《hePrince女王》PPT课件.ppt

1 ThePrince NiccoloMachiavellewasanItalianphilosopher writer andpoliticianandisconsideredoneofthemainfoundersofmodernpoliticalscience AsaRenaissanceMan hewasadiplomat politicalphilosopher musician poetandplaywright MachiavelleisconsideredatypicalexampleoftheRenaissanceMan Heismostfamousforashortpoliticaltreatise ThePrince aworkofrealistpoliticaltheory NiccoloMachiavelle 1469 1527 TableofContents ChapterIHowManyKindsOfPrincipalitiesThereAre AndByWhatMeansTheyAreAcquiredChapterIIConcerningHereditaryPrincipalitiesChapterIIIConcerningMixedPrincipalitiesChapterIVWhyTheKingdomOfDarius ConqueredByAlexander DidNotRebelAgainstTheSuccessorsOfAlexanderAtHisDeathChapterVConcerningTheWayToGovernCitiesOrPrincipalitiesWhichLivedUnderTheirOwnLawsBeforeTheyWereAnnexed ChapterVIConcerningNewPrincipalitiesWhichAreAcquiredByOne sOwnArmsAndAbilityChapterVIIConcerningNewPrincipalitiesWhichAreAcquiredEitherByTheArmsOfOthersOrByGoodFortuneChapterVIIIConcerningThoseWhoHaveObtainedAPrincipalityByWickednessChapterIXConcerningACivilPrincipalityChapterXConcerningTheWayInWhichTheStrengthOfAllPrincipalitiesOughtToBeMeasuredChapterXIConcerningEcclesiasticalPrincipalitiesChapterXIIHowManyKindsOfSoldieryThereAre AndConcerningMercenaries ChapterXIIIConcerningAuxiliaries MixedSoldiery AndOne sOwnChapterXIVThatWhichConcernsAPrinceOnTheSubjectOfTheArtOfWarChapterXVConcerningThingsForWhichMen AndEspeciallyPrinces ArePraisedOrBlamedChapterXVIConcerningLiberalityAndMeannessChapterXVIIConcerningCrueltyAndClemency AndWhetherItIsBetterToBeLovedThanFearedChapterXVIIIConcerningTheWayInWhichPrincesShouldKeepFaith ChapterXIXThatOneShouldAvoidBeingDespisedAndHatedChapterXXAreFortresses AndManyOtherThingsToWhichPrincesOftenResort AdvantageousOrHurtful ChapterXXIHowAPrinceShouldActtoAcquireReputationChapterXXIIOnAPrince sPrivateCounselorsChapterXXIIIHowFlatterersShouldBeAvoidedChapterXXIVThePrincesOfItalyHaveLostTheirStatesChapterXXVWhatFortuneCanEffectInHumanAffairs AndHowToWithstandHerChapterXXVIAnExhortationToLiberateItalyFromTheBarbarians Newwordsandexpressions Prince prins n 君主prestign pre sti n 声望 威望 名望enterprise ent praiz n 有一定冒险性的 事业christendom krisnd m n 古 总称 基督教国家 基督教世界reign rein n 统治cornerstone k n st un n 基石 喻 基础baron b r n n 男爵 贵族 巨头preoccupy pri kjupai v 占据 某人 思想bepreoccupiedwith全神贯注recruit ri kru t vt 招募military milit ri n 军事pretext pri tekst n 借口pious pai s a 虔诚的 贬 虚伪的expel iks pel v 驱逐 开除expel from 指 驱逐 赶走 despoil di sp il v 掠夺 剥夺 of bedespoiledof被掠夺 被剥夺 PeeragesinEurope despicable di spik bl a 卑鄙的 可鄙的enthral in r l v 常用被动语态 迷住hedge hed v 避免直接答复 设障碍n 障碍物 篱笆neutrality nju tr liti n 中立adversity d v siti 逆境envoy env i n 特使 外交使节grief gri f n 悲伤 忧伤staunch st nt a 坚定的 忠实的prudence prudns n 谨慎 小心ply plai v 从事 熟练 工作或行业bestow bi st u v 把 赠与bestowon授予 赐与 提供guild gild n 行会 协会inward inw d a 内部的 精神上的 亲密的munificence mju nifis ns n 宽宏大量 慷慨superb su p b a 极好的 一流的wit wit n 智慧discern di s n v 辨别 明察obedient bi di nt a 顺从的 听话的 XXIHowAPrinceShouldActtoAcquireReputation Nothinggivesaprincemoreprestigethanundertakinggreatenterprisesandsettingasplendidexampleforhispeople nothing more than 没有 比 更setanexample树立榜样 作出范例世上没有任何事情比得上伟大的事业和作出卓越的范例 能够使君主赢得人们更大的尊敬 Forsometimehecarriedonthesiegeinaleisurelyway andwithoutanyoutsidedistractions hekeptallthebaronsofCastillepreoccupiedwithit andwhiletheywerethinkingofthewar theyneverconsideredthechangeshewasmakinginthestate carryon继续下去bepreoccupiedwith全神贯注从一开始 他从容不迫地继续进攻并且没有遭到外在的阻碍 他使卡斯蒂利亚贵族们的精神集中于这项事业上 他们只考虑那场战争而不考虑他在国内所进行的革新 Apartfromthis hemadeuseofthepretextofreligiontopreparethewayforstillgreaterprojects andadoptedapolicyofpiouscrueltyinexpellingtheMoorsfromhiskingdomanddespoilingthem hisconductherecouldnothavebeenmoredespicablenormoreunusual apartfrom除 之外 包括在内 makeuseof利用expel from 驱逐 赶走 开除despoil掠夺 常用被动语态 bedespoiledof 除此之外 他常常利用宗教作为借口来更好地实现伟大的计划 他采用了宗教上的残酷政策 把摩尔人从他的王国驱逐出去 并且把他们掠夺一空 在世界上再也找不到比这件事更悲惨和罕见的了 Thushehasalwaysbeenplanningandcarryingoutsomegreatdesignwhichhasenthralledandpreoccupiedthemindsofhissubjects andkeptthemfascinatedwiththeoutcomeofhisschemes enthrall迷住 beenthralledby bestruckby befascinatedwith by被 神魂颠倒因此 他经常完成了一件大事又安排着另一件大事 通过这些大事 使他的臣民的心神始终忐忑不安 同时惊叹不已 让他们关注着这些事情的结果 Andhisvariousprojectshaverisenoneoutoftheother sothattheyhaveneverallowedmenleisuretotakeconcertedactionagainsthim concerteda 共同筹划的 合作的Takeaction采取行动而他的这些行动都是一个接一个地出现的 在这一行动和另一行动之间没有一点空隙 使人们不能够从容不迫地进行反对他的活动 Itisalsohelpfulforaprincetogivespecialevidenceofhisabilityininternalaffairs aswehearaboutMesserBernaboofMilan wheneveranyonedidanythingspecialaffectingthestate whetherforgoodorevil hechoseawayofrewardingorpunishinghimthatgaverisetocomment behelpfulfor begoodforgiveevidenceof showsignsofinternalaffairs内政 内部事务hearaboutsth begiveninformationaboutsth听到关于某事的消息giveriseto引起 带来paraphrase What smore ifaprincecandoasMesserBernaboofMilanaswehearabout wheneveranyonedidanythingspecialinfluencinghiscountry whetheritwasgoodorbad hewouldchooseaspecialwayofrewardingorpunishinghimsothatpeopleknewitanddiscussedit Thatishelpfulforaprince 再说 一位君主 如果类似关于米兰的贝尔纳博的传说那样作 当遇到任何人在社会生活中作出不寻常的事情 无论是好事或者坏事 他就抓紧机会在内政管理方面作出罕见的范例 选择人们必定大谈特谈的关于给以奖励或惩罚的方法 这对于君主是大有帮助的 Aprincewillalsobewellthoughtofwhenheisatruefriendoranhonestenemy thatis when withoutanyhedging hetakesastandforonesideandagainstanother bewellthoughtof berespected受到尊重withoutanyhedging withoutreservation毫无保留takeastand采取某种立场paraphrase ifaprinceisinfavourofsboragainstsbinpublic hewillberespected too 当一位君主是某个人真正的朋友或是他的真正敌人时 也就是说 如果他公开表示自己毫无保留地赞助某一方而反对另一方的话 这位君主会受到尊重 Thenyouhavenoexcuse nothingtodefendyou nobodytotakeyouin awinnerneverwantsdoubtfulfriends whowouldnotsupporthiminadversity andaloserwillnottakeyouinbecauseyouwerenotwillingtotakeyourchanceswithhim swordinhand takesb in helpsb庇护 帮助inadversity处于逆境swordinhand takeuparms拿起武器你提不出任何理由 也没有什么事情可为你辩护 更没有人庇护你 因为胜利者绝不接受他在逆境时给他帮助的可疑朋友 失败者也不会庇护你 因为你过去不愿拿起武器同他共命运 WhenAntiochuscameintoGreece broughttherebytheAetolianstodriveouttheRomans hesentambassadorstotheAchaeanstopersuadethemtoneutrality meanwhiletheRomanswerepersuadingtheAchaeanstotakeuparmsontheirside driveout意为 赶出去 onone sside即 站在某人一边 安蒂奥科应埃托利亚人的召唤 为了驱逐罗马人进入希腊 他派使节们到罗马人的朋友 阿凯亚人那里 说服他们保持中立 同时 罗马人劝说阿凯亚人为他们那方拿起武器 DoyouthinkAntiochuswouldwin why Whatthesepeopletellyouaboutnotgettingmixedupinawarcouldnotbemoreopposedtoyourrealinterests beopposedto与 相对立notmore 形容词原级 very 形容词原级eg Themattercan tbeimportanttome Themattercan tbemoreimportanttome Thankyou Ican teatanymore 这些人所说的你们不介入战争 这同你们的利益相差甚远 cometogrief 常常被人灭掉 Butwhentheprincedeclareshimselflikeamaninfavorofoneside evenifthisallywinsandbecomessopowerfulthatyouareathismercy stillheowesyousomething heisyourfriend Infavorof支持 赞成atone smercy atthemercyof听某人支配 但是 当君主明确地表态支持一方时 如果和你联合的一方获胜的话 虽然胜利者是强有力的 你要听他支配 但是他对你仍负有一种义务 他已经同你建立了友好的关系 gross严重的 总的 毛的bedeartosb对 极为珍贵 Asforthesecondcase whenneitherofthetwopowerswhoareatoddsissostrongthatyouhavetobeafraidofhiswinning itisallthemoresensibleforyoutotakesides sinceyouarenowabletoruinonewiththeaidoftheother whowouldhavesavedhimifhehadanysense beatodds withsb bedisagreeingorquarrelling withsb 有分歧 这里引申为 相互交战 即 beinastateofwar Sensible明智的 有头脑的sense是名词 指 理智 havesense是指 有理智 类似的说法有 losesense意为 失去理智 脑子不正常 makesense是指 有道理 paraphrase Inthesecondcase ifthetwocountriescometofighteachother andyouarenotafraidwhowillwin you dbettertakesidesallthemore youcanruinonewiththehelpoftheother andtheotherwouldhavehelpedhimifhewassensible 在第二种情况下 当你对于交战双方无论哪一方获胜都不用害怕时 你必须更加慎重地考虑你支持哪一方 因为你在利用他方的帮助把一方灭掉 而他方假如是明智的话 是一定会拯救后者的 throwone sweight dosbafavor helpsbwithsth给予帮助 Andhereletmesaythataprinceshouldneverallyhimselfwithsomeonemorepowerfulthanhimselfinordertoattackathirdparty exceptincasesofabsolutenecessity allyoneselfwith与 结盟Incaseof万一在这里我必须着重指出 一个君主应当注意 绝不要为了进攻别国而同一个比自己强大的国家结盟 除非有绝对的必要 take course采取 途径 butprudenceconsistsinknowinghowtorecognizethenatureofthedifferentdangersandinacceptingtheleastbadasgood consistin在于 Eg Thebeautyoftheplanconsistsinitssimplicity Thehappinessofacountryconsistsinthefreedomofitscitizen 但是 谨慎在于能够认识各种不利的性质 进而选择害处最少的作为最佳的途径 Moreover heshouldencouragehiscitizenstoplytheircallingsinpeace whetherincommerce agriculture orinanyotherbusiness Themanwhoimproveshisholdingsshouldnotbemadetofearthattheywillbetakenawayfromhim themanwhoopensupabranchoftradeshouldnothavetofearthathewillbetaxedoutofexistence toplytheircallingsinpeace toworkatsthinaleisurelyway安心地从事他们所做的事业toImproveone sholdings toincreaseoneincomes增加收益toopenupabranchoftrade开办一项行业此外 他必须激励他的公民在商业 农业以及其他行业安心地从事他们的事业 使得他的公民不致因为害怕其财产被拿走而不愿有所增益 也不致因为害怕赋税而不愿开办商业贸易 Instead theprinceshouldbestowprizesonthemenwhodothesethings andonanyoneelsewhotakesthepainstoenrichthecityorstateinsomespecalway bestowsthon presentsthasagifttosb confer赠与 授予 提供Eg Anhonourbestowedonherbytheking take great painstodosth withsth dosthcarefully小心谨慎地做某事相反 君主对于愿意从事这些事情的人 以及试图以任何方法发展他的城市或国家的人都应该提供奖励 atfittingtimesoftheyear在每年适当的时候entertainwithsb makesbhappy使高兴 使快乐 Andbecauseeverycityisdividedintoprofessionalguildsandfamilygroupings heshouldbeinwardwiththesepeople andattendtheirgatheringsfromtimetotime givingevidenceofhishumanityandmunificence yetavoidinganycompromisetohisdignity forthatmustbepreservedatallcosts professionalguilds各种手工业商业贸易的行会组织familygrouping血统和婚姻关系结成的部族集团beinwardwith thinkhighlyof paygreatattentionto从内心为某人着想 重视Atallcosts无论如何 不惜任何代价由于每个城市都分为各种行会或部族集团 因此 君主必须重视这些社会集团 常常会见他们 自己作出谦虚有礼和宽厚博济的范例 也总保持着自己至尊地位的威严 因为这一点在任何时候都是不允许忽视的 XXIIOnAprince sPrivateCounselors Choosinghisministersisamatterofnosmallimportancetoaprince sincetheywillbegoodorbad dependingonhisjudgment Beofnosmallimportance bevery veryimportanceparaphrase Itisveryimportanttoaprincetochoosehisministers asitdependsonaprince sjudgementwhethertheywillbegoodorbad Whentheyareotherwise youcanalwaysformapooropinionoftheprince becausehemadeanerrorinhisveryfirstchoice Otherwise notassupported inadifferentstate与之相反 并非如此 不这样eg Thetruthisquiteotherwise Thestorysoundsreasonable butthefactsindicateotherwise poorpoinion badopinion badjudgement但是 如果他们不是这样的人 人们就往往会对他作出不好的判断 因为他所犯的错误就是出在此项选择上 NobodywhoknewthatMesserAntoniodavenafrowasaministerofPandolfoPetrucci princeofSiena couldfailtoconsiderPandolfoathoroughlyworthyman sincehehadthissortofminister couldfailtoconsider couldnotconsiderworthy 作定语 deservingrespectorrecongnition应受到尊敬或赏识的 beworthyofsth应得某事物eg Theireffortsareworthyofyoursupport beworthytodosth值得做某事eg Shesaidshewasnotworthytoacceptthehonourtheyhadoffordher 凡是知道安托尼奥 达 韦纳弗洛是锡耶纳君主潘多尔福 佩特鲁奇的大臣的人 无不认为潘多尔福是一位最卓越的人 因为他把此人任命为自己的大臣 sinceamanwhohaswitenoughtodiscerngoodwordsanddeedsfrombadones evenifhecouldnotinventthegoodhimself cantellhisminister sgoodideasfromhisbadones encouragetheformerandcorrectthelatter Theministercannothopetodeceivesuchamaster andsocontinuestoservewell discernfrom辨别 鉴别 识别eg Wecoulddiscernfromhisappearancethathewasupset 因为任何人尽管自己缺乏创见 但是 如果对于他人的言行是好是坏具有鉴别力 他就能够识别他的大臣的作为的善恶 他激励前者 矫正后者 大臣就不敢指望蒙骗他 而保持良善 Thustheministerwillnotbeabletostandwithoutthepirnce themanyhonorswillkeephimfromlookingelsewhereformorehonor themanyricheswillkeephimfromthinkingofmoreriches andthemanyofficeswillgivehimreasontofearchanges 因此 要使得大臣知道 如果没有君主 他就站不住脚 而且他已有许多荣誉使他更无所求 他已有许多财富使他不想更有所得 而且他已负重任使他害怕更迭 Whentheprinceandhisministerstandontheseterms theycanhavecompleteconfidenceinoneanother whenthingsareotherwise theyalwaysturnoutbadly eitherforoneortheother onterms处于某种关系eg Ididn tknowyouandshewereonsuchintimateterms 当大臣以及君主的关系是出于这样一种情况的时候 他们彼此之间就能够诚信相孚 如果不是如此 其结果总是对双方都有损害的 1 Howdoesaprinceacquirereputation 2 WhywasFerdinandofAraganconsideredtobeanewprince 3 Iftwoofhispowerfulneighborscometoblow andtheprincewantstoberespected whatshouldhedo Why 4 WhatdidtheauthorwanttoshowtheexampleofAntiochus 5 Howcanaprinceshowhimselftobeanadmireroftalent 6 Whatkindofcounselorsshouldnotbetrustedbyaprince 7 Whatcanhappeniftheprinceandhisministerareongoodterms andiftheyareonbadterms whatwillhappentothem Answerthefollowingquestions exercisesIII Fillintheblankswiththewordsorexpressionsfromthelistbelow1 Thepeopledeclaredthemselvesinfavorofademocratickingasheadofstate 2 Iexpectmysontocarryonthefamilytradition 3 Wearedeterminedtoobtainourrightsatallcosts 4 Agoodfriendwillnotabandonyouintimesofadversity 5 Thetreasurerwasexpelledfromtheclubforbreakingtherules 6 Thechildwasabandonedintheforest wherehewasatthemercyofwildbeasts 7 Theyareastrangefamily aslongasI veknownthemtheyhaveallbeenatoddswithoneanother 8 IwassofascinatedbythesightthatIcouldnottakemyeyesoffit 9 ItalyenteredthewaronthesideofGermany 10 WhenTomispreoccupiedwithhishobbyhehasnoideaofwhatisgoingonaroundhim IV Translatethefollowingsentencesint