专四听写笔记常用符号和缩略语.doc

笔记常用符号和缩略语(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations)1 常用笔记符号：符号 信息意义箭头符号 上升；提高；增强；上涨；增长；扩大；起飞；升空；提拔；晋升 （grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket, soar, appreciation, promote, upwards） 下降；下沉；降低；滑坡；轰炸；减少；恶化；降职；削减/裁减（drop to, bomb, jump, godown,descend,decrease,deteriorate, depreciation, reduce, downwards） 上扬；渐渐好转（become better and better） 下挫；不断亏损（become worse and worse） 出口；去；向前；出国；前往；运往；导致；发展成为 （export to,enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, sendto,transmitto,leadto,exportto, cause） 回顾；从前；进口；倒退；来自；源于（come from,originate from, receive from, go back to, importfrom）例如：caf French意为:caf源自于法语数学符号+ 增加；补充；除此之外；另外(furthermore,inadditionto,with,and,besides,etc) 减少；删除；缺乏（minus, lack, deduct, except, subtract） 表示“不对的，错的，坏的，不好的，臭名昭著的”（mistake, incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious） 超过，大于，胜过，优于（morethan,biggerthan,surpass,betterthan,superiorto） 大大超过 (much greater than, much more than) 表示“对立，冲突”（confrontation, conflict） 表示交流，沟通等（communication, interaction） 表示“影响，效果，压力，负担”(influence, effect, affect, impact, have bearing on, pressure, stress, burden, load) 表示“女性”(woman, female, famine) 表示“男性”(man, male, masculine) 表示国家（country, state, nation） 表示“出口”(export) 表示“进口”(import) 表示“发展”(development, advancement) 表示“领导，顶点，顶级，顶峰” 1) top, head, peak, uttermost, climax, supreme, crown2) leader, director, chancellor, boss, manager, officer, captain, king, queen, emperor, empress, majesty, dictator, ruler, commander, governor, mayor, administrator, supervisor, monitor, minister, president 表示“国家领导人，政府首脑”(state leader, government head)& 和；与；共同；与在一起；陪同（and, together with, accompany） 表示“正确，对，好，肯定，著名，同意，支持”（correct, good, affirmative, certain, well known, famous, agree, support） 表示“人，人民”(person, people)。如：中，US，经，物 表示“交流，交换，替代，相互”（exchange, replace, mutual, each other）/ 表示“停顿/止，终止”（stop, halt, complete, finish） 表示“渠道”(channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch)J 表示高兴（happy, glad, pleased, delighted, enjoy） 表示“属于” (belong to) 星号常表示“重点，重心，重视，优秀，杰出，” 1) important, significant, key, crucial, critical, meaningful, essential, decisive, consequential, 2) outstanding, distinguished, marked, remarkable, notable, excellent, perfect, eminent, famous, well-known, well-recognized, great, prominent, prestigious, extraordinary, glorious, noteworthy, grand, magnificent3) wonderful, terrific, fantastic, fabulous, marvelous4) chief, primary, main, major, dominant, overwhelming, most5) emphasize, stress, focus, underscore, underline, highlight, attach great importance to, lay stress on, pay attention to* 表示“特征，特点”(feature, character, characteristic, symbol, sign, peculiarity, attribute, quality, nature, trademark, mark, specialty 表示“医院，红十字”（hospital, red cross）3TM 商标 英镑 美元 ￥ 人民币 42. 常用字母所代表的含义y 年yearM 月monthw 周weekh 小时hourm 分钟minutes 秒钟 secondd 日子，今天day, today.2y 两年以前 two years agoc 世纪 centurye 经济economy economicsf 金融finance, financialg 政府governmentn 多个many, much, severalp 政治，政党，政权politics, policy, partys 科学，社会science, societyv 胜利，成功victory, triumph, success, achievement3. 单词的四种常见缩略方法1） 省略所有元音，保留部分辅音字母Market mktManager mgrMessage msgStandard stdReceive rcvPrepared ppdBackground bkgdGovernment gvtPackage pkgHotel - htlEstimate - estmtProblem - prblm 2） 保留前几个字母Information infoInsurance insExchange excI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OUniversity uniBiology bioAssociation assoIntroduction introMinimum minMaximum maxChemistry chem.Liberation libSubject subDocument docInternational - int3） 保留开头和结尾Week wkRoom rmPeople pl4）保留单词的第一个音节和最后一个或几个辅音字母，用 代替中间的字母。Technology techgy government govt generalizaiton gennContinued contd delivery dely educational educatlAmount amt4. 常见词尾的缩略形式*词尾缩略方式举例-ismmSocialism S m-tionnStandardization std n- cianoTechnician tech o- inggMarketing MKT g-eddInterested int d-able/ible/bleblAvailable av bl-mentmtMovement mv mt-izezRecognize rcg z-fulflMeaningful - mnfl5. 其他常见的词汇缩略形式缩写全称意义缩写全称意义acadacademy学院acptacceptance接受adadvertisement广告addraddress 地址agragreement 合同，同意appappendix 附录apvapprove批准attnattention 注意avlbavailable可得到的balbalance平衡brgbridge桥梁cfmconfirm确认cmdrcommander指挥官cocompany 公司compcomplete完成abbrabbreviation缩略a/caccount帐户accaccommodation食宿ackacknowledge承认adjadjustment调整afas follows如下agnagain再次amtamount数额approxapproximate大约arrarrive到达assoassociation协会begbeginning开始bizbusiness商业brbranch 分支机构ctfccertificate证书chkcheck检查cmlcommercial商业的commcommission委员会cmpttcompetition竞争condcondition条件contcontinue继续coopcooperation合作corpcorporation公司cpcompare比较cttecommittee委员会deptdepartment部门；系diffdifferent不同dirdirector主任disdiscount折扣distdistance距离docdocument文件dptdeparture离开dstndestination目的地dtdate日期dvlpdevelopment发展eeconomy经济exchexchange交流extextension延期flwfollow跟随fyrfor your reference供参考gdsgoods货物gengeneral将军govgovernment政府hon.honorable尊敬的ifminformation信息insinsurance保险htlhotel宾馆immimmediately立刻intlinternational国际的ioui owe you欠条lablaboratory实验室ltdlimited有限的manufmanufacture制造maxmaximum最大的minminimum最少的memomemorandum备忘录mgrmanager经理mktmarket市场msgmessage讯息negonegotiate谈判orgnorganization组织pcpersonal computer个人电脑pclparcel包裹prpublic relations公共关系posposition位置qltyquality质量qntyquantity数量rcvreceive收到refreference参考rgdregarding关于reprepresentative代表rsvreservation保留rsponresponsible有责任的rtnreturn返回stdstandard标准sugsuggest建议teltelephone电话telcomtelecommunication电信temptemporary临时的trdtrade贸易transtransportation交通trvltravel旅行uniuniversity大学ustdunderstand理解ugturgent紧急的n/onot available得不到的w/owithout没有asapas soon as possible尽快btwby the way顺便问一下e.g.for example例如i.e.that is to say也就是说etaestimated time of arrival预期到达时间etdestimated time of departure预期离开时间f2fface to face面对面6. 专四听写常考词语的缩略形式。account, accountant = acc according = acdg accept = acpt advertisement = adaddress = ads advice = adv agent = agt administration = admagriculture = agr altitude = alt as much as possible = amapambassador = amb amount = amt analysis = anal ancient = ancanonymous = anon answer = ans appendix = app apartment = aptarchitecture = arch arrive = arr atmosphere = at auxiliary = auxattorney,attention = att average = av avenue = ave balance = balboard = bd bundle = bdl bank,book = bk baskets = bktsbuilding = bldg birthplace = bp branch,brother = br bureau = bucentury,cost = c calendar = cal capital = cap catalog = catcertificate = cert confirm = cfm cancel = cncl compare = cp.citizen = cit civil = civ clerk = clk commercial = cmlcompany = co. college = col common,communication = comcommission = comm complete = comp conclusion = con condiiton = condcontinent = cont. corporaiton = corp carton = ctn custom = custdeceased = dec defense = def degree = deg deposit = depdepartment = dept discount = disc distance = dist divide,divorce = divdormitory = dorm departure = dpt dozen = dz east, earth = Eeconomy = econ education,editor = ed. for example = e.g. enclosed = encl.especially = esp. and so on = etc. example,exception = ex.explain = expln extend = ext female,feminine = fem figure = figfinance = fin fluid,following = fl flight = flt foreign = forfreezing point = fp Friday = Fri foot = ft future = futfor your reference = FYR gold = g generally = gen gentleman = gentgram = gm harbor,husband = h head = hd half = hfhonorable = hon headquarters = H.Q. hour = hr height = hthypothesis = hypoth that is = i.e. import = imp important = imptimpossible = imps inch = in. industrial, independent = ind individual = indi insurance = ins instant,institute = erest, interior = int. in view of = IVO island = is. journal,journalist = jourjunior = jr kilogram = kg kilometer = km latitude = lat.library = lib liquid = liq literature = lit longitude = long.machinery = mach magazine = mag manual = man. model = mdlMadam = Mdm medicine = med. member = mem memorandum = memomiddle = mid minute = min moderate,modern = modmanuscripts = MS message = msg market = mkt mount = mtmusic = mus national,naitve,natural = nat number = No. object = objobsolete = obs observe = obsv obtain = obt office = off.opposite,operation = op. ordinary = ord organization = org original