GCT语法练习.doc

语言知识部分讲课内容第一讲第一节 时态第二节 语态第二讲第一节 虚拟语气第二节 倒装第三讲第一节 从句第二节 强调第四讲第一节 一致第二节 非谓语动词第五讲第一节 形容词、副词比较级第二节 情态动词的一些特殊用法第六讲第一节 词汇及其搭配第二节 易混淆词辨析第七讲第一节 构词法第二节练习第一讲第一节 时态一、 一般现在时 一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和永恒真理。如主语为第三人称单数，动词后需加s或es。He always gets up late on Sunday.He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.注意：在以as soon as, when, after 等引导的时间状语从句中，或以if, unless等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。I will ring you as soon as he comes back.You will succeed if you try your best.二、 现在进行时现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作，也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活动。表示后一种情况时，动作不一定正在进行。They are putting up the scaffolding.Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing.注意1. 并非所有动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时，除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有：be, love, hate, believe, think, feel, seem等。2. 现在进行时也可以表示将来的动作，它指按人们的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.Imagine I am seeing the Mona Lisa3. 现在进行时也可以用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.He is always finding fault with his employees.三、 现在完成时 现在完成时表示目前已经完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作，也可以表示从过去某一刻发生，现在仍延续着的动作或情况，此时态强调动作对现在的影响。The conference has lasted for five days.He has just bought a beautiful house.注意：1 当句子中出现表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，谓语动词一般用现在完成时。此类状语有up to(till) now, so far, these days, this summer, for-（后面接一段时间的短语），since等。We have not seen each other since we graduated in 1987.2 句子谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时要取决于动作是否对现在有影响。What did she say about it?I have lived in Nanjing for 15 years.四、 一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生而且一下子就完成的动作，也可以表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。I had a word with John this morning.He smoked two packages of cigarettes a day until he gave up.注意：1. 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如yesterday, last week, in 1999, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when等2. “used to+动词原形”表示“过去常常”而现在已经停止的习惯动作。He used to work twelve hours a day.You used to go swimming when you were at college , didnt you?另外，注意区别”used to”和“be used to”, 后者意为“习惯于-”，to 为介词，后跟名词或动名词。五、 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作，也可以表示过去某段时间内正在或反复发生的动作。Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man.Bill was coughing all night long.六、 过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某时之前已经完成的动作或状况。在时间上，它属于“过去的过去”，在句子中常有明显的参照动作或表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.They found that a stream had formed in the field.七、 一般将来时一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可以表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。He will take part in an important boat race across the Atlantic.The students will have five English classes per week this term.注意：be going to, be to, be about to等也可以表示将来发生的动作，但它们常常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。Will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的动作或情况。八、 将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某时正在发生或持续的动作。其构成：will +be +动词的现在分词。I will be reading this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.九、 将来完成时将来完成时表示将来某时前已经完成的动作，它也可以用来表示推测。They will have stayed here for five months next week.By the end of next month, they will have read twenty十、 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已经停止，也可能继续下去，它也可以表示刚结束的动作。I have been working for IBM for 15 years.I have been working for an hour but she still hasnt come.Exercises1. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news. It is unlikely that TV _the newspaper completely.A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace2. _ last year and is now earning his earning as an advertising agent.A. He would leave school B. He left schoolC.He had left school D. He has left school3. It is reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _by about 10%.A. will have risen B. has risenC.will be rising D. has been rising4.They fulfilled the plan earlier than they _.A. have expected B. were expected C. were expecting D. had expected5. Until then, his family _ from him for six months.A. didnt hear B. hasnt been hearing C. hasnt heard D. hadnt heard6. The company _ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.A. is promised B. has been promising C. is promising D. promised7. in this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night and asked to report what they _.A.had just dreaming B. have just been dreamingC. are just dreaming D. had just dreamed8. He _ in a small workshop, but now he is president of a big business company. A .used to working B. was used to work C used to work D. was used to working9. The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers _ for. A. was demonstrating B. demonstrate C. had been demonstrating D. have demonstrated10. I _ my breakfast when the morning post came.A. had B. had been having C. was having D. have been having11. I am glad that Peter decided to come to the party because we _ him for several years.A. havent seen B. dont see C. didnt see D. hadnt seen12. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A. has lasted B. lasts C. will have lasted D. is lasted13. The computer, working very fast, _ data at the speed of light.A. has handled B. handled C. handling D. handles14. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer that _ in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed15. Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins _ his experience as a young man. A. was telling of B. told about C. tell of D. is telling about Keys:1.D 2.B 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. C 10.C 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. ASupplementary Exercises I.1. Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone _ them.A. discovers B. discovered C. will discover D. would have discovered2. _ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.A. Being reviewed B. Having reviewed C. Reviewing D. To have reviewed3. By the time you get to New York, I _ for London.A. would be leaving B. am leaving C. have already left D. shall have left4. The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet.A. is B. were C. be D. was5. The boy spent as much time watching TV as he _ studying.A. does B. had C. was D. did6. By the time he arrives in Beijing, we _ here for two days.A. have been staying B. have stayed C. shall stay D. will have stayed7. Not until the game had begun _ at the sports ground.A. should he have arrived B. had he arrived C. did he arrive D. would he have arrived8. -“May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five oclock tonight?”-“Im sorry. Mr. Williams _ to a conference long before then.”A. had gone B. would have gone C. has gone D. will have gone9. The house was very quiet, _ as it was on the side of a mountain.A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated10. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _ too long.A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read11. My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _ by then.A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left12. The last half of the nineteenth century _ the steady improvement in the means of travel.A. has witnesses B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed13. The project, _ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1000000 users.A. accomplished B. to be accomplished C. being accomplished D. having been accomplished14. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _ from the sort of candles used only in churches.A. had come B. coming C. come D. that come15. He came back late,_ which time all the guests had already left.A. after B. by C. at D. duringKeys:1.A 2,C 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. B Supplementary Exercises II.Put the verbs in brackets into proper forms:1. It is the first time I _ (explain) this particular aspect of grammar.2. A：Is your new car going OK? B: Oh yes, perfectly. It is the first Ford we _ (have) and I must say I am very satisfied with it.3. A: Dereks a fool. He _ (drink) a lot at a party yesterday and then _ (drive) home. Of course the police _ (get) him and _ (give) him a breathalyzer test(呼吸测醉试验). B: It is the second time he _ (breathalyze); they will probably ban him from driving for two years.4. I was lucky actually because that _ (be) the second time I _ (visit) China that year.5. This was not the first time John _ (try) to travel in this strange fashion.6. A: I will have to take my car in to be repaired tomorrow, the steering has gone wobbly. B: Didnt you have trouble with it before? A: Yes, thats what annoys me, tomorrow _ (be) the second time I _ (have to) have steering seen to.7. A. Are you going abroad this year? B: No, we _ (stay) at home and decorate the house. It _ (be) the first holiday I _ (not be) abroad.8. A: I am dreading teaching practice next week. It _ (be) the first time I _ (teach) children.B: Dont worry, it will be a bit difficult the first time you _ (teach) them- they might play you up a bit. But the second time you _ (take) them it _ (be) all right. They will soon get used to you.9. A: How you _ (get on) with the decorating? B: Considering it is the first time I _ (do) any painting, not bad at all. Still, it is about time I _ (learn) something about home-decorating.10. A: You ever _ (be) to Portugal?B: Yes, I _ (go) there five years ago. I _ (go) on a package tour. In fact it _ (be) the first time I _ (be) on a package tour, and I _(like) it so much I always _ (go) on package tours now.KEYS:1.have explained 2. have had 3.drank, drove, got, gave, has been breathalysed 4.was, had visited 5.had tried 6.will be, have had to 7.are going to stay, will be, havent been 8.will be, have taught; teach, take, will be 9.are- getting on; have done, learnt 10. Have- been; went, went, was, had been, liked, goSupplementary Exercises III.Translate the following into English 1.滴水穿石。 2.骄必败。 3.事实胜于雄辩。 4.一燕不成夏。 5.长江流入东海。 6.月球上没有水。 7.夏威夷气候从来不冷。 8.在巴黎，五月份天气并非总是美好；有时多雨。 9他间或出错，但不是时常出错。. 10.他从来不做家庭作业，但在班上学习很好。 11.我们的公司并非总是高额赢利。 12.母亲通常不在早晨喝咖啡。 13.她几乎从来不在午夜之前就寝。 14.亚利桑那州首府凤凰城天气很干燥；几乎不下雨。 15.星期日我父母很少去做礼拜。 16.地球围绕太阳转。 17.印度位于中国以南。 18.泰晤士河流经伦敦。 19.我通常投民主党的票，而我的室友总是投共和党的票。 20.使人人遭殃的风才是恶风。答案：1. 滴水穿石。Patience wears out stones.2. 骄必败。Pride goes before a fall.3. 事实胜于雄辩。Facts speak louder than words.4. 一燕不成夏。One swallow doesnt make a summer.5. 长江流入东海。The Changjiang river flows into the East China Sea.6. 月球上没有水。Water doesnt exist on the moon.7. 夏威夷气候从来不冷。It isnt ever cold in Hawaii.8. 在巴黎，五月份天气并非总是美好；有时多雨。May in Paris isnt always nice; it sometimes rains a lot.9. 他间或出错，但不是时常出错。. He occasionally is wrong, but not often.10. 他从来不做家庭作业，但在班上学习很好。 He never does any homework, but he does well in class.11. 我们的公司并非总是高额赢利。 One company doesnt always make very high profits.12. 母亲通常不在早晨喝咖啡。 My mother doesnt usually have coffee in the mornings.13. 她几乎从来不在午夜之前就寝。 She hardly ever goes to bed before midnight.14. 亚利桑那州首府凤凰城天气很干燥；几乎不下雨。 Phoenix, the capital of Arizona, is very dry; it hardly ever rains.15. 星期日我父母很少去做礼拜。 My parents seldom go to church on Sundays.16. 地球围绕太阳转。 The earth revolves round the sun.17. 印度位于中国以南。 India lies to the South of China.18. 泰晤士河流经伦敦。 The Thames flows through London.19. 我通常投民主党的票，而我的室友总是投共和党的票。 I usually vote for a December, but my roommate almost always votes for a Republic 20.使人人遭殃的风才是恶风。 It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.I.关于完成时的补充说明A. 现在完成（进行）时时常与since词组或since分句连用，表示“自某时以来”一直进行或未进行某项活动。例如：Mr. Helfand has taught English at this institute since 1978.I havent seen him since his wedding day.It is three months since he wrote to me.He has been studying linguistics since he went to the United States.在since分句中有时也可以用持续性动词或静态动词的一般过去时，只是含义不同。例如：1The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.2. I havent eaten snails since I was a student at Indiana. 在上述两例中，lived是表示持续性动作的动词；was是静态动词。在since分句中用持续性动词和静态动词的一般过去时，通常表示动作或状态的完成或结束，从而句1相当于：The house has been in bad repair since he moved out.句2相当于：I havent eaten snails since I left Indiana University.B. 完成时在“it is the first time+ that 分句”中的使用。在“it is/was/will be the first time + that分句“结构中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-分句一律用现在完成时；引导词that可以省略。例如：It is the first time I have been there.Dont forget, it will be the first time I have spoken in public.当主句动词为was时，that-分句动词通常用过去完成时，间或也用一般过去时；如果有明确的时间状语，而说话时这个时间尚未成为过去，偶尔还可以用现在完成时。例如：It was the first time she had been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.It was the first time this year he hadnt worked/hasnt worked on a Saturday. 在上述结构中，主句的主语还可以用this, this evening, yesterday等。这种结构中的first 也可以用其他序数词，time还可以由其他名词替代，that-分句中动词形式同上。例如：This is the tenth time that-This evening will be the first time that -Yesterday was the second time that -It is the first month that-C. 表示将来时间的多种结构1 will/shall+动词原形。 Will用于第一、二、三人称主语，shall用于第一人称主语， 都可以表示将来，但这种将来意义常常夹杂着情态意义即带有说话人的主观态度和看法，比如表示“预见”： The next train to Beijing will leave at 8. I am sure I shall not lose my way in the woods. 2.be going to+动词原形这一结构的主要意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在将来做某事。例如：How long is he going to stay here?be going to+动词原形的另一个意思是表示“预见”，即现在已经有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。例如：I feel dizzy. I think I am going to faint.3.be+ing这一结构的主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于表示位置移动的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等4be to +动词原形这一结构的主要用法，一是按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如：I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon.常见于报纸和广播，用以宣传官方的计划或决定。例如：The Queen is to visit Japan next year.二是表示命令、禁止或可能性。例如：You are to stand here. Do you understand?第二节 语态被动语态常用于下列几种情况：一、 动作的执行者无需指出或不明确时Printing was introduced into Europe from China.Rome was not built in a day.二、 为了强调动作的承受者时Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.三、 为了修辞的需要He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.注意：1 除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可以使用被动态形式，除个别情况外，短语动词一般不拆开使用。This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.2 不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词）无被动态形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等，以及lack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等The story took place in 1949.3 将主动语态形式改为被动语态形式时，如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况，我们只能将其中之一变成主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语需加介词toI gave my husband a tie as a birthday present._My husband was given a tie as a birthday present._ A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.Exercises:1. The project _ by the end of 2002 will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1000 000 subscribers.A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished2. He returned a week later and found his house _.A. had broken into B. was broken into C. to be broken into D. had been broken into3. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _.A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted4. These oranges _ nice. A. are tasted B. taste C. is tasted D. tastes5. Once environmental damage _. It takes many years for the system to recover.A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done6. In most manufacturing companies, workers _ on a weekly basis.A. are paid B. are paid for C. get pay D. get paid for7. Whatever the causes, English at the end of the 20th century is more widely spoken and written than any other language _.A. ever was B. had ever been C. has ever been D. would ever be8. The sixth-generation computers with artificial intelligence _ and perfected now.A. developed B. will have been developed C. have developed D. are being developed9. Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained_. A. to be shown B. to have been shown C. to have shown D. being shown10. Though Newton was a great scientist, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of todays scientists.A. are to challenge B. are challenging C. may be challenged D. have been challengedKeys:1.C 2.D