《写作知识与技巧》PPT课件.ppt

1 启 按顺序 First Firstly Firstofall Atfirst Inthefirstplace Inthebeginning Tobeginwith Tostartwith Foronething Ontheonehand当前 Now Atpresent recently lately 一般而言 Ingeneral generallyspeaking asamatteroffact2 承 按顺序 second secondly besidethis inaddition furthermore moreover whatismore 举例子 forexample instance asanexample asanotherexample namely 换言之 inotherwords inparticular 扩展 afterthat afterwards fromnowon similarly meanwhile atthesametime 3 转 转折 but yet however nevertheless though although despite inspiteof onthecontrary unlike ontheotherhand 4 合 结尾 Inconclusion Inshort Insummary Therefore Thus Tosumup Toconclude consequently Tosummarize Briefly Aboveall Asaresult atlast eventually accordingly 结构 常用的 启 承 转 合 表达方法 认为 assume argue hold claim suggest declare say believe insist maintain supposethatinmyopinion inmyview inmypointofview asfarasIknow asfarasI mconcerned asforme重要的 important significant beofgreatvalue beofgreatsignificance beofgreatuse很多 many amultitudeof anarmyof anoceanof Agreat large huge considerable significant noticeablenumber amount quantity portionof越来越多moreandmore agrowingnumberof anincreasingnumberof ontherise大多的 the vast overwhelming majorityof人 people folks individuals characters支持 反对者 followers objectors beinfavoroftheideathat 语言 1 词汇替换 Apparently evidently however surely indeed briefly fortunately amazingly undoubtedlymostimportantofall evenworse strangeenough afterall toone ssurprise tobeexact roughlyspeaking inotherwords asamatteroffact 2 插入语 generous humorous interesting smart gentle warmhearted hospitablegood favorable pleasurable excellent outstanding perfect etc bad unfavorable harmful adverse poisonous etc 3 具体化 大学英语四级考试写作知识与技巧 一 四级作文的考试要求 1 考生应在30分钟内 根据题目要求及写作提纲或规定情节 图表等写出120字以上 语言比较规范的短文 Nomorethan180words 2 要求 内容切题 包括提纲的全部要点 表达清楚 文字连贯 句式有变化 句子结构和用词正确 二 四级作文通病分析 通过对历年英语短文写作考生答卷的分析 考生写作时已具有较大的主动性和创造性 绝大多数考生都有一定的英语基础 也已经基本上掌握了表达自己观点和想法的词汇和语法知识 但从整体得分来看 多数考生短文写作成绩却不尽人意 分数主要集中在5 9分 考生普遍存在的问题是思维单调 例证堆切 简单罗例数据 片面描绘画面 缺乏主题提升等方面的通病 究其原因 一方面存在着教学过程中忽略了对学生书面表达能力的培养 学生缺乏适量的作文训练 另一方面 还有些考生对英语短文写作的考试要求不十分明确 靠背几篇范文 压几道题 抱着碰运气的态度 就仓促上阵 三 四级作文常见的11大症结 1 大小写 标点符号 拼写错误 2 卷面不洁 字迹潦草 用铅笔写作 3 语法和结构错误 造成文章结构松散 脱节 4 代词 连接词或逻辑顺序词错用 而造成文章的逻辑混乱 5 用中文思维加英文翻译所造成的语句生硬 错误 6 文不对题 部分跑题或主题不突出所造成的文章不切题现象 7 词汇量匮乏 文章中难见高分词汇 8 语法不通 复合句使用错误多且表达不清 9 句型单一 句子无变化 表达方式单调 10 不会正确使用常用套语 文章缺少层次感 11 作文普遍缺乏文采 打动人的杰作奇缺 1 对立观点型 要不要取消春晚 2006 12 大学校园是否要开放 2005 12 口语考试要不要考 2000 6 娱乐活动的益处和坏处 2008 6 2 解释说明型 选择选修课的因素 2007 12 选择大学任课教师 2006 6new 做人要诚实 2003 1 我最喜爱的电视节目及原因 1993 6 3 解决问题型 怎样取得面试成功 2001 1 怎样支付大学学费 2000 1 4 图表 大学生使用计算机 2002 6 5 信件 欢迎加入社团 2007 6 招募志愿者活动辞 2006 6 给老师的感谢信 2005 6 竞选学生会的演讲稿 2005 1 导游介绍 2004 1 建议朋友报考专业信 2003 12 帮助同学的感想 2004 1 食堂投诉信 2002 1 2011年11月CET 4PartIforthispart youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumourssaying Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld I vedoneithundredsoftimes Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words PartIWriting 标准版 NothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillNothingrunssmoothlyinourlife Toachievethingssuccessfully astrongwillisessential LifeislikeaMarathon Manypeoplecan tgettotheterminal Thisisnotbecausetheyarelackofvitalitybutbecausetheirwillofsuccessisnotstrongenough Totakequittingsmokingasanexample someregarditasapieceofcake Theymakeuptheirmindstoquititinthemorning butintheeveningtheyfeelthatthesmellofcigarettesistempting Theirthroatsaresore theirmouthsarethirsty andtheirhandsareshaking Afterthepainfulmentalstruggle theytellthemselvesthat Onecigaretteisenough Justtakeone andthenextdayIwillquitit Bydoingthis theysurrendertotheirweakwill Intheend theyhavequittedsmoking ahundredtimes butinnotimetheysucceed Justlikequittingsmoking nothingsucceedswithoutastrongwill Tobesuccessfulinone slife astrongwillmeansthatyouknowwhereyougoandyouwillpersistontheroadyouchoose Undoubtedlysuccessbelongstothosewhoovercometheirweakwillandwhohanginthereuntilthelastminute 文章点评 本文属于话题类作文 只看题目 NothingSucceedswithoutastrongwill 考生会觉得比较抽象 难以下手 细看题目说明中给出了提示 要求考生结合戒烟屡次不成功的幽默引语对该话题进行分析阐述 总体来说 这是一篇 中等偏上 的考生作文 本文先点题指出 坚强意志 的重要性 第二段从反面举例阐述 具体描写了意志不坚定者的心理活动 阐述为什么会戒烟失败 最后从戒烟延伸到生活中的其他事情 并复述坚强意志的内涵 点题收尾 总体上来看 文章思路清晰 采用了生动的比喻和形象的心理描写 语言流畅 用语地道 但一些重复表达 如第二段和第三段中的weakwill 显得单调 可用shakyones weak willedpersons thestrong willed等灵活表达 在备考中 多积累不同表达 相信会写出更生动的文章 在论述上 叙述略显罗嗦 第二段心理描写过多 虽然流畅生动 但却使这篇考场作文超过了规定字数 反而成为失分点 这一点要引以为戒 五 考试作文类型及命题 1 短文写作大致分为五种类型 A 记叙文 Narration B 描写文 Description C 说明文 Exposition D 论说文 Argumentation E 应用文 PracticalWriting 外语习得者要消灭写句子时的错误通常是不可能的 但是朝少犯错误 不犯严重错误的方向而努力奋斗 这应该是受到鼓励和劳有所报的过程 正确无误的句子标准 1 保持句子结构完整 2 首字母要大写 3 结尾要有句号或问号或感叹号或省略号 4 句子应表达一个完整的意思 5 句子前后要符合逻辑推理 6 主语为代词时要指代明晰 7 句子时态要正确 主要指前后一致或符合上下文场景 eg Mr Bushsaidtohisbrotherthathehaddoneagoodjob Note Thereaderisnotsurewhom he shouldbereferredto Sothissentencelackscoherence 1 XiaoLiwasborninasmallvillage Thevillagewasnotprintedonanymap Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool Heneverleftthevillage Laterhegraduatedfromthatschoolandenteredajuniormiddleschoolinatown Onweekdayshehadtoliveatschool Withoutparentsthere helearnedtolookafterhimself buyingfoodandwashingclothes Note Thisisachildishcomposition justasadiaryfromapupil Asanadult weareadviseduponmoresophisticatedwritingatleastnotthatmonotonic Sotobevariousinstyleistobeencouragedifagoodessaytendstoturnup 让我们一起看一下四级写作的一些固定句式吧 Fighting 表示原因的常用句型 1 Therearethreereasonsforthis 2 Thereasonsforthisareasfollows 3 Thereasonforthisisobvious 4 Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek 5 Thereasonforthisisthat 6 Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat 例如 Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife Firstly people slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved Secondly mostpeoplearewellpaid andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike Lastbutnotleast moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife 表示好处的常用句型 1 Ithasthefollowingadvantages 2 Itdoesusalotofgood 3 Itbenefitsusquitealot 4 Itisbeneficialtous 5 Itisofgreatbenefittous 例如 Booksarelikefriends Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons Therefore readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous 表示坏处的常用句型 1 Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages 2 Itdoesusmuchharm 3 Itisharmfultous Withtherapidimprovementoflivingstandards taxihasbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportationinChinabecauseofitsreasonableprice itsavailabilityandthecomfortitoffers Infact manypeopledependontaxitogotoworkandalmosteveryonehastheexperienceoftakingataxionspecialoccasions Iamhappyfornothavingbusesastheonlychoiceanymore 表示事实 现状的常用句型 1 Wecannotignorethefactthat 2 Noonecandenythefactthat 3 Thereisnodenyingthefactthat 4 Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin 5 However that snotthecase 例如 Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution Tosolvetheseproblems wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment 表示比较的常用句型 1 ComparedwithA B 2 AandBhasseveralpointsincommon 3 ItistruethatA butthechieffaultB obviousdefects are 4 AandBdifferinseveralways 5 TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanthoseofB 6 IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV 7 Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem 例如 Comparedwithcars bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable Firstly theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum Secondly theydonotcausethepollutionproblem Lastbutnotleast theycontributetopeople shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise 表示例举的常用句型 1 Agoodcaseinpointis 2 Asanillustration wemaytake 3 Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily 4 isoftencitedasanexample 表示数量的常用句型 1 Ithasincreased decreased from to 2 Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased decreased to800 000 3 TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15 comparedwiththatofJanuary 表示看法的常用句型 1 Peoplehave take adopt assume differentattitudestowardssth 2 Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem 3 Peopletakedifferentviewsof on thequestion 4 Somepe