Lesson 8 The best and the worst.doc

Lesson 8 The best and the worst 最好的和最差的New words and expressions:1. competition ,kmpitin n. 比赛，竞赛2. neat ni:t adj. 整齐的，整洁的3. path p:, p n. 小路，小径4. wooden wudn adj. 木头的5. pool pu:l n. 水池competition ,kmpitin n. 比赛，竞赛近义词：contesteg. She came first in the beauty competition. 她在选美比赛得了第一名。boxing competition 拳击赛chess competition 棋类赛competition between (tow parties)双方之间的比赛competition with sb. for sth.与竞争，角逐eg. The competition between Joe and Bill for “the best garden prize” (=Joe competed with Bill for “the best garden” prize.)乔和比尔为争夺“最佳园艺奖”而进行的比赛。competition between bidders for the valuable painting.为争夺一副画的竞争compete kmpi:t v. 比赛、竞赛compete against/with sb.eg. Several companies are competing against each other for the contract. 数家公司正为这桩合同而展开了竞争。lions contract 单方面的契约 （伊索寓言）competitor kmpetit n. 竞争者，比赛者，对手eg. This firm provides better service than its competitors. 这家公司比它的竞争者提供更好的服务。competitive kmpetitiv adj. 竞争的，竞争性的competitive spirit 竞争心，竞争意识competent kmpitnt n. 有能力的。(be competent for (doing) sth. / be competent to do sth.)competence n. 能力eg. She is competent for (doing) the task. 他有能力做这项任务。(She is competent to do the task.)neat ni:t adj. 整齐的，整洁的整齐的，整洁的a neat room 整洁的房间a neat garden 整齐的花园a neat road 整洁的道路a neat writing 书写整洁clean adj. 干净的，无杂质的clean hands 干净的手clean air 清洁的空气a clean room 干净的房间(neat 除了表示“干净”还可以表示“井井有条”。而clean 只表示“干净”)tidy adj. 整洁的，整齐的，用法类似于neat.neat adj （口语）纯的，不搀水的，没有杂质的（美语用straight 来表示）a neat wisky 纯威士忌eg. Thats near! (great) （口）太棒了！path p:, p n. 小路，小径市镇中间，住宅之间或田野中穿越田地，沿路有标志的人行道lane1)乡间小径a narrow country lane2)各自的跑道（田径场上），保龄球球道3)overtaking lane （高速公路上的）超车道4）road 路，道路，公路country road 乡村小路by road = by car or by buseg. All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。5）track（走得多而形成的路；跑道；轨道）track events 径赛项目a single track 单轨a double track 双轨(车辆、人、动物等行走时留下的)足迹、踪迹、痕迹tire tracks 轮胎的轨迹keep track of sb./sth.与某人/某事保持联系on the right track 做的对，想的正确track and field 田径比赛be on the track of sb. 追踪某人（6）street 街、街道（美国指东西走向的街道）eg. His address is 155 Smith Street. 他的地址是史密斯大街155号。（7）avenue vnju: 大街（美国指南北走向街道）林荫大道（BrE）the Fifth avenue 第五大道（纽约，高贵、富有的象征）wooden wudn adj. 木头的wood1) 木、木材（不可数名词）eg. Tables are usually made of wood. 桌子通常是由木头制成的。2）woods 森林（不如forest 大）go for a walk in the woods在森林中散步3) 柴禾=firewood; chop woodeg. Cannot see the wood for the trees. 只见树林，不见森林。knock on the wood (touch wood)西方人的一种迷信，说完好运后，敲木头，以免好运溜走。wooden wudn adj.1)木制的a wooden bridge over a pool 池塘上的一座木桥2）举止行为僵硬而笨拙的a wooden smile 一个僵硬的微笑a wooden performance 笨拙的表演wooden spoon 最后一名，末等奖eg. I get the wooden spoon in “the Nicest Garden Competition” every year. 我每年在“最佳园艺比赛”中总是末等奖。born with a silver spoon in ones mouth 含着银汤匙出生（生于富贵之家）woody adj. 木材的，木质的，象木头的pool pu:l n. 水池1）水池swimming pool 游泳池pond 池塘（尤指供物品饮水或作花园之装饰）a fish pond 养鱼池2）合伙投资eg. We bought a computer by the pool.我们合伙买了一台电脑。【课文内容】 Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters forThe Nicest Garden Competitioneach year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Friths garden is larger than Joes. Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joes garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!【参考译文】乔桑德斯拥有我们镇上最漂亮的花园。几乎每个人都参加每年举办的“最佳花园竞赛”，而每次都是乔获胜。比尔弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大，他比乔也更为勤奋，种植的花卉和蔬菜也更多，但乔的花园更富有情趣。他修筑了一条条整洁的小路，并在一个池塘上架了一座小木桥。我也喜欢花园，但我却不愿意辛勤劳动。每年的花园竞赛我也参加，但总因是镇上最劣的花园而获得一个小奖！【课文讲解】Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town.（1） 在第1册的第107-112课中，我们讲到了英文中形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。本课的主要句型仍是形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。如果形容词或副词有两个以上音节，其比较级和最高级是在形容词或副词前加上more或most，如：more interesting, the most beautiful。（2） 最高级的标志：in/of in+地点 of+范围Nearly everybody enters forThe Nicest Garden Competitioneach year,（1）nearly 几乎，差不多（同义词almost）1）二者常用于肯定句中间：eg. She fell and nearly（almost）broke her neck. 他摔倒了，几乎摔断了他的脖子。eg. He nearly (almost) always arrive late. 他几乎总是迟到。2）almost 可与否定词连用eg. He ate almost nothing. 他几乎什么也没吃。eg. There is almost no room to sit.几乎没有地方可以坐。3）nearly + 数词eg. The top prize is nearly 1,000 pounds. 头等奖几乎1000英磅。4）enter for, 报名参加(各种竞赛，考试等活动)but Joe wins every time.（1）与every 一起复合而成的不定代词有everyone, everybody, everthing,与之搭配的谓语动词用单数形式。everyone 每个人eg. Everyone like ice cream. 每个人都爱吃冰淇淋。eg. Everybody has come. 每个人都来了。eg. Everything is ready. 每件事都准备好了。（2）win + 比赛、奖品win the match 赢了比赛win the first prize获得一等奖win a prize 赢得一个奖win a prize for 因为而获奖win 后面不能加对手。defeat + 对手I defeat you.我战胜你。Bill Friths garden is larger than Joes.larger 形容词的比较级Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joes garden is more interesting.more flowers and vegetables, 更多的花卉和蔬菜。harder (adv.) more (adj. many) more interesting (adj.)英语中有些形容词或副词的比较级和最高级并不规则，如课文中的good-better-best, bad-worse-worst, many-more-most。He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool.（1）has made 现在完成时，强调过去对现在的影响（既更有趣）（2）on/over/above的区别1）on 表示相接触的上方on the table 在桌上on the wall 在墙上2）over 在垂直上方，正上方eg. A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盏灯挂在桌子的正上方。3）above 在上方，高于（只要位置高就可以）eg. The captain stood on the bridge above the deck. 船长站在甲板上方的舰桥上。above 还可指海拨、温度在以上above sea level 在海平面以上above zero 在零以上above the average 在平均水平以上I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work.hard work 努力工作Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!for the worst garden in the town 是介词短语作定语，修饰prize。（1）enter 进入 enter+地点名词enter the room 进入房间enter the university 进入大学（2）enter for 报名参加enter for the examination 参加考试（3）entrance n. 入口高考：(National) College Entrance Examination(简称：NCEE) National Matriculation Examination （4）近义短语：take part in 参与eg. The professor took no small part in the discussion. 教授根本没有参加讨论。join in 参加，加入eg. May I join in your conversation?我可以加入你们的谈话吗？join in the sports-meeting 参加运动会join the army 参军eg. Wont you join us in a table tennis match?你加入我们的网球比赛吗？【语法】形容词和副词的比较级、最高级比较级要变化，一般词尾加-er；词尾若有哑音e, 直接加-r就可以；一辅重读闭音节，辅音字母要双写；辅音字母加-y，要把-y变-i，再加-er 莫忘记。形容词比较级和最高级规则变化1)加er,est:great,small,clean,fast,longThe little car runs fast-the bus runs faster than the little car-the racing car runs fastest of the three.2)以e结尾的直接加r:late,fine,nice,wide,largeTom goes to school late.-Jim goes to school later than Jim.-Kate goes to school latest in her class.3)辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变i加er,est:busy,easy,funny,heavyMr monkey is busy-Mr duck is busier than Mr monkey.-Mr cat is the busiest of all the animals.4)元音加辅音结尾的，双写辅音字母加er,est:sad,hot,big,red,fat,thinLily is sad-lucy is sadder than lily.-kate is the saddest in the family.5)其他多音节词在前面加more,the most:beautiful,careful,difficult,delicious,tired,pleasedWhich is the most important invention?I think TV is important,I think fridge is more important than TV.-I think computer is the most important invention.6)有些形容词没有比较级:right,wrong,favourite7)比较级用much,a little修饰，最高级用of,in不规则：Good-better-best;bad-worse-worst;much/many-more-most;little-less-least;old-older/elder;farAs.as/not so .as/not as.asThis building looks not so (as) high as that oneMsSun speaks English as fluently as youThis room is three times as large as that one.比较级的用法双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级十 than”的结构表示例如：This pen is better than that one.表示一方不及另一方时，用“ less十原级十 than”的结构表示例如：This room is less beautiful than that one表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较前加表示程度的状语，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far，yet，by far等修饰例如：He works even harder than before注意：英语的比较级前如无 even，still，或 yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出，一般不可用“更”，如：She is better than she was yesterday她比昨天好些了Please come earlier tomorrow 请明天早点来注意：by far通常用于强调最高级用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“ the”如He is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“ the 十比较级(主语十谓语)，the 十比 较级(主十谓语)”的结构例如：The harder he works，the happier he feels不与其它事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级十 and十比较级”的结构例如：The weather is getting colder and colder.The girl becomes more and more beautiful某些以一 or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用 to代替than(这些词有inferior，superior，junior，senior，prior等例如：He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用 that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词.例如：The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：A) A is three(four，etc) times the size(height，length，width，etc) of B例如；The new building is four times the size( the height) of the old one这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。(这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍高三倍)B) A is three(four，etc) times as big(high，long，wide，etc) as B例如：Asia is four times as larger as Europe，亚洲是欧洲的四倍大(亚洲比欧洲大三倍)C) A is three(four，etc) times bigger ( higher，longer，wider，etc) than B例如：Your school is three times bigger than ours，你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍(你们的学校是我们学校的四倍大)用 times表示倍数，一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数表示两倍可以用 twice或 double最高级的用法三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“ the十最高级”的结构表示这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语例如：Zhang Hua is the tallest of the threeHe works (the) hardest in his class.最高级可被序数词以及 much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，notreally，nothing like等词语所修饰. 例如：This hat is by farmuchnearlyalmostnot nearlyby no means/not quitenothing like the biggestHow much did the second most expensive hat coat?表示“最高程度”的形容词，如 excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略H