经济学考试题型及答案.docx

名词解释题Opportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Marginal change：a small incremental adjustment to a plan of actionInflation：an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyExternality：the impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystanderProduction possibility frontier：a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics：the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.Macroeconomics：the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthPositive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it isAbsolute advantage：the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producerComparative advantage：the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.Demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedNormal good：a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandInferior good：a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to an decrease in demandSupply curve：a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSurplus：a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedElasticity：a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants Price elasticity of demand：a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceTotal revenue：the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good items the quantity soldPrice elasticity of supply：a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of the good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice ceiling：a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be soldPrice floor：a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldTax incidence：the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketWelfare economics：the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingWillingness to pay：the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodConsumer surplus：the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for itproducer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the sellers cost of providing itDeadweight loss：the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxWorld price：the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodTariff：tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyCorrective tax：a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityCoase theorem：the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own Transaction costs：the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainPrivate goods：goods that are both excludable nor rival in consumptionPublic goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptioncommon resources: goods that are rival in consumption but not excludableClub goods：goods that are excludable but not rival in consumptionfree rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itcostbenefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodTragedy of the commons：a parable that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeBudget deficit：an excess of government spending over government receiptsAverage tax rate：total taxes paid divided by total incomeBenefits principle：the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesRegressive tax: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProgressive tax：a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a large fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersExplicit costs：input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmImplicit costs：input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmFixed costs：costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedVariable costs：costs that vary with the quantity of output producedMarginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production选择题Chapter1 1-5 acbbd 6aChapter2 1-5 cabcd 6aChapter3 1-5 dbadb 6dChapter4 1-5 bbdba 6cChapter5 1-5 abdca 6cChapter6 1-5 dcaad 6dChapter7 1-5 aabcb 6cChapter8 1-5 abcab 6aChapter9 1-5 acabc 6dChapter10 1-5 cbacb 6cChapter11 1-5 abbdb 6cChapter12 1-5bcaad 6cChapter13 1-5addcb 6aChapter14 1-5cbdad 6c简答题8. why is productivity important？(p18)9.what is inflation and what cause it？(p18)3.Should an economic model describe reality exactly？（p36）10. Why do economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers?(p36)2. Explain how absolute advantage and comparative advantage differ.(p59)2. What are the demand schedule and the demand curve, and how are they related? Why does the demand curve slope downward?(p86)7. Define the equilibrium of a market. Describe the forces that move a market toward its equilibrium.(p86)4. On a supply-and-demand diagram, show equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity, and the total revenue received by producers.(p108)4. Explain why economists usually oppose controls on prices.(p129)6. How does a tax on a good affect the price paid by buyers, the price received by sellers, and the quantity sold?(p129)1. Explain how buyers willingness to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve are related.(p151)2. Draw a supply-and-demand diagram with a tax on the sale of a good. Show the deadweig