学生写作常犯错误分析.doc

中国学生写作常犯错误分析（1）1.基础性文法错误一、拼写，标点以及第三人称单数在下面的两篇学生写的文字当中，均存在着拼写、标点以及第三人称单数方面的错误，请认真检查并予以纠正： (1) Saying “No”Why someone dont say “no” when they ought to say “no”? I think he do not refuse others suggestion or advise. Because they are good friends. He has to obey his friends application. If he say “no”, his friends will be badness. Even his friend will turn angry.But I must say that it is harmless for you that you dont say “no”. For example, your friend ask you to help him to do steel something. At this time, if you dont say “no”, you will break the law and be arrested by police. How foolish you have done.Above all, I must say “no” when I should say “no”. I must be an honest man. I cant break the role of society. And I will tell him the reason why I say “no”. (2) Saying “No”At present, there is a strange sense in our society. One should saying no, but he or she did not say. Why? I think the most important reasons is shame. Sometimes our classmates or friends want our helpness and their requests are out of our ability. In that case, we should say “no”, but a few of people often think that it is a bad thing for their friends, and even influence their friendship and so on. In fact, it is nothing difficult to say “no”. When you refuse your friends. He or she will not get angry with you. Oppositely, he or she will thought you are true person and trust you. On the other hand, saying “no” in the propery occasion will reduce lots of problems.So saying “no” when you want to say.二、自造词语与不区分词的细妙含义有的考生在写作的时候喜欢即兴发挥，在还不很了解英语构词的基础上就开始自己依据有限的词汇知识创造词语或者是词语的用法，结果往往使人哭笑不得。比如： (1) Why are there so many fake commodity? The answer is very simple: the men who make them can earn a lot of money. But they may have not thought about the disutility to others. (2) Above all, I think reading books ought to select. Because our time is unenough. 许多中国学生在学习英语单词的时候喜欢将意义相关或者相近的单词一起记，却不仔细区分它们之间的细微区别和用法上的不同。比如： (1) I think they should believe in their own ability rather than the luck number. Today we live in a scientific period, we should not believe mystery and lucky number. (与era混用) (2) The figure is physical, but the fortune is not. How does people talk about the two things at the same time. So I dont have the comprehension of it. (与understanding 不分)三、指代不明因为汉语是一种“意和”的语言，而英语是“形和”的，所以有的考生就喜欢自作主张的随意指代，以为阅卷员自然就能猜到他的意思所指。却不知在英语中忌讳的就是不明不白。比如：Sometimes when someone met a accident that he should said “no”, but he didnt do it. The reasons are various. The majority is lack of bravery.2.句子中典型的八种错误首先要说的是在英语中准确和清楚的表达一直都是写作者应该追求的目标，而要想达到这一点就必须使用高效的句子（effective sentence）。而中国学生在表达自己的想法的时候却在不自觉的时候饭犯错误。以下的八种句子错误都是比较隐蔽的。 (1). Sentence fragments经常阅卷员会看到考生的作文里出现不完整的句子，甚至只是句子的部分。观察一下下列的句子是否犯有错误。1. Although many smokers know clearly the harm of smoking, they continue to smoke.2. Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to going to school.3. For example, the increase in the cost of renting an apartment.4. Having no money and being lonely in the big city.5. Many people who get married before they are mature enough.第一句的前半部分是个从属分句，所以正确的写法应该是将这部分连接到后面的部分，一个独立的分句。第二句只是一个从属分句，要想使它正确必须再加上一个独立的分句，比如：Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to going to school, they have very little free time.第三句中没有谓语动词。纠正它的方法是重新添加上主语和谓语。比如：For example, the cost of renting an apartment has increased.第四句是一个分词短语。第五句多舔了一个限制性定语从句，将who去掉就可以了。 (2). Run-on sentences许多考生不经意间会将两个相互独立的分句直接用逗号连接, 而不使用平行连词或其他的适当连接手段。下面的四个句子都是这种情况：1. A foreign student faces many problems, for example, he has to cope with a new culture.2. San Francisco is a very cosmopolitan city, there are people from many cultures and ethnic groups living there.3. Physical maturity can be easily recognized from ones appearance, therefore, it is more evident than mental maturity.4. Getting married is easy, staying married is another matter.纠正这一类句子并不难，只要你知道仅仅一个逗号不能连接两个独立的分句。改正的方法有如下的几个：1使用句号。比如：A foreign student faces many problems. For example, he has to cope with a new culture.2使用分号。比如：Physical maturity can be easily recognized from ones appearance; therefore, it is more evident than mental maturity.3增加一个平行连词。比如：Getting married is easy, but staying married is another matter.4增加一个主从连词。比如：Getting married is easy although staying married is a difficult matter. (3). Faulty parallelism平行结构有广义和狭义之分。广义上说，作者用近似的语法结构表达近似的概念都可以称之为平行；而狭义中的平行是指在同一个句子中两个或者几个部分从语法上看是相同的。而当构成平行的成分在结构上出现不同或者矛盾的时候，错误就出现了，不管这些成分应该是名词，动词，不定式，分词也好，是短语或者从句也好。比如：1. Mature people do things according to their reasons, but not their instincts2. Come to the class prepared to take notes and with some questions to ask.3. He is good not only at hockey but plays basketball well too.4. I forgot that the bill was due on Monday and the company would close my account if it wasnt paid.5. The hurricane was more of a threat to the tourists than the natives.6. You may have met such people who are adults or rather elderly but are not mature at all.7. Mature people never do anything unreasonable or emotionally.这些句子正确的表达方法应该是这样：1. Mature people do things according to their reasons, but not according to their instincts.2. Come to the class prepared to take not and to ask some questions.3. He is good not only at hockey but at basketball.4. I forgot that the bill was due on Monday and that the company would close my account if it wasnt paid.5. The hurricane was more of a threat to the tourists than to the natives.6. You may have met such people who are adults or rather elderly but who are not mature at all.7. Mature people never do anything unreasonable or act emotionally. (4). Dangling modifier如果独立的修饰语和它预备修饰的名词或者代词在意义上不是明确而且有逻辑的联系的时候，就成为了悬垂修饰语。有悬垂修饰语的句子往往是有连贯性的问题。比如：1. Thinking hard and writing carefully, your composition will get a good mark2. Not able to swim that far, a lifeguard came to my rescue.3. Although only a small boy, my father expected me to do a mans work.4. discouraged by low grades, dropping out make sense.或增加改变词语，或改变结构，改正过的正确句子应该是：1. Thinking hard and writing carefully, you can get a good mark in your composition test.2. I was not able to swim that far, a safeguard came to my rescue.3. Although I was only a small boy, my father expected me to do a mans work.4. Because I was discouraged by low grades, dropping out made sense. (5). Misplaced modifier正确的英语中，修饰词比如almost，only，just，even，hardly，nearly，merely一般应该直接放在它们所修饰的词或短语之前。起修饰作用的介词词组必须明确显示出来那个成分是它们所修饰的。观察下面的几个句子：1. I can understand hardly his words.2. One student said that such singing was not music but a throat ailment in class.3. An oil painting attracts my eyes on the east wall.4. Mature people think about what they want to do carefully beforehand.明确哪些词才是这些修饰语的目标对象就不难把它们改正了：1. I can hardly understand his words.2. In class one student said that such singing was not music but a throat ailment.3. An oil painting on the east wall attracts my eyes.4. Mature people think carefully beforehand about what they want to do. (6). Shifts在行文当中，如果出现突然的而且不必要的转移，不论是时态语态上，单复数上还是语体上的，都会使得文章读起来不自然通顺，给阅卷员的理解带来麻烦。体会以下的句子：1. During their talk the customer complained about the bad service in the restaurant while the manager discuss the danger of overeating. (时态转移)2. If I were rich and if my father was still alive, my life would be different. (语气转移)3. The old man finally had to enter a nursing home, but it was not liked by him. (语态转移)4. Every student was asked to sign their names on the name list. (数量转移)5. The secretary said that he was sick and would I please to read the minutes. (直接与间接引语的转移)6. A man has to expect criticism when you succeed. (人称转移)先面是改写过的句子：1. During their talk the customer complained about the bad service in the restaurant while the manager discussed the danger of overeating.2. If I were rich and if my father were still alive, my life would be different.3. The old man finally had to enter a nursing home, but he did not like it.4. Every student was asked to sign his name on the name list.5. The secretary said that he was sick and asked me to read the minutes.6. A man has to expect criticism when he succeeds. (7). Diction在英语写作中，应该充分重视选择词语的重要性。由于这种那种的原因，很多中国考生在选择词语的时候随意性太大。这说明在平时的学习中学的不够仔细，积累的词汇知识太有限。体会以下的几个句子：1. With the industrious development, there is a great need for different kinds of energy.2. Most big cities are plagued by traffic jams which effect our daily life.3. First we should use our natural resources in an economic way.4. We must make continual efforts.5. Women now have risen highly in social status.6. There are many reasons for the change in peoples diet. At first, people can now afford expensive but nutritious food.句自用写题字表示的词语或词组是错误的因为他们使用的方法不准确，它们应该被替换才能是的原句通顺。1. With the industrial development, there is a great need for different kinds of energy.2. Most big cities are plagued by traffic jams which affect our daily life.3. First we should use our natural resources in an economical way.4. We must make continuous efforts.5. Women now have risen high in social status.6. There are many reasons for the change in peoples diet. First, people can now afford expensive but nutritious food. (8). Collocation搭配历来就是英语写作中最麻烦也是最严肃的问题。而很多考生在平时的学习中不大注意建立地道的英语表达方法。要想解决这个问题，主要还是要多记忆和多时用哪些固定的地道的说法。下面这些句子都有不同程度的搭配问题：1. However, the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle.2. In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it.3. We students should study/learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be fully prepared for the future.4. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be smaller if one cannot speak English.5. In recent one and two years, people who take TOFEL test have decreased.6. In the past few years, grain has decreased by nearly 20%.注意到其中的错误了吗？正确的说法应该是这样的：1. However, the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle.2. In the past the price of milk was so high that most families could not afford it.3. We students should obtain/acquire as much knowledge as possible so that we can be fully prepared for the future.4. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be rare/scanty/little/poor if one cannot speak English.5. In recent one and two years, the number of the people who take TOFEL test have decreased.6. In the past few years, the consumption of grain has decreased by nearly 20%.以上八种句子错误比较具有代表性，是学习英语过程中不可避免的障碍性标志。对它们的理解和克服，也是对英语更深一步的认识。要想写好的英语语句，培养语感、增加阅读固然重要，但加强对这些典型性的句子错误的认识也是必不可少的。中国学生写作常犯错误分析（2）1.Chinglish and bad English一、汉语思维式的句型按照汉语思维来写英语句子是中国考生最常犯的错误。作为母语汉语思维的影响根深蒂固，但也并非决定不能克服。我们应该尽量多熟悉英语国家的文化和它们地道的表达方法。记住，不要简单的以为把想到的好的汉语句子想当然的翻译成英语就能够写出好的英语句子。看看以下的句子在语法上可能并不是行不通的，但汉语思维的痕迹很明显，往往无法为英语所接受。1. The chief reasons for the change have five points.2. Traffic is a serious problem, one of the reasons is that Shanghai has over ten million people.3. Some natural resources such as oil and coal will be used up after 50 years.4. After four years, they graduated from the university.5. After its big libraries, what Fudan University attracts me is its modern laboratories.6. My level of English has thus been improved.7. Nowadays young people who seek to go abroad are becoming more and more.8. People begin to eat grain less and less, while they eat fruit more and more.9. With the development of cities, green land becomes more and more less.10. If no electricity, we will have no TV to watch, and no radio to listen to .以上这些句子说法都是汉语式的，在英语中正确的说法应该是：1. There are five main reasons for the change.2. Traffic is a serious problem; one of the reasons is that there are over ten million people in Shanghai.3. Some natural resources such as oil and coal will be used up in 50 years.4. Four years later, they graduated from the university.5. Second only to its big libraries, what Fudan University attracts me are its modern laboratories.6. My English has thus improved.7. Nowadays more and more young people seek to go abroad.8. People begin to eat less grain, but more fruit.9. With the development of cities, the amount of green land has increasingly decreased.10. Without electricity, we will have no TV to watch, and no radio to listen to .二、让人读不懂得英语在作文中，阅卷员经常会读文章读的莫名其妙，其中一个重大的原因就是考生思维跳跃太快太大，这里既有中国人说汉语注重“意会”的原因，也是因为词汇量不够，对英语的驾驭能力有所欠缺。当然，考生对这方面注意不够也是原因之一，所以在面对考卷的时候不要急于一下子表达太多的思想，遵守的原则应该是有了一个想法就一步一步的把它说明白说清楚, 再考虑其他事情。下面的三段文字都是真实的考生作文，读者可以对照一下自己是否也会出现这种情况。 (1). Some people think the number can bring luck for him. But I dont think so. This people believe the lucky number would make him to do well everything. So they follow the luck number they think. But they dont luck at all. (2). However, the damage of poor quality to our society is also obvious. Last year, more than one thousand persons were poisoned for drinking fake wine in Shanxi Province including several deads. (3). These products are so harmful that people who use them will waste their money. If they are food out of date, people will fall ill, or even die. And people wont buy or be very careful to buy those commodities with famous brands. Those company will produce good commodity will get less money or bankrupt, the society will be interrupted. 像上面三段话那样东一下子西一下子的貌似讲了很多东西，其实最终的结果是什么也没有讲清楚，而阅卷员在每天都要改掉大量的卷子又必须保证很快的速度的情况下，几眼扫过去仍然是一头雾水，印象自不会好，分数还会高吗？第一段中前两句就讲明了一种观点并且表达了自己的态度。后面的三句话说的核心意思是有些人迷信这些并在实践中遵照其形式结果却适得其反。这是一个很复杂的过程，首先应该总起一句例如：Many cases have proven the falsity of the opinion或者 On the contrary， the opinion opposite is often proved to be true；这样读者对于下面的内容有了一个思想准备就好理解了。最后一句话：But they dont luck at all 即使不说其语法上的错误，也是让人费解的；dont luck 指什么呢？怎么就不luck呢？汉语中我们习惯跳跃式的说话，而英语中，尤其是书面语中，应该按部就班说清楚。比如先说：But they dont succeed /get through smoothly as they supposed。然后再说：Have they been lucky indeed？只有这样，才算是完整的交待了一个内容，读者也就可以轻松的明白写者的意思了。第二段只有两句话，作者却想通过寥寥几笔就既痛斥伪劣商品又举例申诉其危害。如果真的对英语又如此高的驾驭能力当然最好，写的简洁有力令人读来清新。但一来大部分考生不具备这个能力，二来字数上面也大打折扣，不如老老实实有头有尾地慢慢道来。第一句陈述过伪劣商品危害后，紧接着既然要说这些劣质商品的对人身的伤害，就应该先说上一句：First，this kind of commodities will eventually do harm，sometimes deathly harm to human body. For example, last year， 而后面的 “including several death” 也是一个“大跳跃”，什么叫做“include death”呢？也是莫名其妙了。实在不会写的话，就另起一句，说：and some people even died because of it 这应该是大部分人都会说的。第三段中这种跳跃性的思维是最严重的，可以说句句都难懂。比如，第二句就应该改为：If they are food out of date, people who bought and ate them will fall ill, or even die。而原文第三句：And people wont buy or be very careful to buy those commodities with famous brands则更是复杂了，说伪劣商品充斥市场使人们买不到正宗商品，或者无以为正宗商品买回来。像这个考生这样的英语水平，正常的话可能需要写整整一个自然段才能说清楚，这样压缩到一句里面，恐怕要阅卷员花些心思来猜了，可哪个阅卷员又有这样充裕的时间呢？所以，考生应该牢记，考英语作文毕竟是考你的英语水平的，短短一百多字不是追求你的深奥思想的，千万不要芝麻捡不到，西瓜也丢了。2.考生语言错误分析其实，考生学习英语语言知识的过程，就是建立一个假设测试系统的过程。由于学生的语言知识有限，在学习英语的时候，学习者总是在不断的自觉或者不自觉地对这种语言的规律做出推测，然后在实践中检测这种推测是否正确。错误的话就改正或者放弃，正确的话就确立为一种规律并加以利用创造出更多的语言。检测的手段很多，比如，能接触到的英语本身，本族语，语言功能表现，过去的语言知识，或者现实中的知识。在这种不断的修正和学习中，学生建立起了一个语言系统，而事实上，这个语言系统既非汉语的语言系统，同时也不是真正的英语语言系统，它是一个位于这两端之间的一个中介物，越靠近真正的英语语言系统，也就越意味着这个学生的英语比较地道。所以，学生的英语其实在专业中被称之为一种“中介语”（interlanguage），这个时候，许多学生所犯的大多数语言错误并不是单纯的汉语影响下的产物，是学生在预测英语语言规律的时候的过度概括（over-generalization）或者过度简化（over-simplification）的结果。所以没有必要担惊受怕怕犯错误，平时的练习中，自己不确定的写法说法都可以用，只是要之后搞清楚这样是否正确，以便在以后的写作中加以运用。典型的中介语的错误这里介绍四种，像这样的错误不能归类于语法错误，也不是汉语母语干扰，也就格外需要考生仔细研究并注意避免了。 (1). Collocation of words比如这样一个句子：When he got off the bus，he found his pocket stolen初读来好像也蛮好，但仔细想想就知道有问题了，什么问题呢？原来pocket 这个东西只能是被picked，而不能像bike那样被stolen的。又比如：We should encourage smokers to give up smoking初看也没什么，但其实encourage这个词有褒义在里面，所以我们一般不说encourage某人去放弃什么或者不做什么。正确的表达方法应该说：We should try to persuade smokers to give up smoking。 (2). Abuse of familiar patterns这是一种对于自己学过并且掌握的词组或者句型滥用的结果。有时候考生对于自己学过的东西太过有信心，以为是防止四海而皆准。想下面这个句子：Reading newspapers can make me keep up with times中就是对make的不当用法，改为：Newspapers can keep me informed with current affairs。 (3). Prefabricated patterns有的考生见到了一些外国人用的说法或者正式学过的就以为一定是好的，拿过来就囫囵吞枣的用，并不关心这种说法的适用环境。说If they didnt agree to my going out to play, I would cry to protest就大不如说：If they didnt allow me to go out for fun，I would cry to protest。 (4). Avoidance of unfamiliar patterns 有时候有的考生害怕犯错误，知道的用法不敢用，而一味的避免这些稍微有难度的东西，结果却适得其反使得自己造出来的东西显得很笨拙。比如不敢用从属从句就说：During my eating，my mother asked me about many things at school还不如说成：Wile I was eating，my mother asked me about many things at school。3.结构性错误前面讲的基本上都是纯语言方面的问题，其实在考生写作中还有一个方面的问题就是结构性问题，也会对作文的效果有很大的影响。下笔千言，离题万里的时有发生，有的也许不是有意为之，但其结果却仅次于跑题了。看下面两段真实的文字： (1). In my opinion, the best method to pay tuition fees is getting money from parents. First, I do not study well, so I must pay all my energy in studying, of course, part-time job and scholarship are not fit for me. Second, my parents are not very poor, they can make money to support my study. So I neednt get money by bank loan. But, if the tuition fees are rising, many students are una