemotherapy drugs to kill the cancer cells.(46) .Part Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)Reading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）【连题】Questions4847are based on the following passage.Men who bottle up their anger at being unfairly treated at work are up to five times more likely to 47( ) a heart attack, or even die from one, than those who let their 48( ) show a Swedish study has found. At the end of the study, 49( ) had either suffered an attack, or died from heart disease, and many of those had been found to be covertly coping with unfair _50_ at work, After adjustment for age, socioeconomic factors, risk behaviors, job _51 and biological risk factors at baseline ( 基线 ), there was a close-response relationship between covert coping and the risk of incident myocardial infarction (心肌梗塞 ) or cardiac death, the studys authors wrote. Covert coping was listed as letting thing pass without saying anything and goingaway _52_ feelings of being hard done by colleagues or bosses. Men who often used these coping techniques had a two to rivefold higher risk of developing heart disease than those who were more. _53_. at work, the study showed.The researchers said they could not answer the question of what might be a particularly healthy coping 54_ at work, but listed open coping behavior when 55_ unfair treatment or facing a 56_ as protesting directly, talking to the person right away, yelling at the person right away or speaking to the person later when things have calmed down. A strategyI sufferB diligentJ treatmentC confrontationalK regardlessD conflictL participantsE experiencingM despiteF defendN reserchersG strainO frustrationH enjoying Section B passage one I was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbedes (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and represented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings. Literacy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education textbooks on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?79. A literacy animator is one who A. struggles for a more meaningful life.B. frees people from poverty and illiteracy.C. is committed to marginalize the illiterate.D. is concerned with what is behind illiteracy.80. The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way A. promote students home languages.B. force students to accept their culture.C. teach nothing but reading and writing.D. consider literacy as of non-neutral nature.81. Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to A. teach American customs and ideology.B. make a choice of culture to be fostered.C. reject the values of the dominant class.D. help maintain Nigerian language and culture.82. According to the author, choral reading may represent A. individualism.B. collectivism.C. competition.D. immersion.83. Animator ideology emphasizes more A. the social function of literacy.B. students?performance in tests.C. the dominant groups language.D. the attainment of life skills.84. It is implied by the author that, because of the kind of teacher education in the US, teachers there tend to ignore A. constant development of new teaching approaches.B. using their own wisdom in problem-solving.C. talented performances of minority students.D. community-based literacy enhancement.Passage twoInfraGard is a grass-roots effort to respond to the need for cooperation and collaboration in countering the threat of cyber crime and terrorism to private businesses and the governm