牛津高中英语阅读理解高考指导.doc

Step 1: 2012年江苏省高考英语阅读理解评析1)阅读理解： 4篇阅读题中，C、D两篇阅读的难度都比较大。今年的阅读篇目首先改变了顺序，应用文放在了第一篇。其次是创新，原先的猜词题变成了猜短语与猜句子。具体来看：A篇阅读是一篇应用文（调查报告），内容是关于“如果你一个人独自留在一个孤岛上，你最需要什么？”的调查，题目类型包括细节和推理题，设置难度一般，；B篇是讲“美国农业缺少专业大学生从事农业生产”的问题，题型有细节理解、推理判断和短语推断，有少量生词；C篇是一篇科普类文章，讲的是“怎样使用胶囊，让吃药更加安全、疗效好”，这篇生词比较多，汉语注释达6个。其中65题还首次考了填词推断题；D篇阅读不是以往的文学作品，内容讲的则是“老师谈教学生文学阅读的感受”，作者通过自己课堂中发生的实例来表达作者的一个观念：现行教育的课堂中教师应多教授一些能触及人心灵的文学作品。文章较长，长句难句明显增多。题型主要包括句子判断、细节理解以及作者的观点推断。第66题中的a book must be the ax for the frozen sea inside us，运用了明喻和暗喻的写作手法等，以致学生感觉难度大、耗时多。2)任务型阅读：此篇任务型阅读是一篇议论文。以职场中的“幸福优势效应”为话题，内容主要是以实例和调查来说明职场中“开心、快乐”与“高效率表现”之间的关系。其中，原词有5个，变化词有3个，新词2个。Step 2:掌握阅读技巧，扫清阅读障碍1）阅读和理解长难句2）抓住关键句子外，还要抓住句子当中的关键成分（见下文）3）巧妙绕开生词（见下文）4）猜测生词（见下文）Step 3：定文体，顺藤摸瓜，把握文章的中心大意在阅读理解中无论任何体裁的文章都遵循着这样一个共同的模式：提出话题（观点或事例）- 用事例分析原因(或批驳观点)-得出结论。 对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾，分清观点和事例，从而在阅读理解中准确定位，快速答题。 1叙述文(Narration)叙述文是写人、叙事、绘景和状物的一种文体。叙述常与描述和议论等文体综合使用。叙述可以分为两种：(1)事实叙述(factual narration)， 即写纪实性的真人和真事。如新闻报道、报告文学、回忆录、传记等；(2)想像叙述(imaginative narration)，如小说、戏剧、故事、寓言等。2说明文(Exposition)说明文是解释某一事物、事由或过程等的文章。其含义是解说事物，阐明事理。主要用于说明、介绍、解释某些原理、概念、现象等。说明文可以分为两种：(1)事物说明文(object exposition)；(2)事理说明文(reach exposition)。说明文既可以用简单的说明独立成篇，也可以和议论、记叙、描写结合写成复杂的文章。说明文的说明方法主要有：(1)定义说明法(exposition in definition)；(2)分类说明法(exposition in classifying)；(3)举例说明法(exposition with examples)；(4)比较说明法(exposition by comparison)。3议论文(Argumentation)议论文是作者就某个话题、某个问题或某个事件发表自己的看法，进行议论、分析、说明和论证，以此来阐明自己的观点和主张的文体。议论文要通过充分的论证来影响读者的认知活动，并说服读者接受自己的观点。社论、评论、书评、杂文等都属于议论文的范畴。4. 应用文Step 4：分析文章结构一、掌握文章的组织结构文章和段落在长度上有明显不同，但是在结构上是非常相似的。段落通常由一个主题句引出，接着是一系列说明主题句的细节，最后是结尾句。同样，文章是由篇首段、主体段和结论段三部分组成。引言段揭示主题，正文部分对主题分点阐述，结论段对全文归纳总结。同时，无论文章还是段落都要遵循一致性和连贯性的原则。可以说，文章是段落的扩展,段落是文章的缩影。1.篇首段目的在于揭示主题，也就是说，引出文中要讨论的核心问题，从而起到统领全文的作用。通常，篇首段由引语句和中心思想句两部分组成。前者目的是引起读者的兴趣，同时使读者对文章要讨论的问题在心理上有所准备。后者向读者交待该文的主题或写作目的。总之，篇首段的作用就是使读者顺利地进入正文。2.主体段一般由若干段落组成，它们从不同的侧面对文章的主题展开讨论。各段阐述的内容必须与主题一致，有助于说明中心思想，但是只涉及主题的一个方面。3.结尾段概括全文的内容，使读者对全文有一个完整、清晰的认识。它往往使用不同的话重新阐述中心思想，从而与篇首段相呼应。二、掌握段落的组织与发展方式(一)段落的组织结构段落是若干相关句子围绕一个中心思想或为表达一个统一的主题而组合在一起的写作单位。一般而言，段落结构的组织有如下四种方式：1.演绎型(general-specific)：即段落开头先给一个General statements，之后为Specific sentences。这种段落组织模式最为常见，而且多应用于说明、解释类主题结构的文章中。2.匹配型(matching)：段落的发展主线为两种事物之间的类比，可以是两种事物各自优缺点的一一对应，也可以是先介绍完一个事物，再接着介绍另一个事物。这种结构多用于比较类主题结构的文章中。3.假设真实型(hypothetical-real)：即作者先提出一种普遍认可或某些人认可的主张和观点，然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张和观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况。这种组织结构常见于反驳类主题结构的文章中。4.问题解决型(problem-solution)：首先陈述文章背景(situation)，在该背景下问题(problem)提出，然后给出问题的解决方法(solution)或对该问题的反应(response)，最后评估该方法(evaluation)。该模式常用于科学论文和新闻报道主题结构的文章中。(二)段落的发展模式1.等级型发展：即段内句际关系之间存在下定义、比较或对比、归类或列举关系。2.线型发展： 1)以时间为顺序，常见于记叙文，表示时态的词贯穿主线。2)段落各句之间以因果关系为主线发展。3)以事物或事件的发展过程为主线，多见于说明文。(三)段落的组成段落一般由主题句或过渡句、扩展句、细节句组成。主题句是段落的灵魂，是为整篇文章的中心服务的，因此每个段落要么有自己的主题句，要么本身没有主题句，但它是为上文或下文的主题句服务的，以表明文章的大意；过渡句在文章中起承上启下的作用，一般有顺接关系(对上文内容的继续和发展)和转折关系(表示作者转变叙述或表达角度)；扩展句是用具体的事实去扩展、证明或支持前面主题句的句子；细节句的存在形式和扩展句相似，只是它是为后面的主题句服务的。段落是文章的组成部分，它从某一方面阐述、说明整篇文章的主题。好的段落应清晰地、有条理地、有依据地表述一个中心思想。具体来说，好的段落具备以下三个要素：1.中心突出段落中心突出会给读者一目了然的感觉，否则就会显得杂乱无章。突出段落中心的一个重要手段就是主题句。主题句通常置于段落之首，这符合英语的语篇思维特征，先采用主题句开门见山地摆出问题，随之辅以细说。其作用是便于读者迅速把握主题，抓住段落的中心思想。当然，也有段落主题句设在段尾，相当于对上文的总结，考生应该能够辨明。2.思想上保持一致(unity)主题句确立后，还要注意说明、解释主题句的内容是否与主题相符。总之，一个段落只能有一个中心，段落中所有内容都必须围绕这一中心展开。3.内容上连贯(coherence)连贯的段落结构清晰，逻辑性强，过渡自然，使读者容易跟上作者的思路去理解其意图。当然，做阅读理解Part B部分时还要考虑段际关系，即段落与段落之间的关系。段际关系可能是顺接关系、转折关系、例证关系或对比与对照关系。段际关系的理解是理解过渡句使用的前提条件。还有一种特殊的段际关系，即过渡关系，两个段落之间有一个过渡段起承上启下的作用。Step 4：不同文体的基本结构模式1、叙述文 叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。一般不出现单纯的叙述文，因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。大多是夹叙夹议的文章。这类文章的基本结构模式是： 1) 用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题) 2) 叙述先前的经历(举例1)及其感悟或发现 3) 叙述接下来的经历(举例2)及其感悟或发现 4) 做出总结或结论 我们可以将其结构简化，例如： 1) 总括性的话： Engineering students are supposed to be example of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. 2) 先前的经历或想法 In high school I wanted to be ，but I didnt chose a college with a large engineering department. 3) 往后的经历 I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university for a broad education.4) 接下来的经历 I headed off for sure that I was going to have an advantage over others. 5) 再下来的经历 Now I am not so sure. I have learned the reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college. 6) 结论 I have realized that the struggle to reconcile the study of engineering and liberal-arts is difficult.只要理解了这类文章的结构特点解答问题就相当简单，因为这类文章后的阅读理解试题大多是和文章的内容先后顺序一致的细节题。 2、议论文 我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张-反主张模式。在这一模式中，作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点，然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况。例如：某文章的开始提出某college teacher认为:High school English teachers are not doing their jobs . 因为 His students has a bad command of English. 作者的反观点是： 1) It is inevitable for one generation to complain the one immediately following it. And it is human nature to look for reasons for our dissatisfaction. 2) The people who criticize the high school teachers are not aware that their language ability has developed through the years. 最后的结论是：The concern about the decline and fall of the English language is a generation, and is not new and peculiar to tadays young people. 议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题，文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现了这种结构特点，解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段落内找答案， 基本上不存在任何困难。 3、说明文（描述文） 说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即：提出问题（或以一个事例引出问题）- （专家）发现直接原因- 分析深层原因-得出结论或找到出路。 1) Priscilla Ouchuidas energy-efficient house turned out to be a horrible dream. a strange illness. （事例） 2) Experts finally traced the cause of her illness.（直接原因） 3) The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution,.（深层原因） 4) The problem appears it be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. （得出结论） 知道了类似的文章结构特点，就可以据此来进行考题预测。比如，我们看出了该篇文章属于这种结构类型，就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因，还有可能要出现推断题。 Step 6：2012年江苏省高考英语阅读理解真题2012年江苏高考卷D篇Franz Kafka wrote that a book must be the ax (斧子) for the frozen sea inside us. I once shared this sentence with a class of seventh graders, and it didnt seem to require any explanation.Wed just finished John Steinbecks novel Of Mice and Men. When we read the end together out loud in class, my toughest boy, a star basketball player, wept a little, and so did I. Are you crying? one girl asked, as she got out of her chair to take a closer look. I am, I told her, and the funny thing is Ive read it many times. But they understood. When George shoots Lennie, the tragedy is that we realize it was always going to happen. In my 14 years of teaching in a New York City public middle school, Ive taught kids with imprisoned parents, abusive parents, irresponsible parents; kids who are parents themselves; kids who are homeless; kids who grew up in violent neighborhoods. They understand, more than I ever will, the novels terrible logicthe giving way of dreams to fate (命运).For the last seven years, I have worked as a reading enrichment teacher, reading classic works of literature with small groups of students from grades six to eight. I originally proposed this idea to my headmaster after learning that a former excellent student of mine had transferred out of a selective high school-one that often attracts the literary-minded children of Manhattans upper classesinto a less competitive setting. The daughter of immigrants, with a father in prison, she perhaps felt uncomfortable with her new classmates. I thought additional cultural capital could help students like her develop better in high school, where they would unavoidably meet, perhaps for the first time, students who came from homes lined with bookshelves, whose parents had earned Ph. D.s.Along with Of Mice and Men, my groups read: Sounder, The Red Pony, Lord of the Flies, Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth. The students didnt always read from the expected point of view. About The Red Pony, one student said, its about being a man, its about manliness. I had never before seen the parallels between Scarface and Macbeth, nor had I heard Lady Macbeths soliloquies (独白)read as raps (说唱) , but both made sense; the interpretations were playful, but serious. Once introduced to Steinbecks writing, one boy went on to read The Grapes of Wrath and told me repeatedly how amazing it was that all these people hate each other, and theyre all white. His historical view was broadening, his sense of his own country deepening. Year after year former students visited and told me how prepared they had felt in their first year in college as a result of the classes.Year after year, however, we are increasing the number of practice tests. We are trying to teach students to read increasingly complex texts, not for emotional punch (碰撞) but for text complexity. Yet, we cannot enrich (充实) the minds of our students by testing them on texts that ignore their hearts. We are teaching them that words do no. amaze but confuse. We may succeed in raising test scores, but we will fail to teach that reading can be transformative and that it belongs to them.66.The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean that a book helps to_A. realize our dreams B. give support to our life C. smooth away difficulties D. awake our emolions67.Why were the students able to understand the novel Of Mice and Men?A.Because they spent much time reading it.B.Because they had read the novel before.C.Because they came from a public school. ,D.Because they had similar life experiences.68.The girl left the selective high school possibly because_.A. she was a literary-minded girlB. her parents were immigrantsC. she couldnt fit in with her classD. her father was then in prison69.To the authors surprise, the students read the novels_.A. creativelyB. passivelyC. repeatedlyD. carelessly70.The author writes the passage mainly to_.A.introduce classic works of literatureB.advocate teaching literature to touch the heartC.argue for equality among high school studentsD.defend the current testing systemBDeputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic (流行病) sweeping across Americas farmland. It has little to do with the usual challenges, such as flood, rising fuel prices and crop-eating insects. The countrys fanners are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place. National agricultural census (普查) figures show that the fastest-growing group of fanners is the part over 65. Merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher when the 2012 statistics are completed.Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture. Aside from trying to stop the graying of .Americas farmers, her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at No.1 on a list of useless college degrees. Top federal agriculture officials are talking about the posting, and it has the attention of agricultural organizations across the country.“There couldnt be anything thats more incorrect, Merrigan said. We know that there arent enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there in American agriculture.In addition, a growing world population that some experts predict will require 70% more food production by 2050, she said.“I truly believe were at a golden age of agriculture. Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows, said Matt Rush, director of the Texas Farm Bureau. Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture. The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food. The National Young Farmers Coalition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.Ryan Best, president of Future Fanners of America, has been living out of a suitcase, traveling the country and visiting with high school students about careers in agriculture. The 21 -year-old Best hopes his message-that this is a new time in agriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics. Never before have we had the innovations ( 创新) in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been,” he said. “theres really a place for everybody to fit in.”59. What is the new challenge to American agriculture?A. Fewer and older farmers.B. Higher fuel prices.C. More natural disasters.D. Lower agricultural output.60.Why is Merrigan visiting universities across the country?A.To draw federal agriculture officials attention.B.To select qualified agriculture graduates.C.To clarify a recent blog posting.D.To talk more students into farming careers61.According to Matt Rush, American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because_.A.the government will cover production costsB.global food supplies will be even lowerC.investment in agriculture will be profitableD.America will increase its food export62.What do the underlined words to turn around the statistics in the last paragraph mean?A.To re-analyze the result of the national census.B.To increase agricultural production.C.To bring down the average age of farmers.D.To invest more in agriculture.CMedical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the bodyand the body from themuntil they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger(引发) this release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risksburns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR,近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isnt new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet (UV,紫外线) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds(化合物)absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules thats even better. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反应的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. Whats more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.63.According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?A. Temperature change.B. NIR light.C. Acidity change.D. UV light.64.Why in ONB unsatisfactory?A.It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.B.It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.C.It has not come onto the market up till now.D.It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.65. Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?A. Protected B. formedC. exposedD. combined附文：长难句分析1、 找谓语，定主语一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如：Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.简析此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed-he，ordered-he，（should）not be used-federal-funds，had proposed-no one，asked-he（asked前面有and，说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列）。这一句的主干为“he ordered.and asked.”，“Declaring that.”作状语。句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验尽管还没有人建议这么做他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。二、提主干，去枝叶（从句等）一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Polytechnique.简析本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。“First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语；“including.”为介词短语作状语；“who made.and who had to.”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为th