2016年职称英语卫生类A级教材阅读判断打印版.doc

阅读判断 +第十一篇 Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention生病、诊断、治疗与预防Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person. In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness that is, make a diagnosis. A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis. Although nurse do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patients disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physicians orders. In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention. Throughout most of medical history, the physicians aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happensto keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is education individual patients toward the maintenance of total healthphysical and mental. 1.By disease is meant the condition in which one or more parts of the body fail to function properly. A. Right 2.A syndrome refers to a complex of signs and/or symptoms typical of a specific disease. A. Right 3.The diagnostic aids are indispensable in any case for a physician to diagnose a disease. B. Wrong 4.Because nurses can observe patients closely, they have the authority to deal with any critical condition happening to patients. B. Wrong 5.Modern medicine attaches much more importance to disease prevention than traditional medicine. A. Right 6.An effective system of disease prevention and treatment has been established in every country all over the would. C. Not mentioned7.Generally speaking, the physician is more willing to treat patients physical disease than their mental illness. C. Not mentioned译文：所谓生病，即部分或整个身体不能够正常调节，或不能够维持应有的功能。疾病的程度及其对人体的影响存在着明显的差异。为了治疗疾病，医生当然首先要给疾病定性，即诊断。诊断是基于一系列症状所作出的结论。医生必须通晓症状，即病人所感受到的自身功能的变化;且了解体征(也称客观症状)，这些是医生可以亲身观察到的。有时一组典型的体征(或症状)伴随着某一疾病。这样的一组体征(或症状)就叫做综合病症。医生在作出诊断时，经常都要做某些实验室检查，并对检查结果进行评估。 尽管护士不负责诊断，但是他们密切监视病人体征，鼓励病人讲述其本身情况及症状，而且将所得信息汇报给医生，在整个过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。一旦知道了患者的病情，医生就会确定疗程(也称为疗法)，其中许多治疗措施都是在医生指示下由护士去执行的。 近些年来，广大医生、护士以及其他保健工作者在预防方面承担着越来越多地责任。贯穿大部分医学史，医生都是治疗病人的现有疾病，但是现代的预防理论却寻求制止疾病于未然，即通过促进健康使人们不生病。为了这个目的，从国际级的世界卫生组织一直到地方社区的医疗机构构成了一个庞大的卫生机构。医护行业迅速增加的责任就是教育每个病人保持全面健康，即身体的和心理的健康。+第十二篇 Inquest told of hospital error尸检揭示医疗事故A HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins. Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital, saying that his death was “untimely and unnecessary”.Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance worker, went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with1 Fragmin, a drug which counters the effects of DVT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2 an orthopedic ward, where he stayed for two days, before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hours later, on November 6, doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee.The operation went ahead on November 10, but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism, a condition related to DVT. Mr Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16.Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin. He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr Newbold the drug later.York coroner Donald Coverdale said, “From November 3 until the day of the operation, no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold. If he had been admitted to a consultant vascular surgeons care from day one, it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed. Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT, but does not eliminate it. It is impossible to say whether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.” He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.Kim Daniells, Mr Newbolds familys lawyer, said, “The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors, and that no other families will have to suffer in the future.”A spokeswoman for York Hospitals NHS Trust said, “We would like to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time.”1The patient was admitted with an injured foot. A Right2The patient was admitted to the surgical ward. BWrong 3The patient did not get the correct medication. ARight4The patient died before he could be operated on. BWrong 5The patient died of brain damage. ARight 6It was decided that the patients death had been an accident. BWrong 7Mr Newbolds familys lawyer was not qualified. CNot Mentioned译文尸检揭示医疗事故经尸检确认，由于过失疏忽，一家医院将一名饱受深静脉血栓折磨、生命垂危的男性患者安置在错误的病区内达两天之久。当其血管内形成血栓之后，史蒂芬马尔文纽博得便饱受大面积脑部损伤的折磨。他的死被其亲属认为太过突然但却并非完全不可避免，其亲属目前正考虑对约克医院采取法律手段。纽博得先生现年52岁，生前是一名维修工人，其因感觉右脚胀痛于11月3日前往约克医院就诊。其本该被送往外科病区去接受一种名本法安明的药物治疗，该药物的主要功效在于抑制深静脉血栓的形成。但是，在其最终被转送到心血管外科医生诊室之前，医院医护人员却错误地将其送到了骨科病区，并让其在那儿住了两天。11月6号，在其被转送至心血管病区24小时后，医生们决定通过手术切除其右腿膝盖以下部分。手术于11月10号进行，但是两天后，纽博得先生的心脏却出现骤停症状。对其进行的扫描结果显示其患有肺动脉栓塞，发病原因与深静脉血栓相关。在经受了大面积脑损伤折磨之后，纽博得先生于1l月16号在医院死亡。基于现有证据，纽博得先生的主治外科医生称其不能解释为何院方在开始时将纽博得先生送至骨科病区，该病区并无开售法安明的处方权。其不能理解其医疗团队为何没能在之后及时给纽博得先生提供药物治疗。约克医院验尸员唐纳德克夫戴尔表明，从11月3日一直到手术之前，纽博得先生一直都没能接受法安明治疗。如果能够在入院第一天就接受心血管外科医生的会诊，那么其肯定会被要求使用法安明。法安明这种药物能够减少深静脉血栓形成的风险，但是其无法彻底根除它。目前还不能得出结论，即如果在最初就接受法安明治疗，纽博得先生是否仍会遭受深静脉血栓折磨。该验尸员记录了这次由不幸引起的死亡。纽博得先生一家的律师金丹尼尔斯声称，纽博得先生的家人希望医院能够从这次事故中吸取教训，以避免之后类似不幸事件再发生在其他家庭。约克医院国民保健服务基金会的一名女发言人在声明中指出：“我们在这一艰难的时刻，向史蒂芬，纽博得一家表示最深切的同情。”+第十四篇Azeri Hills Hold Secret of Long Life 阿塞拜疆的长寿秘诀You can see for kilometers from the mountains where Allahverdi Ibadov herds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow，red，and purple wildflowers. The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular，but Mr. Ibadov barely gives it a second glance.Why should he？Hes been coming here nearly every day for 100 years.According to his carefully preserved passport，Mr. Ibadov，whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler，is at least 105 years old. His wife，who died two years ago，was even older. They are among the dozens of people in this beautiful，isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives.Mr. Ibadovs eldest son has just turned 70. He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.1 “Im an old man now I look after the sheep，and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. ”A lifetime of toil，it seems，takes very few people to an early grave in this region. Scientists admit there appears to be something in the Azeri mountains that gives local people a longer，healthier life than most.Miri Ismailovs family in the tiny village of Tatoni are convinced that they know what it is. Mr. Ismailov is 110，his great-great-grandson is four. They share one proud boast： Neither has been to a doctor. “There are hundreds of herbs on the mountain，and we use them all in our cooking and for medicines”； explained Mr. Ismailovs daughter，Elmira. “We know exactly what they can do. We are our own doctors.，There is one herb for high blood pressure，another for kidney stones，and a third for a hacking cough. They are carefully collected from the slopes surrounding the village. Experts from the Azerbaijan Academy of Science believe the herbs may be part of the answer. They have been studying longevity in this region for years. It began as a rare joint Soviet-American project in the 1980s，but these studies are not being funded any more.Azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron unique to the southern mountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity. Another plant，made into a paste，dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are able to produce. “Now we have to examine these plants clinically to find out which substances have this effect，”said Chingiz Gassimov，a scientist at the academy.The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago.2 The Russians life span is much shorter than that of the indigenous mountain folk though it is appreciably longer than that of their ancestors left behind in the Russian heartland.“Over the decades，I believe local conditions have begun to have a positive effect on the new arrivals” ，Professor Gassimov said. “Its been slowly transferred down the generations.”But Mr. Ismailov，gripping his stout wooden cane，has been around for too long to get overexcited. “Theres no secret，” he shrugged dismissively. “I look after the cattle and I eat well. Life goes on.”1.Amburdere is a city in Southern Azerbaijan. A Right 2.Allahverdi Ibadov does not know exactly how old he is.A Right 3.Mr. Ibadov cant do any kind of work anymore.B Wrong 4.Miri Ismailov has never been to a doctor but his great-great-grandson has. B Wrong 5.People in this region enjoy a easy and rich life. C Not mentioned6.Elmira Ismailov is a doctor who uses herbs as medicines. B Wrong7.Scientists think peoples genes might affect how long they live. A Right译文：你可以看到公里从山上,Allahverdi Ibadov牛群他的小群绵羊在黄色的海洋,红色和紫色的野花。视图从阿塞拜疆向伊朗边境南部Amburdere壮观,但是Ibadov先生几乎给了它一眼。为什么他?他一直来这里几乎每天都100年了。根据他的精心保存护照,先生。Ibadov的出生直到他还是孩子才注册,至少105年的历史。两年前去世,他的妻子是甚至更老。他们是这个美丽的数十人,孤立的地区居住生活特别长。Ibadov先生的大儿子刚满70岁。他早就记不清有多少他孙子。1“我一个老人现在我照顾羊,我准备冬天的木头。我还有事情要做。”一生的辛劳,似乎很少有人在这个地区早期严重。科学家承认,似乎有什么东西在阿塞拜疆山脉,让当地人民更长,更健康的生活。米里Ismailov家族的小村庄Tatoni确信他们知道它是什么。Ismailov先生是110年,他的玄孙是四个。它们共享一个引以为傲:无论是是一名医生。“有成百上千的药草在山上,我们用它们都在我们的烹饪和药品”;解释Ismailov先生的女儿,埃尔迈拉。“我们知道他们能做什么。我们是自己的医生。有一个草为高血压,另一个为肾结石,三分之一干咳。他们小心翼翼地从山坡上收集周围的村庄。阿塞拜疆科学院的专家相信草药可能是答案的一部分。他们在这个地区多年来一直在研究长寿。它开始是一种罕见的美苏联合项目在1980年代,但这些研究并未得到资助。阿塞拜疆科学家已经分离出一种独有的藏红花南部山区当一件事似乎增加寿命。另一个工厂,成糊状,大大增加了动物的奶量能够生产。“现在我们必须检查这些植物临床上为了找出哪些物质具有这种效果,“说Chingiz Gassimov,科学家学院。理论认为,当地居民也开发出一种长寿的遗传倾向加强了研究一群俄罗斯移民的祖先被流放到高加索地区200年前。2俄罗斯人的寿命是短得多的土著山民间尽管是明显超过他们的祖先留下的俄罗斯中心地带。“在过去的几十年里,我相信当地条件已经开始对新来的人有积极的影响”,Gassimov教授说。“这是慢慢转移下代。”但是Ismailov先生,扣人心弦的他结实的木拐杖,过于激动的已经太久了。“没有秘密,”他轻蔑地耸耸肩。“我照看牛,我吃得很好。生活还在继续。”+第十五篇 Beyond the PapScientists have known for some time that virtually all cases of cervical cancer are triggered by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus, or HPV. Most women who become ineffected with HPV are able to shake off the virus and suffer no apparent long-term consequences to their health. But a few women develop a persistent infection that can, for reasons that are not entirely clear, eventually lead to cancerous changes in the cervix. Now researchers at the Digene Corp of Beltsville, Maryland, have developed a test that detects an active HPV infection by looking for its genetic byproducts in the vagina. The HPV test was better than the standard Pap test at finding cervical cancer at any stage, according to two studies published this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association. So far, so good. Unfortunately, the tests false-positive ratehow often it indicated that there was a problem when none existed was almost twice as high as that for the Pap smear. In these cases, a biopsy of the womans cervix showed no sign of disease. And thats the crux of the problem. How many women should undergo what is, when it comes right down to it, unnecessary treatment to find a few more cases of cervical cancer? Shouldnt health officials focus instead on making sure that more women undergo regular Pap-smear examinations? After all, Pap smears, though far from perfect, have helped dramatically lower the death toll from cervical cancer taking it from the No. 1 cause of death due to cancer in American women to the 10th. Complicating matters is the fact that HPV is a very common infection. In some parts of the U.S. as many as half of all women under age 35 have an active case. Yet 99 out of 100 women who are HPV-positive will never get cervical cancer, estimates Dr. Joanna Cain, vice president of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. “If those 99 women live their lives as if theyre going to develop cancer”, she says, “were not necessarily doing them any good.”At present, the HPV test is approved in the U. S. only to help resolve ambiguous results from a Pap-Smear test. Many gynecologists believe