（备考词汇专攻）中考英语小复习 311320（10份10组专题）.doc

（备考词汇专攻）2015届中考英语小复习 311-320（10份10组专题）311subject/ theme/ topic. subject “题目、科目” 是应用最广泛的用语，可指讨论、研究、写作或艺术创作等的题目。如： lets change the subject. 让我们改换话题吧。 i have studied the subject. 我研究过这个题目。. theme “题目、主题”，尤指文学或艺术作品的主题。如： the students are discussing the theme of a novel. 学生们在讨论小说的主题。 waterfalls are from very early times a favourite theme for the painter. 瀑布很早就是画家喜爱的主题。. topic “题目”指选定作为个人写篇文章或一些人进行讨论的题目。如： the students were asked to write an essay esei on one of the assigned saind (指派)topies. 要求学生根据指定题目当中的一题写文章。 baseball is their favourite topic of conversation. 棒球运动是他们最喜好谈论的话题。注： title 指书籍、诗歌、图画等的名称以及标题。312surprise/ surprising/ surprised .surprise作名词，意为“惊奇，诧异”。如： to my surprise,they lost! 使我惊奇的是他们输了！ he said to me in surprise, “cant you skate?” 他惊奇地对我说：“你不会滑冰”？.surprise作及物动词，意为“使人惊奇，使感到意外”。如：you surprise me. 你真使我惊奇。.surprising是现在分词作形容词用，意为“使惊奇的，出人意料的”，常指物。如：the surprising success makes us very happy. 这出人意料的成功使我们非常高兴。.surpised是过去分词作形容词用，指人“对。感到惊奇”。如：were surprised at your words. 对你的话我们感到诧异。联想 现在分词作形容词表“进行”，“主动”的含意；而过去分词常表“完成”，“被动”的含意。类似的词还有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如： i was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到吃惊。the news is surprising. 这消息令人感到惊奇。 we are all interested in her idea. 我们对她的想法感兴趣。she has an interesting idea. 她有一个有趣的想法。313talk with/ talk of/ talk on/ talk about. talk with 后接的对象作宾语，介词with可用to代替。如： he was talking with / to a friend. 他在与一位朋友谈话。. talk about “谈论”，后接谈话的内容，宾语可以是人，也可以是物。如： what are you talking about ?你们在谈论什么？ lets not talk about it now. 咱们别谈这事了。. talk of “谈到、谈及”，与talk about 同义，只是talk of 仅指“浅谈表面现象（如作者、书名等）”如： we often talk of you. 我们常谈到你。. talk on “论述”不仅指内容，而且还指评论。如： they seldom talk on politics in those days. 那时候他们很少谈论政治。314telephone/ ring/ ring up. telephone “打电话”是及物动词，后接名词、代词或从句。也可作不及物动词，其后用介词to再接宾语。它可缩略为phone.多用于口语中。如： did you telephone li lei? telephone (phone) me tomorrow. he telephoned that he couldnt attend the meeting. . ring “打电话”可用作及物动词和不及物动词。如： he wanted you to ring him. 他要你打电话给他。此外：ring for 按铃叫（某人）；ring back 回电话；ring off挂断电话。. ring up “给打电话”（= call up）如：i will ring him up. 我会打电话给他。315tell of/ tell about 一般情况下tell of 可与tell about 换用。tell之后常接表示人的名词或代词，介词of与about后接谈到的事情或内容。但在表示提起某事时倾向于tell of ；在表示详细地讲述有关情况时，倾向于tell about。如： have you told your mother of your idea? 你把比的想法告诉你母亲了吗？ i told her about that the other day. 前些天我和她谈了这件事。316thanks for/ thanks to. thanks for = thank you for “为谢”强调谢的原因。如： thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。 thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。. thanks to “多亏了”；“由于的帮助”相当于because of 或 with the help of , 在此短语中，to是一个介词，后接名词或代词。如： thanks to the doctor, i am well again. 多亏这位医生，我身体又康复了。 thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多亏了老师的帮助，我们都及格了。 thanks to your help, i finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助，我才能按时完成工作。317that/ who/ which . 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose(一般指人)，which(一般指物)，that ( 指人或物)等。关系副词有：where（地点）when(时间)， why(原因)等。. that 在从句中指物，也可指人，可作主语和宾语。如： water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常会引起重病。（that 在句中指物，用作主语） do you have everything that you need? (that在从句中指物，用作宾语) 你所需要的东西都有了吗？ he is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在从句中指人，用作宾语) 他时刚才他们谈论的那个人。 do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你认识刚才讲话的人吗？. who 和whom 在句中指人，分别作主语和宾语。如： a doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. ( who 在从句中用作主语) 医生是保护人们健康的人。 i have just met a lady whom i saw last week. (whom在从句中用作宾语) 我刚遇上一位我上星期见过的人。.which 在从句中指物，可作主语和宾语。如： my aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which在从句中作主语) 我阿姨不在刚才到达的那列火车上。 this is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作宾语)这就是你要的那件外套。. whose 在从句中多指人，也可指物，用作定语。如： you are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定语) 只有你的话他可能听。 id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。注意：在下述情况下，定语从句中关连词只能用 that. :. 先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时，如： only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科学家知道这追求意味着什么。 i am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的东西。 everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我们对见到的一切都感兴趣。 there is little that i can use. 我能用的东西几乎没有。 he saw much that was bad. 他见了很多坏东西。注： 先行词是 something 时，关系代词用 that 或 which 都可以。 先行词是：someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 时，关系代词用 that 或 who 都可以。. 先行词被 all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时，如： i have read all the books that you gave me. 我把你给我的书全都看了。 he is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来的人。. 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级 修饰时。如： this is the first composition thathe has written in english. 这是第一篇他用英语写的作文。 the smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在显微镜下我们能看见的最小的东西是细菌。 this is the best novel that i have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的小说。. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。 that white flower is the only one that i really like.白花是我唯一真正喜欢的花。 this is the very book that i want to find. 这正是我想要的书。 the last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我们最后参观的是化工厂。. 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，定语从句只能用that 与主句连接，而不能用who / whom / which引导。如： he talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.他谈了关于他访问过的老师和学校的情况。. 当主句是以 who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时，关连词只能用that . 而不能用 who / whom / which. 如： who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那人是谁。 which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们当中哪一个懂物理的人不知道这个？注：在使用一些固定搭配的短语动词时，that 与其它关系词有时可以互用，其介词不能提前，而必须放在动词之后，这时指物用that, which 均可，指人时用who, whom, that 均可. this is the key which / that you are looking for. he is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on. 他是你能依赖的人。 the person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother.318think of / think about/think over. think of “想起、记起；有想法、看法；对有意见；考虑” 如： will you think of me after ive left? 我离开后，你还会记着我吗？ i know the person you mean,but i cant think of his name.我知道你讲的人是谁，但记不起他的名字。 we are thinking of going to spain for our holiday this year.我们今年有 到西班牙去休假的想法（打算）。 what do you think of my new dress? 你认为我的新衣服怎么样？(可与think about 互换) she thinks of no one but herself.她除自己外不考虑任何人。. 当它作“想到过去的某事”或“考虑到某事”解时，常与think about 通用。即：“考虑”；“对看法” we have many things to think of / about before going there. 在动身去那之前，我们还有许多事情要考虑。 见.think about 可以表“想、回想”着重于想的过程。如： i am thinking about the friends i have lost.我正在回想那些失去了的朋友。注：think of 可以表“想象一下，想想”而think about 则不能。think of your mother!想想你的母亲吧！ think of the danger! 想象一下危险吧！.think over “仔细考虑”其中over 是副词。如：i will think the thing over. 我要把这事仔细考虑一下。319think much(well) of/ think highly of/ think little(poorly) of/ sing high praise of/ speak highly of. speak highly of “高度评价，赞扬”，相当于 think highly of 如： our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting. 我们校长在会上高度赞扬了我班的同学。 the people speak hig