高考英语阅读—词义猜测.docx

词义猜测Manfred Milinski from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany and Bettina Rockenbach of the University of Berlin, the authors of a new study, found that people act better when they are being watched because they feel they will be rewarded for good behavior. Their report also referred to other research showing that this response of behaving well when watched is somehow coded into humans and people respond this way unconsciously, or without realizing it. The underlined word “coded” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.A. hiddenB. programmedC. forgottenD. learnt【解析】B词义猜测题。根据划线词后面句子people respond this way unconsciously, or without realizing it.可以判断人们这种表现是本能的，是人天生就有的，由此判断C选项内容接近划线词义，意思是“编进程序的”，选B。Way back in 1662, John Evelyn, a brilliant Englishman known for his detailed diaries, wrote about disastrous effects of coal-burning on the city of London. In it, he described an infernal scene of smogair filled with “Columns and Clouds of Smoke” given out by small industries and residences that burned coal for fuel. The underlined word “infernal” in the first paragraph probably means _.A. imaginary B. adventurousC. unbelievableD. annoying【解析】D词义猜测题 。结合上下文可知文中描述了一个充满烟雾的世界，让人觉得如地狱般。imaginary虚构的；adventurous 爱冒险的； unbelievable难以置信的；annoying恼人的，讨厌的。结合前文可知是让人讨厌的烟雾景象，故选D。But Pace said that the flying Mycobacterium pose few threats to the health. Only those with a weak immune system might need to worry. He told the New York Times that the bacteria are not as unpleasant as might be thought. He said that having a shower is no more dangerous than anything else we do in the morning. The underlined word “pose” in the paragraph probably means “_”. A. cause B. avoid C. describe D. promise【解析】A 词义猜测题。cause引起；avoid避免；describe描述；promise许诺。从划线句后面可知，这些微生物对健康几乎不能造成威胁，只有一些免疫力比较弱的人才有担心的必要。所以pose相当于cause引起，所以选A。Scientists at the California Institute of Technology(Caltech) have reported evidence that Mars was warmer and wetter long ago than it is today. The Caltech scientists say they have directly established the temperature of Mars four billion years ago. At least, they established the surface temperature on part of the planet at that time. The researchers say it is the first such evidence to be discovered and presented.The underlined word “establish” in the paragraph probably means “_”.A. to set upB. to make people accept a beliefC. to discover or proveD. to start having a relationship with others【解析】C 词义猜测题。从最后一句“The researchers say it is the first such evidence to be discovered and presented”结合前面两句可以说明科学家发现了40亿年前的火星地表的温度的证据。“establish”在本句中是“discover or prove”，故选C。Nowadays we always find people checking emails in a restaurant, taking a picture of the food when it arrives, or checking a message during a conversation instead of traditional communication. Its no secret that our lives are being affected by our smart phones obsession.The underlined word “obsession” in the paragraph most probably means “_”.A. devotionB. contributionC. addictionD. emotion【解析】C 词义猜测。devotion奉献；contribution贡献；addiction上瘾；emotion情绪。根据：“checking emails in a restaurant, taking a picture of the food when it arrives, or checking a message during a conversation.”可知，人们无时无刻不在用智能机，这在一定程度上，已经成为了一种癖好，故选C。The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady, glass-roofed atrium(天井) open to the air. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(通风口). As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exists through forty-eight brick chimneys. What does “it” refer to in the paragraph?A. Fresh air from outside.B. Heat in the building.C. Hollow space.D. Baseboard vent.【解析】A 词义猜测题。从有划线词的本句中可知，“风扇将新鲜的空气从天井吸入，再通过天花板的空洞上传，最后经通风口传入每一间办公室。”可知这里的it指前面提到的“新鲜空气”，故选A。The current is produced because of an effect in the glass tubes. When they are filled with water, positively charged ions(阳离子) fixed in the tubes are washed away, leaving a slight negative charge on the glass surface. When water is then forced along the tube, the surface repels negatively charged ions in the water while positively charged ions are attracted down the tube. The result is a net flow of positively charged ions that sets up an electric current.The underlined word “repels” in the paragraph is closest in meaning to _.A. rejectsB. identifiesC. attractsD. rebels【解析】A词义猜测题。A. rejects排斥；B. identifies鉴定，认出；C. attracts吸引；D. rebles反抗，背叛。划线词的本句中提到“leaving a slight negative charge on the glass surface. When water is then forced along the tube, the surface repels negatively charged ions in the water”，从常识可知异性相吸，同性排斥，所以当管子表面的阴离子遇到阴离子时会发生排斥，由此推测A选项正确。One of the surprising facts about seahorses for most people is that they are vertebrates(脊椎动物). They can turn and curl freely, and like to swim in pairs connected by their tails. Their tails are powerful, and they can use them to grasp the surrounding seaweed(海藻) to keep themselves from being swept away. So seahorses are usually found in warm water filled with seaweed. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “grasp”?A. Eat. B. Hold.C. Make.D. Handle.【解析】B 词义猜测题。根据划线词后面的“.to keep themselves from being swept away”“来免于被冲走“可知，grasp在此意为“抓住”，hold与其同义，故选B。Anyone who is a creative genius will tell you that creativity is very much like a muscle that needs to be developed. If you dont learn how to develop creative thinking, this skill, just like a muscle, will become poor and useless. On the other hand, keep working at it, and this skill will soon be ready for action whenever you need it. So how do you develop your own personal style of creative thinking? The underlined word “it” in the paragraph means _.A. creative thinkingB. the muscleC. personal styleD. great capacity【解析】A 词义猜测题。从文章第二段的句子：“If you dont learn how to develop creative thinking, this skill, just like a muscle, will become poor and useless.”可知创造力是要经常练习的，如果不练习，就会没有用，下文说，如果一直练习创造力，它在使用的时候，就可以用的上，所以it指的是“创造性的思维”，选A。The weather predictions for Asia in 2050 read like a story from a doomsday movie.Many experts and green groups fear they will come true unless there is a united global effort to hold back greenhouse gas outpouring. In the decades to come, Asiahome to more than half the worlds 63 billion peoplewill change from one climate extreme to another, with tired farmers battling droughts, floods, disease, food shortages and rising sea levels.The underlined word “doomsday” may give us the feeling of _.A. happinessB. sadnessC. peaceD. excitement【解析】B 词义猜测题。A. happiness幸福；B. sadness悲伤；C. peace和平；D. excitement兴奋。根据下文提到的问题，可知应是一个不好的景象，是令人沮丧和悲伤的。故选B。“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain speakto each other to change our feelings and reduce fear, ”Dr. Garfinkel said.Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism” in the paragraph?A. Order.B. System.C. Machine.D. Treatment.【解析】B 词义猜测题。order“顺序，命令”；machine“机械，机器”；treatment“治疗”。根据后面的从句，可知which指代的就是mechanism，通过它心脏和大脑可以互相交流来改善我们的情绪并减少恐惧，排除A和D，又从前面看到是我们已经发现了的一个重要的mechanism，故只有B项mechanism意思相近，选B。The experiment involved eight people driving 500 miles each using the MotorMate app, which monitored driving behaviors through GPS technology.The underlined word “monitored” in the paragraph means _. A. controlledB. bannedC. modeledD. showed【解析】A词义猜测题。根据划线词所处的语境可知：该实验是由8名分别行驶500英里的司机来实施的，因为是做实验，所以运用GPS技术是为了掌控司机的驾驶行为。故选A。But that could change this year, when Virgin Galactic intends to start offering flights just beyond the space barrier on a rocket ship it has built, featuring five minutes of weightlessness during a twoandahalfhour tour. At $ 200,000 a seat, this will open the final frontier to far more people.At least two other specialty airlines have jumped in as well, taking reservations and deposits for future space flights. Allianz, the big insurer, will introduce an insurance product in 2012, lending space tourism the trappings of the regular travel industry.What does the underlined word “trappings” in the paragraph probably refer to?A. Standard uniforms.B. Traditional decorations.C. Symbolic signs.D. Personal belongings.【解析】C 词义猜测题。从文章两段可知，太空旅行会向更多人敞开大门，而保险公司Allianz将推出一种保险产品，这使太空旅行成为旅游业的标志，故C项正确。Parents often ask what effect thumb sucking(咬手指) might have on their babys teeth. Experts generally agree that this is fine early in life. Most children stop sucking their thumbs by the age of four. If it continues, parents should talk to their childrens dentist or doctor.The underlined word “it” in the paragraph refers to “_”.A. toothacheB. parents troubleC. thumb suckingD. experts advice【解析】C 词义猜测题。从前文了解到：大多数孩子吸吮拇指的习惯会持续到4岁，后面说的如果这种情况还持续的话，就要看医生了，可知it是指thumb sucking “吸吮拇指”，故选C 。Inventor Jonathan Ritchey said:“The demand for water is off the chart. People are looking for freedom from water distribution systems that are shaky and unreliable”. The underlined phrase “off the chart” in the passage means _.A. record-breaking. B. urgent. C. unbelievable. D. amazing. 【解析】B 词义猜测题。从后面的句子：“People are looking for freedom from water distribution systems that are shaky and unreliable”. 可知人们在寻找一种方法摆脱不可靠的水分配系统，所以可以推出对水的需求是很紧急的，“off the chart”=urgent，选B。Hu said there will be difficulties ahead as there is little affiliated equipment specially developed for these supercomputers. “We have enough supercomputers in China but still cant make full use of them,” He said.The underlined word “affiliated” can be replaced by _.A. cheapB. suitableC. expensiveD. modern【解析】B 词义猜测题。本词是用来修饰后面的“equipment”。由后面的“specially developed for these supercomputers”“为这种超级电脑而特别开发的设备”可知该词表示的是suitable项含义。在这里是“附属的”意思。故选B。Professor Mike Mendl, head of the Animal Welfare and Behavior Research Group at Bristol Universitys School of Clinical Veterinary Science said, “We can use optimistic or pessimistic decision-making as a symbol of an animals emotional state. Recent studies by our group and others suggest that this is a meritorious new approach to studying a variety of animal species.”The underlined word “meritorious” in the paragraph can be replaced by “_”.A. valuableB. uselessC. fashionableD. hopeless【解析】A词义推测题。由其前句：We can use “optimistic” or “pessimistic” decision-making as a symbol of an animals emotional state.可知我们可以利用动物“乐观的”和“悲观的”决定来判定它们所处的情感状态，再结合其词后new approach to studying a variety of animal species.可知，画线词的意思是“有价值的”。故A正确。The largest black holes are called “supermassive”(超大质量黑洞). These black holes have masses that are more than one million suns together. Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy has a mass equal to about four million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths.The underlined word “galaxy” in the paragraph means _.A. a black holeB. the Milky WayC. a series of starsD. a planet near the earth【解析】C 词义猜测题。根据段中“Earths galaxy is called the Milky Way”地球所在的星系叫银河系，常理可知星系是有很多星星组成的。故选C。Childrens fears are often trivial, but that doesnt mean they should be ignored. They need to be recognized and accepted as real for that child. Only when we help children understand their fears can they grow normally in their ability to deal with them.The underlined word “trivial” in the paragraph probably means “_”.A. smallB. seriousC. harmfulD. common【解析】D词义猜测题。根据文中提到“Only when we help children understand their fears can they grow normally in their ability to deal with them.”只有通过帮助孩子理解恐惧，他们才能真正的成长来自己处理他们。所以选D项。Roho Sally has two long arms with human-like hands. She can use her fingers to pick up small objects, examine them in detail and do most things that human hands can. Each finger contains a tiny motor capable of squeezing 20 pounds of pinch fore, enough to defuse a bomb under the direction of an operator. She sits on a metal base with wheels that let her move around, turn in tight spaces and climb over small objects.The underlined word “defuse” in the paragraph is closest in meaning to “_”.A. remove B. discoverC. equipD. produce【解析】A 词义猜测题。remove“移除”；discover“发现”；equip“装备”；produce“生产”。从本句前半部分了解翻译出，机器人的每个手指上都有个小马达，能产生20磅的握力，那它足以在操作员的指导下“拆掉”炸弹。所以选A。A recent experiment held in Japan shows that it is almost impossible for people to walk exactly straight for 60 metres. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology found 20 healthy men and asked them to walk as straight as possible to a target 60 metres away at normal speed. Each man had to walk on white paper fixed flat to the floor wearing wet colored socks. The footprints revealed that all walked in a winding rather than a straight line. Researchers found that people readjust the direction of walking every few seconds. The amount of the winding differed from subject to subject. This suggests that none of us can walk in a strictly straight line. We walk in a winding way mainly because of a slight structural or functional imbalance of our limbs(四肢). Although we may start walking in a straight line, several steps afterwards we have changed direction.The underlined word “subject” in the paragraph refers to _.A. a person with a functional imbalanceB. a person chosen to be studied in an experimentC. the subject one studies at schoolD. the direction of walking【解析】B 词义猜测题。本段中可知，东京大学找了20个健康的人，让他们以正常的速度尽可能的走60米直线，下文说The amount of the winding differed from subject to subject.不能走直的距离数在人和人间是不同的，所以subject是参加实验的人，选B。Light pollution affects more than our view of the heavens and can harm wildlife. Migrating birds(候鸟) sometimes fly over cities and become confused by the brightness, flying in circles until they drop from exhaustion. Sea turtles need dark beaches for nesting and wont approach bright lights. Too much light at night may even affect human health. For all these reasons, researchers are working on ways to use lights only when and where they are truly needed. Everyone deserves to look up at the sky.The underlined word “exhaustion” in the last paragraph means _ .A. air pollutionB. tirednessC. breathD. brightness【解析】B 词义猜测题。A. air pollution空气污染；B. tiredness精疲力竭；C. breath呼吸；D. brightness亮度。根据本句：Migrating birds(候鸟) sometimes fly over cities and become confused by the brightness, flying in circles until they drop from exhaustion.可知很多候鸟都因为光污染而无法辨明方向，一直在绕圈飞行，直到最后精疲力竭掉到地上。故该词是指B项含义。Chaz Dean got tired of clients leaving his salon raving about their color and the feeling of their hairbrassy(似黄铜的)and dull. He knew the main cause was likely their shampoo, so he started experimenting with various ingredients, including natural herbs and botanicals, that he knew had cleansing(弄干净) and hydrating(保湿的) properties.What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “ raving about”?A. smiling satisfactorily atB. shouting angrily forC. crying excitedly forD. sighing silently at【解析】B 词义猜测题。划线部分句意是：查兹迪安厌烦了离开沙龙的顾客激愤讨论他们头发颜色和发质感觉发黄和发暗。由“发黄和发暗”可知顾客并不满意，常理可知顾客如果不满意会大声抱怨。故选B。She explained that boiling water, 212F (99.98C), is sometimes used to kill germsfor example, to clean drinking water that might be polluted with germs. But “hot” water for hand washing is generally within 104F to 131F (40C to 55C). At the high end of that range, heat could kill some germs, but the sustained contact that would be required would scald the skin.The underlined word “scald” in paragraph six probably means _.A. burnB. improveC. softenD. wrinkle【解析】A词义猜测题。根据句子意思：在这种范围（40C to 55C）中，热水才会杀灭细菌，但这种所需的长时间的接触热水，肯定会对皮肤造成“伤害”，“烫伤”皮肤。所以选A。Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire. Children come to think of themselves as people who dont like to share since they had to be rewarded for doing so. Because they dont view themselves as “sharers”, they are less likely to share in the future.The underlined word “backfire” means _.A. have an opposite effectB. serve as a pushC. cause angerD. avoid taking things back【解析】A 词义猜测题。从后面的内容可以了解到：孩子们会认为大家都不喜欢分享，正因为“他”这样做了，才不得不奖赏“他”，在本段的最后也说了，他们很肯在将来不去分享了，故这种因为分享而得到的奖赏往往会产生一个负面的影响。故选A。backfire是“产生出乎意料及事与愿违的结果”的意思。Many people are aware of the beauty of a solar eclipse(日食), but are surprised to learn that lunar eclipses are often just as impressive. While total solar eclipse lasts only for a few minutes and can be seen only in a small area of a few kilometers, total lunar eclipse can last for several hours and can be seen over much of the planet. In fact, the beauty and stability of lunar eclipses make them a favorite of both amateur and professional photographers.The underlined word “stability” most probably means_.A. strengthB. positionC. steadinessD. visibility【解析】C 词义推断题。句子：“total lunar eclipse can last for several hours and can be seen over much of the planet.”说的是月全食时间上的持久性和可见区域的广阔性。这种特性使其成为专业摄影师和业余摄影爱好者的最爱。stability指的是月全食在时间上的持久稳定，词义与steadiness相近，故C项正确。Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place. What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to?A. Using too much packaging.B. Recycling too many wastes.C. Making more products than necessary.D. Having more material than is needed.【