专业英语阅读unit 4.doc

Unit 4 Reading: Fluidized-bed Combustion of Coal第四单元 阅读：硫化床煤燃烧 Fluidized-bed combustion of coal has been investigated in a pilot-plant combustion facility. 在实验工厂燃烧装置中已经开始研究煤的硫化床燃烧。The test bed section has an internal diameter of 0.154 m and an overall height of 3.5 m.试验床是一个直径为0.154米整体高度为3.5米的区域。 Sand with an average particle diameter of 1421m is used as inert bed material.用平均直径为1421微米的微小沙粒作为惰性床材料 。The inert bed is heated to a temperature of about 1000 K by two propane burners installed in the preheater and calming sections. 惰性床被安装在预热器和镇定两个部分的两个丙烷燃烧器加热到1000K的高温。Experiments were conducted for coal-feed rates of 0.83 and l.09 g/s with corresponding bed temperatures of 1220+43 and 1259+34 K for superficial air velocities in the range 0.631.07m/s at ambient conditions. 相应床温度在1220+43和1259+34 K时，实验给出的给煤速率是0.83到1.09克每秒，此时环境条件下的表面空气速度在0.63到1.07米每秒之间。Concentrations of O2, CO, CO2, NOx, and SO2 were monitored in the flue gas, and their variations with operating parameters used to establish optimum combustion conditions. 废气中氧气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氮氧化物和二氧化硫的浓聚物是被时刻监测的，并且他们随运行参数的变化被用来建立最优的燃烧条件。Material and energy balances were employed to compute carbon utilization and thermal combustion and combustion quality efficiencies. 材料和能量的平衡用来计算碳利用率、热燃烧和燃烧质量的效率。 Optimum operating conditions were determined for efficient and environmentally friendly combustion. 最佳的运行条件确定了高效并对环境有利的燃烧。It is proposed that oxidation of coal nitrogen to NO is a first-order reaction with respect to O2 and a zero-order reaction with respect to coal nitrogen. 有观点认为，无煤氮氧化是关于 氧气 的一阶反应及对煤氮的零阶反应。 Significant kinetic inferences are derived concerning oxidation of coal carbon and sulfur. 重要的动力学推论被用来关注煤炭和硫的氧化。 1. Introduction 导论 Fluidized-bed reactors have been widely used for applications involving exothermic noncatalytic chemical reactions. 流化床反应被广泛用在设计放氧非催化化学反应的应用中。A recent trend has been to employ such reactors for the incineration of hazardous and low calorific value materials in an environmentally friendly mode. 最近的趋势是为环保模式中有焚烧危险和低热值的材料提供这样的反应堆。This approach has led to the development of incineration technology for operation in a co-combustion mode involving an auxiliary fuel. 这种途径促进了包含辅助燃料的混合燃烧的焚化技术操作的发展。Propane and coal have been employed in this laboratory and it has been shown that efficient combustion is accomplished under proper operating conditions. 丙烷和煤在这个实验室中被使用，有效的燃烧可以在适当的操作条件下完成。The history of fluidized-bed combustion is long and many careful investigations have provided details of the physico-chemical processes occurring in different phases. 硫化床燃烧的历史已经有很久，并且很多认真的调查都证明了发生在不同阶段的物理-化学过程的细节。A recent review deals with such efforts from an historical perspective and contains an overview of the important findings. 最近的一个评论从历史的角度处理这样的努力，包含重要发现的概述。In this paper, we report experiments on combustion of coal for the purpose of establishing optimum combustion conditions to reduce the formation of pollutants as a preamble to investigating co-combustion of cellulose as an auxiliary fuel with coal. 在本文中，我们报告煤炭燃烧实验的目的是建立最佳燃烧条件，减少污染物的形成，以此作为研究纤维素作为煤辅助燃料的混合燃烧的一个前文。The experimental facility and the carbon combustion efficiency calculation procedure are described in the next two sections. 试验装置和煤炭燃烧效率计算方法在以下两部分中介绍。This is followed by the experimental results, their interpretation and significant conclusions.这是紧随其后的实验的结果、他们的解释和有意义的总结。2. Experimental facility实验装置 The schematic of the UIC incineration facility is shown in Fig.4-1.焚化设施如图4-1所示。 It consists of an air (110) and propane-gas (1115) supply system;它包含一个空气（）和丙烷（）供应系统； fluidized-bed incinerator (1619, 36); 流化床和焚烧炉（,）off-gas cleanup system (2023); 烟气净化系统（）；temperature (24) and pressure (25) measuring instruments; 温度和压力检测仪器；solids feeder assembly (2628); 固体给料组件（）；data acquisition and analysis equipment (2933); 数据获取和分析设备（）；and flue-gas sampling instruments (34, 35).烟气采样仪器（,）. Fig.4-1 The schematic diagram of the UIC incinerator facility焚化设施图 a-Preheating Section; ：预热部分；b-Elbows; ：弯头；c-Calming Section;：镇静部分； d-Test Sections;：测试部分； e-Freeboard Sections.：超高部分 Gl-Teledyne Gas Analyzer; ：热导气体分析仪；G2-Horiba NOx Gas Analyzer; ：氮氧化合物气体分析仪G3- Horiba SOx Gas Analyzer：含硫化合物分析仪Signal Outputs:信号输出： Gl-3, Gas Analyzers; -，气体分析仪；Pl-5, Pressure Probes; -，压力探头；DPl-3, DP Cells; -，汽包；Tl-8, Thermocouples-，热电偶1-SULLAIR Air Compressor 空气压缩机2-Receiver/Sump 接收器水池 3-Oil Filter油过滤器4-Hankison Air Drier汉克森空气干燥器5-Oil Filter油过滤器6-Storage/Balancing Tank存储平衡罐7-Air Regulator空气调节器8-Pressure Gauges压力表9-Globe Valves截止阀10-Air Rotameters气体转子流量计11-Propane Tank丙烷储罐12-Propane Regulator丙烷减压器13-Propane Gauges丙烷计14-Propane Flow Valves丙烷流量阀15-Propane Rotameters丙烷转子流量计16-Propane Ring Burner丙烷燃烧器17-Spark Plug火花塞18-Distributor-test Section分电盘测试部分19-Distributor-Calming Section分电盘镇定部分 28-Screw Feeder螺旋加料机The air-supply system consists of a 45 kW air compressor which is a single-stage, positive displacement, air-cooled and flood-lubricated rotary screw type; two filters; a regenerative desiccant compressed air drier; and a large vertical tank suitably manifolded with several gages and control valves. 该供气系统的组成包括一台45kw的单级容积式、空冷及水润滑旋转螺旋式空气压缩机，两个过滤器，一台干燥剂可再生的压缩空气干燥器，一个大型的安装有适当个数测量头和控制阀的立式水罐。The system is capable of supplying compressed, filtered and dried air at a maximum rate of 8.5 m3/min at 700 kPa and 311K. 该系统能够提供压缩、过滤和干燥空气的温度为311K，压力为700kPz，最大速度为8.5m3/min。The compressed air is metered through a combination of three rotameters (10) having different maximum capacities. 压缩空气的测量是通过一个联合装置，这个联合装置由三台量程不同的转子流量计组成。The fluidized-bed incinerator assembly consists of a l.52 m long air preheating section (a) and two elbows (b) which connect this section to a 0.305 m long calming section (c) above which are located the test-bed (d) and freeboard (e) sections. 流化床焚烧炉的组成包括一段1.52米长的空气预热段和两个弯头，与弯头相连接的是一段长0.305米的平稳区，平稳区之上是测试区和自由空间区。This assembly has an overall height of 3.5 m and consists of six flanged sections, each 0.511 m long, bolted together with 0.038 m long spacer rings. 这个装置的总高度超过了3.5米，包含有六个法兰部分，其中每个法兰的长度为0.511米，以及带有长度为0.038米垫圈的螺栓。The entire incinerator assembly is fabricated from 0.254 m diameter stainless-steel pipe sections and is provided with an internal 50 mm thick Purolite-30 insulating material lining, and thus the test-bed section has an internal diameter of 0.154 m. 该焚烧炉的整体部分用直径为0.254米的不锈钢管制造，用50毫米厚的绝热材料作内层 ,测试区部分的内径为0.154米。The calming section gas distributor plate has sixty-one 3.2 mm diameter holes, and its design details are given by Saxena and ChatteOee. 平稳区的气体分流盘上有61个直径为3.2毫米的洞，它的设计资料是由Saxena和ChatteOee提供的。It has an open area of 0.84%. 它具有百分之0.84的开放面积。The test-bed distributor plate has nineteen multi-orifice nozzles.测试区的分流盘上有19个多孔口的喷嘴。Two designs of propane sparger burners have been adapted in this incinerator to raise the bed temperature prior to combustion and to preheat the fluidizing gas. 两种燃烧器的设计被用在这个焚烧炉中以提高床温，提前燃烧和使流动的气体过热。An Engelhardt-Eclipse burner (36) is installed in the preheater section (a) and a ring burner (16) in the calming section (c). 过热区安装一台Engelhardt-Eclipse燃烧器，平稳区安装一台环式燃烧器。A Teledyne gas analyzer measures carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) units and oxygen on an electrochemical transducer unit. 一台Teledyn气体分析仪测量非离散的红外线机组中的一氧化碳和二氧化碳含量，氧气含量的测量是在一台电化学换热器中。Nitrogen oxides are analysed on a Horiba model CLA-510SS unit operating on the principle of chemiluminecence; and sulfur oxides on a Horiba model VIA-510 unit using the principle of non-dispersive infrared analysis.在Horiba的模型CLA-510SS机组中，运用化学发光的原理来分析氮氧化物，而在Horiba的模型VIA-510机组中则采用非离散的红外线原理来分析。CLA-510SS unit operating on the principle of chemiluminecence; and sulfur oxides on a Horiba model VIA-510 unit using the principle of non-dispersive infrared analysisCLA - 510SS单元运营是基于化学发光检测的原理;而硫氧化物在Horiba模型VIA- 510单位上使用非色散红外分析的原则The flue-gas cleanup system comprises of two cyclones and a microfilter capable of retaining particles greater than 2m.烟气的净化系统包括两个气旋和一个微型滤波器能够留住的粒子大于2mEight thermocouple probes and five pressure probes are positioned at various locations on the incinerator to establish the temperature and pressure distributions八个热电偶探针和五个压力探针放置在焚烧炉不同的位置上以建立温度和压力分布The output signals from the thermocouple and pressure probes and gas analysis instruments are logged on an automated and dedicated Hewlett-Packard computerized data acquisition system consisting of a computer, monitor, printer, and a plotter.输出信号的热电偶和压力探测器以及气体分析仪器自动操作而专用惠普计算机数据采集系统包括一台电脑,显示器,打印机和一个绘图仪。A commercially available Acrison model 105B solids feeder after several modifications is used to feed coal into the incinerator at a point 76 mm above the distributor plate.一个商用Acrison模型105 B固体馈线在某一点76毫米以上的配电板上经过一些修改用于运送煤进焚化炉The coal from the hopper is injected into a vertical downspout, 50.8 mm in internal diameter and about 1m long, by an auger whose rotational speed could be varied over a range to alter the feed rate to the incinerator.煤炭从料斗注入到垂直落水管,直径50.8mm，内部长大约12.7mm,由一个螺旋的旋转速度变化范围内可以改变至焚化炉的进给速率The coal drops in a horizontal pipe and is pushed into the bed by a specially designed auger driven by a gear motor at a constant speed of 30 rpm.煤炭滴在水平管道上被一台特殊设计的螺旋驱动齿轮马达以一个恒定的速度为30 rpm推到机床上。The auger is made from a 50.8 mm diameter stainless steel rod by cutting 12.7 mm deep spiral threads at a pitch of 25.4 mm.这个钻是由一个50.8毫米直径不锈钢棒在一个距离25.4毫米的地方通过，降低12.7mm深螺旋线程。A metered amount of air is also introduced at the top end of the vertical downspout to assist in putting the coal into the incinerator and also to cool the horizontal pipe and auger assembly.一个空气的计量量也介绍了在垂直落水管的最高端协助把煤进焚化炉和冷却水平管和钻装配Source: S.C. Saxena, W.Y. Wu and M.B. Fei. Fluidized-bed combustion of coal. Energy, /997,22(11): 1029 1040.资料来源:南卡罗来纳州Saxena,w y吴邦国和M.B.飞。煤的流化床燃烧。能源、/ 997,22(11):1029 1040。Words and Expressions单词和词组propane: n. a flammable hydrocarbon gas present in natural gas and used as bottled fuel丙烷:n .一个易燃烃气出现在天然气和用作瓶装燃料(2) calm: v. make or become tranquil and quiet平静v.诉让或变得宁静和安静(3) ambient: adj.relating to the immediate surroundings of something环境:对当时环境相关的东西(4) optimum: adj. most likely to lead to a favourable outcome最佳:形容词最有可能导致一个有利的结果(5) kinetic: adj.relating to or resulting from motion动力学:或造成的涉及到运动(6) inference: n. a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning推理:n .一个结论的基础上达成的证据和推理(7) derive: v. obtain (something) from (a source)派生:诉获得(东西)从(源)(8) exothermic: adj. (Chemistry) (of a reaction) accompanied by the release of heat放热:形容词(化学)(回应)伴随着释放热量(9) catalysis: n. the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst; catalytic adj.催化:n .的加速化学反应的催化剂,催化的。(10) incinerate v. destroy by burning; incineration n.焚化诉摧毁通过燃烧;焚化n。(11) hazardous: adj.risky; dangerous危险:的风险;危险(12) auxiliary: adj. providing supplementary or additional help and support辅助:形容词提供补充或额外的帮助和支持(13) perspective: n. a view or prospect角度来看:n .一个视图或前景(14) preamble: n. a preliminary statement; an introduction导言:n .一个初步的声明;一个介绍(15) cellulose: n. an insoluble substance derived from glucose, forming the main constituent ofplant cell walls and of vegetable fibres such as cotton纤维素:n .一个不溶性物质来自葡萄糖,形成的主要成分植物细胞壁和蔬菜纤维如棉花interpretation: n. an explanation or way of explaining解释:n .或解释的方式解释(17) schematic: adj. (of a diagram or representation) symbolic and simplified示意图，形容词。（一个图，或者表示）符号和简化。 (18) renovate: v. restore (something old) to a good state of repair翻新：动词。恢复一些旧的东西到良好的状态。 (19) assembly: n. (pl. assemblies) a unit consisting of assembled parts装配，名词。（pl程序集）一个由组装部件组成的单元。 (20) acquisition: n. an object that has recently been acquired; the act of acquiring收购，名词，一个对象最近被获得了，这种获得的行为成为收购。 (21) lubricate: v. apply oil or grease to (an engine or component) to minimize friction润滑，动词，用油或油脂来给一个引擎或组件减少摩擦。 (22)rotary: adj.revolving around a centre or axis旋转的，转动的；转硫的：形容词，绕一个中心或者轴转动。 (23) screw: n. a thin, sharp-pointed metal pin with a raised spiral thread running around it and a slotted head, used to join things together by being rotated in under pressure螺丝钉：名词。一个细的、尖锐的金属针，在它周围有提高螺旋线程和槽头，用来通过旋转压力把东西连接在一起。 (24) desiccant: n. a drying agent (as calcium chloride)干燥剂：名词，一种用来干燥的药剂（如氯化钙）。 (25) manifold: v. to make manifold; manifold n. something that is manifold: as a whole that unites or consists of many diverse elements歧管：动词。使歧管，廖n .一些歧管，作为一个整体，或者包含不同的元素。 (26) gage: = gauge. n. an instrument that measures and gives a visual display of the amount, level, or contents of something计=计：名词。一个可以测量或给出一些东西的数量，水平或者内容视觉显示的仪器。 (27) rotameter: n. a gauge that consists of a graduated glass tube containing a free float for measuring the flow of a fluid转子流量计：名词。一个表，它由包含一个自由浮的毕业玻璃管构成，用来测量流体的流动。 (28) elbow: n. the joint between the forearm and the upper arm; a piece of piping or something similar bent through an angle肘：名词。连接前臂和上臂，一块管道或类似通过一个角弯曲的东西。 (29) flange: n. a projecting rim or piece; flanged adj.法兰：名词。一个突出的边或块；法兰，形容词。 (30) bolt: v. fasten with a bolt; bolt m a long metal pin with a head that screws into a nut, used to fasten things together螺栓：动词。用螺栓固定；螺栓是一个长长的金属针和一个头，螺栓变成一个螺母，用来固定在一起。 (31) spacer: v. construct or manufacture (an industrial product)间隔：动词。构建或制造（一个工业产品）。 (32) stainless-steel: adj. unmarked by or resistant to stains不锈钢：形容词。无标记或耐渍。 (33) orifice: n. an opening, particularly one in the body such as a nostril孔：名词。一个开口处，就像身体上的鼻孔。(34) nozzle: n. a spout used to control a jet of liquid or gas喷嘴:用于控制喷射流体或气体的喷口 (35) sparge: v. sprinkle, bespatter, especially spray; sparger n.喷射:v.洒,诋毁,喷射;n.喷洒器 (36) disperse: v. (Physics) divide (light) into constituents of different wavelengths; dispersive: adj.分散:v.物理学将光分成不同的波长;adj.分散的 (37) infrared: n. electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength just greater than that of red light but less than that of microwaves, emitted particularly by heated objects; adj. of or relating to such radiation红外线:n.电磁辐射的波长比红光长但比微波短,尤其是被加热的物体发射出的;adj.与辐射相关的.(38) nitrogen oxide: n. a reddish-brown poisonous g