构建我国民营企业和谐劳动关系的法律对策研究.docx

一、绪论（一）研究的背景和意义截至2013年底，全国个体、私营经济从业人员实有2.19亿人，较上年同期增长9.7%。持续、高效、大量地吸纳就业，是民营经济对国民经济发展的重要贡献之一。民营企业已经异军突起成为促进经济增长、提供就业机会、增加国家财政税收的主力军，但是在民营企业快马加鞭前进的同时，企业与员工之间的矛盾和冲突也日益尖锐和突出，劳动争议案件和劳资纠纷数量均呈现逐年不断上升的趋势。业与员工之间劳动关系的不和谐已经成为阻碍现代经济发展的一个不可忽视的重大问题。政府的调控是构建和谐劳资关系的核心，是实现劳资关系和谐发展的根本保证。政府对于劳资关系的调节主要要通过制定相应的政策和法律法规来实现，需进一步建立和完善我国的劳动法律体系，加强劳动监察和劳动争议处理的法规制度的建设，用强制性的法律手段来切实保护劳动者的利益，督促民营企业依法用工，使民营企业用工制度和社会保障制度真正做到法制化。二、我国民营企业劳动关系存在的问题分析结合相关文献资料和我国特殊国情分析总结得出民营企业劳动关系存在的问题如下：（一）劳动合同签订流于形式我国民营企业劳动签订率并不如想象中那么低反而每年都呈稳步上升的趋势，但实际上劳动合同的签订不是多浮于字面意义玩文字游戏就是根本就不符合劳动法的相关规定。许多企业为了谋求最大经济利益想方设法变相侵害员工的合法权益。拟定的合同照抄照搬劳动法或其他单位的合同文本，内容空泛雷同、可操作性差。在工资增长、休息休假等方面缺乏量化，社会保险的覆盖率太窄，有些企业甚至不为员工参保。（二）劳动环境差，工伤事故严重民营企业先天条件差，规模小，员工流动性大，不得不尽量节约开支将更多的资金投入市场以期换得更大的利润，对于员工的劳动保护资金往往就投入不足，员工劳动生产的设备陈旧简陋，制作工艺技术传统落后，同时也缺乏有效的防护设施和事后赔偿制度。尤其是采矿业、纺织业、机械加工业、化工业一类的行业工作环境十分恶劣，这直接导致员工的人身安全得不到有效的保障，重特大事故发生率和职业病发病率居高不下。（三）劳动者工作时间长，劳动强度大尽管劳动法明确作出了劳动者每周44小时，每天8小时作制的时间限定，但是在大多民营企业这项法规根本就没有得到重视和贯彻，尤其是在制造业、服装加工业、建筑业、娱乐业，加班工作超时劳动的问题非常普遍。虽然这几年随着国家劳动法律制度的不断完善，这种强迫延长员工劳动时间榨取员工劳动价值的现象逐渐减少，但是员工劳动时间和报酬不相匹配的现象并没有得到实质性的改变，反而以另外一种隐性的形式继续存在着。（四）工资普遍偏低在员工薪水制定方面，许多民营企业参照着国家法规制定的最低标准来确定员工的劳动报酬，拖欠、克扣工资的现象也是十分普遍。根据2014年全国各省区的工资标准的数据显示，上海最低工资标准为全国最高，达到1620元，贵州省的最低工资标准为1030元，为全国最低。（五）员工的文化素质和法律意识比较薄弱民营企业员工的文化素质普遍偏低，这意味着员工得到法律知识传输和学习的机会也偏低，法律意识自然也就比较薄弱。大多数员工知道有劳动纠纷争议解决部门和一些保护自己权益的相关法律法规，但在受到企业的无理欺压和解雇时或因为怕麻烦或因为承担不起高昂的费用，很少有人选择利用这些法律武器来捍卫自己的权利。三、我国民营企业劳动关系存在问题的原因分析（一）员工与企业地位的不平等这是造成劳资双方劳动关系出现矛盾和冲突的最根本原因。我国是一个人口大国，“资本短缺，劳动力过剩”是我们短期内没办法改变的基本现状，劳动力市场长期供大于求，形成了十分典型的买家市场，这就从根本上导致了企业和员工之间的不平等不对称。而这种地位的不对等力量的不平衡必定会加剧双方利益的矛盾和冲突，从而影响劳动关系的和谐运行。目前我国处于经济转轨的重要历史时期，面临的劳动力过剩和就业困难的压力只会愈发的严峻。（二）工会组织的原因目前我国民营企业工会组织不管是建立还是运作都存在着诸多缺陷和不足。主要体现在以下两点：1.民营企业的工会组织不健全我国大部分民营企业都没有建立工会，很多民营企业主对工会工作的认识很不到位，对于建立工会或者是员工入会直接采取抵抗的态度，致使工会工作陷入被动。员工对于入会的积极性也不高，很多员工甚至根本就不知道有工会组织这一种说法。2.工会缺乏一定的自主性我国已经有小部分企业开始建立工会，但这些工会并没有传统中与资方谈判以争取保护劳方合法权益的性质，更多只是作为后勤服务部门一类的福利角色存在。它会在逢年过节时给员工发放相关的福利产品，但不会参与员工与企业劳资纠纷的处理，至于代表员工的利益与企业进行集体谈判更是无从谈起。（三）相关法律法规的缺陷我国目前尚未建立起一套与市场经济和民营企业发展相适应的劳动法律法规体系，对违反劳动法规的行为缺乏有效的制约。虽然劳动合同法等一系列劳动者权益法律也已经颁布多年，但是在许多领域依然存在着缺陷和空白，有些法律的规定太笼统定义太抽象，配套的法律法规也不健全，如规范集体谈判、罢工等相关法律迟迟未出台。四、构建和谐劳动关系法律对策分析针对我国民营企业劳动关系存在的现状，结合相关文献资料以及我国具体国情，现提出以下几点法律对策： （一）加大法律宣传，提高劳动者自身的文化素质和法律意识首先政府必须严格贯彻执行九年义务教育制度，让所有的适龄儿童都能接受义务教育，使劳动者在进入社会参加工作之前都能积累一定的文化基础，在受到企业侵害和欺瞒时能通过法律手段来维护自己的权利。其次必须加大对相关法律法规的宣传力度。劳动部门可以通过社区宣传，加强对劳动合同法、工会法等重要法律法规的传播。其中社会宣传可以与社区居委会合作，在公共设施或者公共系统例如广场、公车上播放相关的知识宣传片和公益广告片，还可以在新闻媒体上通过对相关案件和新闻的披露传播来进行宣传，也可印制一些的画报画册张贴在社区内。（二）加强完善工会组织的建设工作在加强各级工会建设的过程中我们应当严格做到以下两点：一是要明确工会的身份和地位，必须把工会的职能由现今的娱乐福利转变为诉求维权，充分发挥工会对员工的维护代表和对企业的制约抗衡作用，真正担负起代表弱势的员工向强大的企业谈判协商维权申讨的职能，建立起真正的一切从员工角度出发的民营企业工会组织。二是保持工会的独立性。加强民营企业工会组织独立性建设已成当务之急。企业要积极的配合并且参与到保持工会独立性的工作中来，协助各地总工会组织的工作，转变传统的对工会的抵触态度，要配合政府采取的各项指派工会负责人、拨款资助等措施争取改变工会人事受控于企业，经费依赖于企业的现状。（三）维护劳资双方利益一方面在尊重市场经济规律的条件下，通过政府特有的强制力为劳动者创造偏向他们的劳动环境，对与企业和工会共同开展的集体协商行使引导、支持、监督职能，加大对拖欠克扣员工工资、强迫延长员工劳动时间的企业主惩罚力度，依法最大程度保护员工权益。一方面企业和员工和谐的劳动关系也要建立在双方共同利益的基础上，政府的职责还要尽力规范劳动力市场，在倾斜性保护劳动者的同时也不能一味的偏袒他们还要维护好企业的正当利益。（四）健全三方协调机制的相关法律我国工会法和劳动合同法中一些笼统的关于三方协调机制的原则性规定在面对民营企业日益复杂的劳动关系问题时已经越来越力不从心。因而国家要尽快出台有关三方协调机制的专门法律，明确三方协调机制的法律地位和各方的权利和职责，详细的规定三方协调机制的运行程序等具体规则，为三方协调的实施提供法律依据，促进程序的法制化，更加有效的发挥其在处理劳资纠纷中的作用。One, the introduction(a) the research background and meaningBy the end of 2013, employees 219 million people, of the self-employed private economy grew 9.7% from a year earlier. Sustainable, efficient, extensively absorb employment, private economy is one of the important contribution to the development of national economy. Private enterprises have sprung up to promote economic growth, providing employment opportunities, increase the main force of national fiscal revenues, but in private enterprises galloped forward at the same time, contradictions and conflicts between the enterprise and employees is increasingly sharp and outstanding, labor dispute cases and the quantity of labor disputes are showed a trend of rising year by year. Industry the not harmonious labor relationship with employees has become a hindering the development of the modern economy can not be ignored.Government regulation is the core of building a harmonious labor relations, is the fundamental guarantee to realize the harmonious development of labor relations. The government for the key to the regulation of labor relations through formulate corresponding policies and laws and regulations to implement, need to further establish and perfect our countrys labor legal system, strengthen the labor inspection and the construction of laws and regulations on the settlement of labor disputes, with mandatory legal means to protect the interests of the laborers, urged private enterprises in accordance with the labor, the private enterprise system of labor and social security system really legalization.Second, our country private enterprise labor relations problems analysisIn combination with related literature material and the analysis of Chinas special national conditions concluded the problems existing in the private enterprise labor relations are as follows:(one) labor contract become a mere formalityOur country private enterprise labor instead of signing rate is not as imagination of so low a trend of steadily rising every year, but in fact the labor contract signed wordplay is not much floating in a literal doesnt comply with the relevant provisions of labor law. Many enterprises in order to seek the maximum economic benefit to covert violating the legitimate rights and interests of workers. The proposed contract copy labor law the text of the contract or other unit, the void content is similar, operability is poor. In such aspects as wage growth, rest and vacation, lack of quantitative social insurance coverage is too narrow, some companies dont even coverage for employees.(2) working environment is poor, inductrial injury accident is seriousCongenital condition is poor, private enterprises small, staff liquidity is big, will have to try to save money more money into the market in order to get more profit, for the employees labor protection tends to lack of funds, labor production equipment, old and backward traditional production technology, but also the lack of effective protective facilities and compensation system. Especially in the mining industry, textile industry, machinery processing industry, chemical industry working environment is very bad, this led directly to the staffs personal safety can not get effective guarantee, the high incidence of major workplace accidents and occupational diseases.(3) the workers work long hours, labor intensity is bigDespite the workers labor law clearly 44 hours per week, 8 hours a day for time limit, but in most private enterprises pay attention to and carry out the law did not, particularly in manufacturing, garment processing, construction, entertainment, overtime work overtime work is very common problem. Although in recent years with the constant improvement of the national labor law system, the forced extension of employees work time to extract the phenomenon of labor value gradually decreased, but the staff labor time and the payment does not match the phenomenon has not been substantial change, it continues to exist in the form of another recessive.(4) generally low wagesIn terms of employee salary for, many private enterprises refer to the minimum standards promulgated by the state laws and regulations to determine the employees labor compensation, or withhold wages in arrears phenomenon is very common. According to the 2014 national inter-provincial wage standard, according to data from the Shanghai minimum wage standard is the highest, reached 1620 yuan, guizhou province, the minimum wage is 1030 yuan, is the lowest.(5) the employees cultural quality and legal consciousness is weakPrivate enterprise staffs cultural quality is generally low, which means that the employees get legal knowledge transfer and learning opportunities are low, thus, the legal consciousness is weak. Most employees know how labor dispute dispute resolution department and some relevant laws and regulations to protect their rights and interests, but under enterprise unreasonable oppression and fired or for fear of trouble or because cant afford to high cost, few people choose to use the legal weapon to defend their rights.Three, the analysis of the causes of private enterprise labor relations problems(a) employee and enterprise status of inequalityThis is caused to the contradictions and conflicts in labor relations was the root cause. Our country is a populous country, the shortage of capital, labor surplus in the short term we cant change the basic present situation, the Labour market supply for a long time, formed the very typical buyers market, it is fundamentally caused inequality asymmetry between enterprises and employees. And the unequal status of the power imbalance will aggravate the interests of both sides of the contradictions and conflicts, which affect the harmony of labor relations. At present our country is in economic transition of the important historical period, facing the surplus labor and employment difficult pressure will only more and more serious.(2) the reason of trade union organizationsAt present our country private enterprise trade union organizations to establish or operation there are many defects and the insufficiency. Mainly embodied in the following two points:1. The private enterprise of trade unions is not soundMost private enterprises have not set up trade unions in our country, a lot of private business owners to the understanding of the trade union work very does not reach the designated position, to set up trade unions or workers joining resistance attitude directly, the trade union work, on the back foot. Employees for memberships enthusiasm is not high also, many employees dont even know that there are unions this another way.2. Trade unions lack of autonomyBegin to establish trade union has a small number of enterprises in China, but the union is not in the traditional negotiation and management for the nature of the protection of workers legitimate rights and interests, more just kind of welfare role exists as a logistics service department. When it will be at the feast to the welfare of the staff related products, but you dont participate in staff and the processing of enterprise labor disputes, as to represent the interests of employees and enterprises to carry out collective bargaining is impossible.(3) the defects of relevant laws and regulationsOur country has not established a set of compatible with market economy and development of private enterprise of labor laws and regulations system, the violation of labor laws and regulations lack of effective restriction. Although the labor contract law and a series of laborer rights law has also issued for many years, but in many areas are still exists defects and blank, some legal provisions are too general definition is too abstract, form a complete set of laws and regulations are not sound, such as collective bargaining and strike, relevant law did not appear.Fourth, analyzing legal countermeasures to construct the harmonious labor relationsIn view of the situation of our country private enterprise labor relations is, in combination with related literature material and the specific conditions in our country, put forward the following several legal countermeasures: (1) increasing law propaganda, improve its own cultural workers quality and legal consciousnessFirst of all, the government must strictly carry out nine-year compulsory education system, can let all school-age children receive compulsory education, make laborer before entering the society to participate in the work can accumulate a certain amount of cultural basis, under corporate aggression and cheat when can through legal means to safeguard their rights.Second must strengthen publicity of relevant laws and regulations. The labor department can through community propaganda, strengthen the labor contract law, the spread of the labor law and other important laws and regulations. Including social propaganda can cooperate with the community residents committees, in public facilities or public system such as square, on the bus related knowledge propaganda and public welfare advertisement, can also be in the news media through the disclosure of related cases and the news spread to conduct propaganda, also can print some illustrated picture posted within the community.(2) to strengthen the construction of perfect unionIn the process of strengthening the construction of trade unions at all levels we should do the following two points:One is to clarify the identity and status of trade unions, must be the function of the union by todays entertainment welfare into claim rights, give full play to trade unions for the maintenance of employee representatives and restricts enterprise compete, really take to the powerful business negotiations on behalf of the disadvantaged workers rights demanding function, establish the real all employees from perspective of private enterprise trade union organizations.The second is to keep the independence of the trade unions. To strengthen the construction of private enterprise trade union independence has become a top priority. Enterprises should actively cooperate with and involved in the trade union independent work, assist local federation of trade unions organizations work, change the traditional attitude toward unions resist, to cooperate with the government to take all the assigned, head of the union, funding and other measures to change the union personnel is controlled by the enterprise, budget depends on the current situation of the enterprise.(3) maintain the interests of both sides of Labour and capitalUnder the condition of respecting the rule of market econ