陕西省兴平市秦岭中学高考英语专题复习 特殊句式学案(1).doc

陕西省兴平市秦岭中学2014届高三英语专题复习 特殊句式学案一、倒装1.完全倒装（被强调部分 + 谓语 + 主语）谓语动词完全搬到主语之前的句子，便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种：1）表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等，置于句首。如：in a lecture hall of a university in england sits a professor. south of the river lies a small factory. out rushed the children.2）such置于句首时。如：such was albert einstein, a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.这就是爱因斯坦，一个简单的人，也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。此类句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后的“真正主语”保持一致。如：such are the facts; no one can deny them.这就是事实，没有人能否认它们。2.部分倒装（被强调部分 + be 助动词 情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语）只把谓语的一部分（多为助动词和情态动词）置于主语之前的句子，叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有三种：1）only + 状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句），且放在句首时，主句倒装。如：only then did i realized that i was wrong. only in this way can we learn english well. only when he returned did we find out the truth.注意：“only + 主语”放句首，句子不倒装。如：only he can answer the question.2）否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely, rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time,under in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no codition等置于句首时。如：never before have i seen such a moving film. = i have never seen such a moving film before. not a single mistake did he make. = he didnt make a single mistake. hardly do i think it possible to finish the job before dark. = i hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark.3）so neither nor + be 助动词 情态动词 + 主语so + be 助动词 情态动词 + 主语，意为“也是如此”，如：they love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.注意：a）此句型也可写成“it is the same with或so it is with”，如：they love having lots of friends; it is the same with those with disabilities so it is with those with disabilities.b）如果句意不是“也是如此”，而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和，此时的so = indeed，那么句子不可使用倒装式。试比较：i was afraid. so was i. i was afraid. so you were. the manager asked the waiter to clean the table, and he did so.neither nor + be 助动词 情态动词 + 主语，意为“也不这样”，如：lily cant ride; neither nor can lucy.注意：a）此句型也可写成“it is the same with或so it is with”，如：lily cant ride; it is the same with lucy so it is with lucy.b）此句型中的neither或nor不可用sonot替代，但可用noteither改写。如：i have never been abroad. so hasnt he.i have never been abroad. neither nor has he.i have never been abroad. he has never not been abroad, either.neither, nor，意为“不，也不”。如：neither do i know it, nor do i care about it.我不知道，也不关心。4）so + adj. adv. + 部分倒装 + that或so + adj. + a an + n. + 部分倒装 + that。如：so clearly does he speak english that he can always make himself understood. so clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.5）such + (a an) + adj. + n. + 部分倒装 + that。如：such a clever student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.6）not only, but also，意为“不仅，而且”。如：not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.7）not until，意为“直到才”。如：not until he returned did we have supper. = we didnt have supper until he returned.8）no soonerthan，hardly scarcelywhen。如：i had hardly got home when it began to rain. hardly had i got home when it began to rain.9）如果虚拟条件从句中有were, had 或should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装，如：were it not for the expense, i would go abroad now. were it to snow this evening, they would not go out. had you taken my advice, you wouldnthave failed in the exam. should it snow this evening, they would not go out.二、强调1.强调句型（it is was + 被强调部分 + that who + 其他成分）1）强调人时可用who和that作连接，强调其他部分常用that。所强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是定语或谓语。如：it is i who that am right.主语 it was him that who we met at the school gate.宾语 it was in the park that tom lost his watch.状语2）这种强调句的一般疑问句只需把is或was提前，如：was it in 1939 that the second world war broke out? is it professor wang who teaches you english? was it during the anti-japanese war that he died?3）它的特殊疑问句只需在一般疑问句前加上特殊疑问词。如：who was it that broke the window? when was it that you called me yesterday? what is it that you want me to do?4）有时可用it might bethat, it must have beenthat句型表示强调。如：it might be his father that youre thinking of.你关心的可能是他父亲。 it must have been his brother that you saw.你看到的想必是他的兄弟。5）notuntil句型的强调句，其强调句式为：it is was + not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他成分。如：he didnt go to bed until ten oclock. it was not until ten oclock that he went to bed. i didnt realize she was a famous film star until till she took off her dark glasses. it was not until till she took off her dark glasses that i realized she was a famous film star. 6）强调词it与作主语的形式代词it可根据能否恢复原句来判断，即把it is was+ that去掉，如果剩下的成分仍然能构成一个完整的句子，这就是强调句型，否则不是。如：it there that accidents often happen. accidents often happen there.以上就是强调句型，被强调成分是状语，把it is was+ that去掉，可还原成原来的非强调句。it is clear that not all boys like football.去掉it is was+ that句子成了：clear not all all the boys like football.很显然这不是一个完整的句子，因此不是强调句型，而是由it作形式主语引导的一个主语从句。7）强调句型it is was+ that；it is was+ 时间点 + when；it is+ 时间段 + since；it was+ 时间（段）+ before强调句型与it was not longbefore上述句型可有以下几个句式：it wasnt long before不久以后就it wont be long before不久就会it was (not) two years days before两年 两天后（不到两年 两天）就it will (not) be two years daysbefore两年 两天后才会（用不了两年 两天就会）试比较：it was two years before he came back from abroad.it was two years later that he came back from abroad.同样表示“他两年以后回国”，强调句型中应用状语的表达方式。2.谓语动词的强调it is was+ that结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语，用助动词do, does或did。如：do come this evening. he did write to you last week. tom does study hard now.三、反意疑问句1.陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句当must作“必须”讲时，其反意疑问部分用neednt；当含有mustnt（不允许、禁止）时，其反意疑问部分用must may。如：you must go now, neednt you? you mustnt smoke here, must may you?当must may（might）表示推测，即must作“一定、准是”讲，may might作“可能”讲时，可首先将句子改为“i am (not) sure that从句”，反意疑问部分的动词形式根据be (not) sure后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确定。如：a）you must may (might) be hungry now, ? i am (not) sure that you are hungry, arent you? you must (might) be hugry now, arent you?b）you must have heard about it, ? i am sure that you have heard about it, havent you? you must have heard about it, havent you. c）you must have watched that football match last night, ? i am sure that you watched that football match last night, didnt you? you must have watched that football match last night, didnt you?2. 陈述部分含有used to的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用usednt或didnt均可。如：you used to sleep with the windows open, usednt didnt you?3. 陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如：he ought to attend the lecture, oughtnt shouldnt he?4.否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：he could hardly walk without a stick, could he?5.如果陈述部分含有表示由“否定”意义的前缀构成的词，其反意疑问部分一般用否定式。如：tom dislikes playing tennis, doesnt he? its unfair, isnt it?6.含有宾语从句的反意疑问句1）当陈述部分带有宾语从句时，疑问部分的主语常和主句的主语保持一致。如：he said that he would come to my birthday party, didnt he?2）主句谓语动词think, believe, suppose, guess, expect, inagine的主语为第一人称时，疑问部分的主语和谓语动词与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致；若他们的主语为第二、三人称时，后面的反问部分由主句决定。如：i dont believe he will succeed, will he? tom doesnt believe lucy will succeed, does he?7.祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句中的后半部分附加问句，不表示反意，而表示一种语气。其结构为：1）否定祈使句，+ will you？2）肯定祈使句，+ will wont you?lets, + shall we?let us, + will you?let + 第三人称，+ will you？如：open the door, will wont you? lets go out for a walk, shall we? let us go home now, will you?8.回答反意疑问句时应遵循以下原则：1）要么肯定到底，要么否定到底，不会出现yes, i dont.或no, i do的形式。2）不管主句否定，还是附加问句否定，回答时只看所提到的事情是否发生。如果发生了，用肯定回答，否则用否定回答。如当对方问你you arent a teacher, are you?或you are a teacher, arent you?时，你只要听懂you和teacher两个单词即可，如果你是老师，回答yes, i am.否则，回答no, i am not.9.附加问句的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况陈述部分主语附加问句主语例句one（指人）one或heone cant be careful enough, can he one?this, that, these, thoseit或theythis isnt a fast train, is it?every-, any-, some-, no- +thingitnothing happened to him, did it?every-, any-, some-, no- +one或body（注意：no one）he或they（更常见）nobody likes to laughed at, does he do they?不定式、动名词、其他短语itlearning english well will take us a lot of time, doesnt it?there be句型be 情态动词 助动词 + therethere will be rain tomorrow, wont there?there should be no problem, should there?四、祈使句和感叹句1.祈使句1）否定式或强调式，如：dont be so sure.（否定式） never come late.（强调式） please dont forget to take your medicine.（否定式） do come on time this evening.（强调式） do be careful!（强调式）2）带主语的祈使句为了加强语气或特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时，需加主语“you”，有时还可同时加呼语。如：tom, you water the flowers!命令吩咐几个人分头做几件事情时，祈使句需带主语“you”，还可同时带呼语。如：you, girls, clean the desksl; you, boys, sweep the floor.在表达“不高兴，厌烦”等情绪时，可带主语“you”。如：you mind your own business!祈使句的主语除了用“you”外，还可用“everybody, everyone, somebody, someone”等，它们的位置可以放在句末。如：be quiet, everyone!3）祈使句 + and + 陈述句 = if，+ 主句；祈使句 + or + 陈述句 = ifnot，+ 主句。如：work hard and you will succeed. = if you work hard, you will succeed. hurry up or we will be late. = if you dont hurry up, we will be late. one more minute and i will finish it. = if you give me one more minute, i will finish it.2.感叹句1）基本构成形式what + (a an) + adj. + n. + 主语 + 谓语！how + adj. + a an + 单数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！how + adj. adv. + 主语 + 谓语！如：what a clever boy he is! = how clever the boy is! what beautiful flowers these are! = how beautiful these flowers are! what sweet water it is! how high the mountain is! how fast he is running!2）省略形式的感叹句how直接修饰谓语动词：how + 主语 + 谓语！如：how we love our motherland!省略主语和谓语what an interesting book (it is)! how wonderful (it is)!3）其他形式的感叹句how can you be so silly!你怎么这么傻！the design and the colors!多美的图案和色彩！to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire!竟然把这样一套衣服卖给一个百万富翁！五、省略1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, who, whom常可以省略；当先行词是time, reason, place时，作状语的关系副词when, why, where也可以省去。如：this is the first time (that) ive acted on the stage. 另外，动词 + 宾语从句，宾语从句由“that”引导，“that”可以省略，但当动词后有两个以上的宾语从句时，从第二个从句开始“that”不能省。2.状语从句中的省略现象1）当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：连词（as, as if, once）+ 名词，如：once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.连词（though, whether, when）+ 形容词，如：work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret.连词（whether, as if, while）+ 介词短语，如：he looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something.连词（when, while, though）+ 现在分词，如：while (i was) walking along the street, i heard my name called.连词（when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as）+ 过去分词，如：the exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.连词（as if, as though）+ 不定式，如：he opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.注意：当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略。如：her father told her to be careful when (she was) crossing the street.2）当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词（if, unless, when, whenever）+ adj.。如：unless (it is) necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary.另外，还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有if + so not省略句式，如：get up early tomorrow. if not (you dont get up early), you will miss the first bus. he may not be at home then. if so (he is not at home), leave him a note.3不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。1）代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后边。如：i asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to.2）在have, need, ought, be going, used等后面。如：i didnt want to go there, but i had to.3）在glad, happy, pleased, delighted等后面。如：-will you join in the game? -id be glad to.4）否定形式的省略用not to。如：if you think reading is not right, i prefer not to.5）如果不定式中含有be, have, have been，通常保留be, have和have been。如：-are you a sailor? no, but i used to be. -he hasnt finished yet. -well, he ought to have.六、there be句型1.there be句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物”。在这种结构中，there 是引导词，be后面的名词是主语，句子的结尾是地点或时间状语。如：there is a tall tree in front of the classroom. there will be a meeting at the conference room at 8 oclock tomorrow morning.2.如果有两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词be要采用就近一致原则。如：there is a pen, two books, and many pencils on the desk.3.there be结构有不同时态的形式，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。如：there was a meeting in our school yesterday. there will be a new film show on sunday. there have been many great changes in our country since then. there cant be any mistakes in his passage.4.there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be, happen to be, is likely to be或remainn, stand, lie, go, exist, follow, live, come, occur等替换。如：there is likely to be something wrong with his computer. once upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple.5.there be句型的非谓语形式。there being no enough time left, we have to hurry. (because there is no enough time left, )（独立主格结构作状语）there having been no water for 2 days, the travellers were all very thirsty. (because there had been no water for 2 days, ) （独立主格结构作状语）what is the chance of there being an election this year?近年举行选举由多大的可能性？（there be的动名词形式作of的宾语）i expect there to be many chances for him to get the job.（there be结构作expect的复合宾语）it is natural for there to be a generation gap between the parents and their children. （there be的不定式结构作真正主语） 七、主谓一致主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系。一个句子中主、谓一致，通常指三个基本原则：语法一致，即形式上一致；概念一致，即概念或意念上的一致；毗邻一致，即指谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。1.语法一致原则1）在通常情况下，一个句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语为单数，谓语动词取单数；主语为复数形式，谓语动词取复数形式。如：this exercise on english idioms is not easy. the visitors are interested in the great wall.2）在there be结构中，be的单复数取决于后面主语的数。如：there are only two major political parties in the united states. there is little change in the city.3）one of结构，谓语用单数，two of结构谓语用复数。如：one of the things i want to do is travelling. two of the boys have lost their way home.4）倒装句的主语在谓语之后，避免误用。如：at the ariport were many people coming ang going. never before has she been to paris! within the playground were a group of students playing football.2.概念一致原则1）主语是抽象概念，短语或从句，谓语用单数形式。如：to tell lies is wrong. keeping a house is a tiring job. how this happened is not clear to anyone.注意：用what或which引导的主语从句或简单句中的数的概念取决于后面的表语，因为它们在逻辑上的意义是相同的。如：which is your seat? which are your seats? what she did is not yet known. what they gave me as a reward are some books. 单个的-ing分词作主语，不定式作主语，以及主语从句，谓语都用单数，若用and连接上述相同的两个成分，谓语才用复数。如：setting fire to public bulidings is dangerous. what i think and what i seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.2）两个或两个以上的主语用and或both连接时，谓语用复数形式。如：both rice and cotton grow in the southern area. coal and oil exist in large quantities on the earth.3）and所连接的并列主语指同一人或同一样东西，and后面的名词前没有冠词，谓语用单数。如：my best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.注意：如果and后面的那个名词前有冠词，主语就变成复数，谓语动词也用复数。如：my friend and the classmate sue are in the classroom.如果and后面加了not，谓语应使用单数。如：lilei, and not i, has won the game.有时and具有with的含义，虽然连接两个名词，但却指同一概念，后面的名词前也没有冠词。如：salt and water is a good drink in summer. there is my watch and chain on the writing table.但如果and后面的名词前加了冠词，谓语动词应使用复数。如：the bread and the butter are on sale.在一些成语里，由and连接的两个成分指同一件事，这时位于常用单数。如：early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. truth and honesty is the best policy.但个别情况，谓语也有用复数的。这时主语指两个不同的概念。如：time and tide wait for no man. joy and sorrow are next-door neihbors.用and连接的单数主语，前面有each、every、many a、no等修饰时，谓语用单数。如：each pen and each paper is found in its place. many a boy and many a girl has seen it. no teacher and no student is admitted.复数主语加each，谓语仍用复数。如：the boy and girl each have heir own toys. the old worker and the young each have their own tools.no后面的名词是单数，谓语动词用单数，no后面的名词是复数，谓语动词用复数。如：no man is present. no men are present.3.毗邻一致原则由not onlybut also，neithernor，eitheror，or连接的并列主语，在肯定句中谓语变化取决于后面的主语，在疑问句中取决于前面的主语。如：not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. neither he nor i am mistaken. either he or you are to go there. are you or he mistaken?4.主语为集合名词1）有些集合名词如machinery、equipment、furniture、jewelry、clothing表示单数概念。如：a lot of old equpment has been replaced by the new equipment.all the machinery in the factory was controlled by robots.2）有些集合名词如police、people、cattle等，表示复数概念，谓语动词取复数形式。如：the people here are friendly to tourists. cattle were not allowed to walk in the streets.3) 有些集合名词如family、class、team、audience、public、crew等作为整体意义时，谓语用单数形式，如果指成员意义时，谓语则用复数形式。如：his family is a big one. his family are playing in the garden. there is a large audience in the cinema. the aucience are seeing the good film.5.主语由介词短语连接主语后面有like、with、as well as、besides、except、but、rather than、including、together with、along with等介词短语连接时，句中位于变化取决于这些介词短语前面的主语数的形式。如：i as well as his friends dont think he is ill. a teacher with some students is reading over there.6.主语为代词1)在few、both、few of、both of后，谓语通常用复数。在neither of、either of后单复数都可以。none of接不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式；接可数名词时，谓语用单复数形式均可以。如：few towns have such splendid streets. few of my friends were present at the party. both these books are mine. both of them are good in quality. either of the two rooms is large enough. neither of them gets up early. none of the money is mine. none of us seem (s) worried.2)every、some、any、no与one、body、thing构成不定代词以及many a + 名词作主语，或单独地either、neither、each one、the other、another作主语时，通常视作单数。如：every body is enjoying himself.everything has been done to make up for the loss. many a young girl likes to wear loose garments.neither likes the friends of the other. something has gong wrong with my tv set.注意：书名、国名等名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式。如:the old man and the sea was written by hemmingway. the united states is a developed country.表示金钱、时间、重量、长度和距离等名词作主语的是复数形式，谓语用单数形式。如：twenty miles is a long walk to me. ten dollars a week was