英美文学名词解释.doc

英美文学名词解释Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。Classicism (古典主义)A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.古典主义：一种在文学，艺术，音乐领域体现古代希腊，罗马风格的运动。Comedy (喜剧)A dramatic work that is often humorous or satirical in tone and usually contains a happy resolution of the thematic conflict.喜剧：轻松的和常有幽默感的或在调子上是讽刺的戏剧作品，常包括主题冲突的愉快解决Conflict (冲突)A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.冲突：故事，小说，戏剧中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。Couplet (双韵体)A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit.双韵体：包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)A couplet written in iambic pentameter is called a heroic couplet.英雄双韵体：五步抑扬格的双韵体称英雄双韵体。Essay (散文)A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author.散文：内容通常论及一个主题的短小文章，通常表达作者个人的观点Figure of Speech A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in literal sense. The most common kinds of figures of speechsimile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy.比喻：不能直接按照字面意义理解的词语或表述方法。常见的手法有明喻，暗喻，拟人，借喻。Flashback(倒叙)A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.倒叙，闪回镜头：一种文学或电影的表现手法，往往在一段按正常时间顺序记叙的叙事中插入一件以前发生过的事情Free verse (自由诗体)Verses that has neither a metrical pattern or an regular pattern.自由诗体:既不具格式韵律又不具常规格律的诗体Iambic pentameter (五步抑扬格)A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb-that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.五步抑扬格:一种诗句形式，每行诗句包含五个抑扬格音步。五步抑扬格是英语诗歌最常见的诗行。Imagery(意象)Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in readers mind.意象：用来在读者的思维中唤起某种图示或形象的词汇。 Lyric (抒情诗)A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speakers personal thoughts or feelings.抒情诗：一种用来抒发作者感情或思想的短诗。Naturalism (自然主义)The practice of describing precisely the actual circumstances of human life in literature, it is the extreme form of realism.自然主义：在文学中精确地描述人类现实环境的实践,现实主义的最高表现形式。Neoclassicism (新古典主义)A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint styles.新古典主义：17、18世纪晚期的文学复兴，以尊重古代典型的推理形式和严谨文体为特征Novel (小说)A book length fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a complex plot.小说：虚构的叙述性文章，有一定长度，较多的人物，和思想复杂的情节。 Pastoral (田园诗)A kind of poem, that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life.田园诗：一种用理想的手法来体现牧羊人的乡村生活的诗歌。Plot (情节)Plot is the first and most obvious quality of a story. It is the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. For the reader, the plot is the underlying pattern in a work of fiction, the structural element that gives it unity and order. For the writer, the plot is the guiding principle of selection and arrangement. Realism (现实主义)The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.现实主义：在艺术或文学中将事物，行为或社会状况按其起初情况进行的表现，而不用模糊的形式来表现或理想化Rhyme (压韵)The repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem.压韵：音在两个或两个以上的词汇或短语中的重复。Rhythm (格律)The arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern.重读音节和非重读音节的固定排列模式。Romanticism (浪漫主义)An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphasis on the individuals expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.浪漫主义：起源于18世纪末期欧洲的一种注重个人情感和想象力的表达的艺术和知识上的运动，它与古典主义的观点和形式相悖.Sonnet (十四行诗)A 14-line verse form usually written in iambic pentameter.十四行诗：一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常以五步抑扬格为押韵形式。Stream of consciousness (意识流)The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a characters thoughts, feelings reflections, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly（不间断地）, particularly the hesitant, distracted（心烦意乱的） and illusory（虚假的） psychology people had when they faced reality. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.意识流：一种模仿作品中人物思想，思维，精神活动的自然过程的写作技巧。Symbolism (象征主义)A literary movement in the late19th century, characterized by the use of symbols to represent things.象征主义：十九世纪的一种文学潮流，运用象征来体现事物。Theme (主题)Theme; The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work. All the elements of a literary work-plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language-contribute to the development of its theme.一篇文学作品中作家预期表达的关于生活的观点或见解。作品中所有其他的元素情节、背景、人物描写和比喻用语都是围绕主题展开的。Tragedy (悲剧)In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end.悲剧：以主人公可悲的或灾难性的结局结束的故事。Character: In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.Climax: The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotorys turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.Denouement结局: The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part of a play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Point of view: The vantage point from which a narrative is told. There are two basic points of view: first-person and third-person. In the first-person point of view, the story is told by one of the characters in his or her own words. The first-person point of view is limited. In the third-person point of view, the narrator is not a character in the story. The narrator may be an omniscient. On the other hand, the third-person narrator might tell a story from the point of view of only one character in the story.Style: An authors characteristic way of writing, determined by the choice of words, the arrangement of words in sentences, and the relationship of the sentences to one another.Symbol: A symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. Lost Generation: This term has been used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in poverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life is undercut and defeated.迷惘的一代：这个词往往被反复用来指战后的人们。它用来描述像海明威那样生活在贫困中的作家，描写返回祖国后意识到他们生活在一个陌生的急剧变化的世界里的人们。那些移居国外的那些年轻的美国人和英国人，不论男女，经历的战争的洗礼，他们和旧的价值观完全的隔离然而又无法融入这个社会文明疯狂发展的新世界。他们漫无目的不停地游荡，他们喜欢钓鱼、游泳、斗牛和大自然的美景，但他们自始至终都觉得这是一个疯狂、毫无意义、颓废的时代。他们整个的生活都是颓废失败的。Protagonist: The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist , to accomplish something.主人公：戏剧、长篇小说、短篇小说或叙事诗的中心人物。主人公是所有行动所围绕的中心，也是读者最为关心和同情的人物。主人公通