英语句子成分及句子结构.doc

句子成分与句子结构一、 英语词法1、 实词与虚词（6+4=10）六大实词（1） 名词【n.】：表示人或事物的名称。如 boyfriend house book ( 2 ) 动词【v.】：表示动作或状态。 如 love read see (3) 形容词【adj.或a.】：表示人和事物的性质和特征。 如 beautiful primary personal (4) 副词【adv.或ad.】：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子。 如 strongly sideways regularly (5) 代词【pron.】：代替名词、形容词或数词。 如 either she some (6) 数词【num.】：表示数量和顺序。 如 six thousand zero四类虚词(7) 冠词【art.】用在名词前，表示名词的特指和泛指。 只有三个： a an the（8）介词【prep.】表示名词、代词和句中其他词的关系。 如 regarding with through (9) 连词【conj.】连接词、短语、从句和句子。 如 and though but (10) 感叹词【interj.】表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的情感。 如 hush oh 二、 句子成分1、 八种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attributive)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)、同位语(appositive)。2、 Say： （1）I saw your brother yesterday.(2) David is reading now.(3) You are not my cup of tea.(4) The boy playing basketball is my son.(5) All students found the exam easy.(6) She will go home to see her poor father.3、【主语】：主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者，也就是说它表明这句话说的是谁和什么，主语主要由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。 Say：(1) The storm caused great damage to the crops. (2) As a matter of fact, loss of sleep can cause you to put on weight.【谓语】：谓语（predicate verb）是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后,中心词是动词，而且有人称、数、语态和时态的变化Say： （1）He was tortured n./vi折磨。使痛苦，使烦恼 by the doubt whether he would accept their presents. (2) He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.【宾语】：宾语一般用在及物动词、介词（短语）以及形容词的后面，表示行为动词所涉及的对象。名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句都可以充当宾语。Say：（1）He knows the news.(2) Lily has passed the examination of CET-6.【表语】：主语补足语。表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。它常位于联系动词（be, become, appear, seem等）之后。 常见的系动词有：be / sound/ look/ feel/smell/taste/remain等。Turn，seem，prove状态系动词，感官，持续，变化，表象，终止性。For example: (1) The weather has turned cold. (2) Three times seven is twenty one.plus minus, time, divide【定语】equals makeNine divided by three is three.定语是用来限定或修饰名词或单词的成分，由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语或从句充当；分为前置定语和后置定语。前置定语在名词中心词之前，前置定语通常较短；后置定语在名词中心词之后，后置定语通常较长。Such as : （1）Guilin is a beautiful city. (2) He is reading an article about how to learn English.【状语】用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。（表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步）Such as: (1) He has lived in the city for ten years. (2) Tom is in the room making a model plane.【补语】用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。（分为主补和宾补-补充主语的叫主补，位于连系动词后的补语叫表语，宾语之后的补语叫宾补）For example: (1) His mother looks elegant. (2) They painted their boat white.【同位语】位于名词或名词性短语之后，说明其内容。 Such as: (1) The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school(2) The thin girl is my cousin, Helen.Tips:1. 完整的句子必须主谓俱备。2. 一般情况下主语都在谓语前面。3. 表语一定是放在连系动词后面。4. 宾语有双宾语结构和复合宾语结构，宾语补足语肯定是跟在宾语后边的。5. 定语并不总是放在被修饰词前面（前置和后置）。6 状语位置最灵活，功能也最为强大。7 除了谓语和宾语补足语之外，其他的都可以由从句来充当。三、句子结构： 简单句、复合句、并列句。1简单句：simple sentence 主谓 sv 不及物动词Look, listen, live, work, change, occur, happen, rise, arise, raise(上升)，take place, go, arrive.（change, occur，happen，rise, ache, appear, go, arrive, come ,take place.） Say：My head aches. 主谓宾 及物动词+宾语/不及物动词+介词+宾语（give，take, borrow, beat, buy. Say: I wear jeans today. 主谓宾宾SVoO Say: She gave me a fairy tale book.（直）植物 （接）贱人Tell ,buy, ask, make, leave, give, show, teach, Offer/Tell/ give/ buy/ sell/ leave/ ask/ teach/ show/ send/ .后面接双宾语 主系表SVC Say: She is elegant.主谓宾补SVOC Say: She makes her mother angry.He found the test easy.Exercise:看看下面是哪一种简单句【1】 Chinese national flag is rising.【2】 The story is moving.【3】 The teacher asked me to read the poem.svoc【4】 She bought a silk coat for me.svoo四、 Key Points: 【1】如何区分句子是主谓还是主谓宾？主谓：谓语动词是不及物动词vi.主谓宾：谓语动词是及物动词vt.且后面带宾语。For example: The flag is rising. The milk turned sour. I am looking for a job right now. The masterpiece, Gone with the Wind, is moving.【2】如何区分句子是主谓宾宾还是主谓宾补？ 主谓宾宾SVoO: 主语有两个宾语，直接宾语和间接宾语。一个重要句型： Vt.+ Sb.+ Sth.主谓宾补SVOC: 记住宾补是补充宾语的。Such as: My best friend made me a present card. All of us find the task easy. 2 并列句包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其中连词根据含义不同，有以下几类： 连接两个概念，表示同等关系 常见的and, therefore, not onlybut(also), neither nor等。如： The bell rang and the teacher entered the classroom. It was early, so I walked home. I think, therefore I exist. Not only did the students dance, but (also) their teacher sang. Neither is he mistaken, nor am I. 表示选择关系，由含有选择意义的两个分句构成的并列句 常见的有or, otherwise, or else, eitheror. 如： Put on your coat, or youll catch a cold. Start out right away, or/ otherwise youll miss the first train. 表示转折关系，由含有转折关系的两个分句构成的并列句 常见的有but, yet, still, however, while, whereas 等。如： He worked hard,