TPO 7听力文本解析.doc

TPO 7Conversation1late essay迟交的论文Ill be interested to see how it all came out. 我也想看看写得怎么样。I just overheard some graduate students talking, something about a party for Dean Adams. 我刚刚无意中听到一些研究生在谈论一个为Adams 院长举行的聚会。retirement party退休聚会wasnt there notice on the Anthropology Departments bulletin board?人类学系的公告栏上没有通知吗？pitch in 出一份力If you pitch in, you join in and help with an activity. 参与并帮助thats very thoughtful of you. 你想得很周到。low-key低调的 flashy华而不实的 a couple of the administrative assistants 两个；几个were compiling a database of articles the anthropology faculty has published. 我们在汇编人类学教职员工发表过的文章，整理成一个资料库。there is nothing glory in it, but we are looking for someone with some knowledge of anthropology who can enter the articles. 这不是什么能获得荣耀的工作。但是我们在找一个懂一些人类学知识的人来输入这些文章。Did you know Dean Adams did a lot of field research in Indonesia? Most of it hasnt been published yet. 你知道吗，Dean Adams 在印度尼西亚做了很多实地考察研究。大多数都还没有发表过。shes really versatile. 她真是多才多艺啊。she just spent several months studying social interactions 社交互动/社会交际in Indonesia and shes been influential 很有影响力in ethnology社会人类学. uninformed 无知的If you describe someone as uninformed, you mean that they have very little knowledge or information about a particular situation or subject. 不知情的not to seem uninformed 看起来无所不知呢speciation物种形成while she was there in South America, she collected a lot of linguistic information and songs. 当她 在南美洲的时候，收集了很多语言信息和歌曲。shes got lots of projects that shes still in the middle of. 她还有很多正在做着的课题呢。Lecture 1theater history 戏剧历史 the theater of 19th-century France 十九世纪的法国戏剧 Realism developed in the European theater. 现实主义在欧洲戏剧中得以形成。to understand this though, we first need to look at an earlier form of drama known as the well-made play. 佳构剧是戏剧的一种早期的形式。comedies喜剧dramatic devices 戏剧策略/要素but the formula for a well-made play required that the certain of these elements be included in a particular order. 佳构剧的构成准则要求一些要素要以特定的顺序来展开。and most importantly, that everything in the plays be logically connected. 最重要的是，剧中的一切都必须有逻辑联系。In fact, some of these playwrights would start by writing the end of a play, 事实上，有些剧作家会最开始写结尾。and work backward toward the beginning, just to make sure each event led logically 然后从结尾向开头反推，就是为了确保每一个情节都与前面提到的内容保持逻辑联系。from what had gone before. so what are the necessary elements of a well-made play? 那么佳构剧的必备要素是什么呢？exposition阐述 logical exposition 逻辑叙述 An exposition of an idea or theory is a detailed explanation or account of it. 阐述Aristotle was valued because of his clear exposition of rational thought.亚里士多德因其对理性思维的清晰阐述而被重视。In fair Verona where we lay our scene.这个故事发生在美丽的维罗纳（意大利北部城市）- The story takes place in Verona, Italy. and then tell all about the feuding familities of Romeo and Juliet. 然后讲述所有有关Romeo and Juliet这两家世代结怨的事。inciting incident 推动情节发展的煽动事件lay eyes on(初次）见到this is the inciting incident. it sets off, the plot of the play. set off激起，引发 If something sets off an event or a series of events, it causes it to start happening. 引发; 激起例：The arrival of the charity van set off a minor riot as villagers scrambled for a share of the aid.赈济货车一到达，便引发了村民争抢救援物资的小规模骚乱。这个故事发生在意大利的维洛那。and before the secrets are revealed to the main characters, the plot of the play proceeds as a series of sort of up and down moment. 在谜团被揭晓之前，故事的情节起伏地的进行着。for no apparent reason, 无缘无故地the reversals of fortune continue, increasing the audiences tension and excitement, making them wonder if everything is going to come out okay or not. 命运的大逆转持续进行，不断加剧观众的紧张和激动情绪，使得他们想知道到底结局是好是坏。obligatory scene必须的场景 If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or a law. 规定性的例：Most women will be offered an ultrasound scan during pregnancy, although its not obligatory.大部分妇女怀孕期间都将进行超声波检查，尽管不是规定性的。denouement结局 In a book, play, or series of events, the denouement is the sequence of events at the end, when things come to a conclusion. (书、戏剧或一系列事件中的)结局 an unexpected denouement. 一个意想不到的结局 resolution决议；最终解决The resolution of a problem or difficulty is the final solving of it. 最终解决例：.the successful resolution of a dispute involving UN inspectors in Baghdad.对涉及联合国驻巴格达调查员的一项争议的成功解决。when all the loose ends have to be tied up in a logical way. 所有尚未解释清楚的地方都必须以逻辑串联起来。 A loose end is part of a story, situation, or crime that has not yet been explained. (故事、情况或犯罪案件中) 尚未解释清楚的地方例：There are some annoying loose ends in the plot.情节中有一些令人烦恼、尚待弄清的东西。 remember, the obligatory scene gives the audience emotional pleasure, but the denouement offers the audience a logical conclusion. 这个必须的场景给观众情感上的刺激享受，结局却是要给观众呈现一个合乎逻辑的结论。thats the subtle distinction we need to try very hard to keep in mind. 这个细微的差别，我们必须要记住。subtle微妙的，细微的-说这句话，是为了提醒学生注意区分他们的不同。言下之意，就是so, as I said,-照应开头， the well-made play, this form of playwriting, became the basis for realism in drama, and for a lot of very popular 19th-century plays. 佳构剧，这种剧本创作形式，成为了现实主义戏剧的基础。也为很多19世纪的很受欢迎的剧本奠定了基础。a pattern we find in the plots of many later plays, and even movies that we see today. 很多后来的剧本情节布局也使用这种模式，甚至很多我们今天看到的电影（也受到到这种模式的影响）。Lecture 2biology生物学infrasound次声 次声; 低于16赫兹的低频音波acoustical spectrum声频范围acoustical 声学的 acoustical principles 声学原理 acoustics 声学- Acoustics is the scientific study of sound. 声学 ultrasound 超声波-Ultrasound is sound waves which travel at such a high frequency that they cannot be heard by humans. Ultrasound is used in medicine to get pictures of the inside of peoples bodies. 超声波-高频波detect探测，侦查to keep from flying into things 为了避免撞到别的东西上echolocation回声定位- Echolocation is a system used by some animals to determine the position of an object by measuring how long it takes for an echo to return from the object. 回声定位例：Most bats navigate by echolocation.大多数蝙蝠通过回声定位飞行。self-explanatory不言自明的ADJ Something that is self-explanatory is clear and easy to understand without needing any extra information or explanation. 无需解释的; 不释自明的例：I hope the graphs on the following pages are self-explanatory.我希望以下几页图表能一目了然。navigation and orientation导航和定位（辨认方向）ultrasonic超声波的the bat emits these ultrasonic pulses超声波脉冲, very high pitch sound waves that we cannot hear. they analyze the echoes.它们分析回声。diagram图表so the bat sends out these pulses, very focused bursts of sound, and echoes bounce back. 蝙蝠发出超声波脉冲，非常紧密的发声，回声反射回来。you know, I dont need to draw on the echoes, your reading assignment for the next class; it has a diagram that shows this very clearly. another thing it uses ultrasound to detect is the size and shape of objects. 使用超声波探测的另外一个目的就是探测目标物体的大小和形状。remain motionless 保持不动 beat wings 拍打翅膀we have tended to underestimate just how sophisticated the abilities of animals that use ultrasound are. 我们似乎低估了使用超声波的动物的能力。we kind of assumed that they were filtering a lot out, the way which a sophiticated radar system can ignore echoes from a stationary objects on the gound. Radar does this to remove ground objects, information about hills or buildings that it doesnt need. filter out 过滤掉，不予理会 the echoes from a tree are going to a mass of chaotic acoustic reflections, not like the echo from a moth. 从一棵树反射回来的回声，将会充满各种杂乱无章的声音反射，并不像从一只蛾反射回来的回声。we thought for a long time that bats stop their evaluation at simply that is a tree.很长时间以来，我们一直认为，蝙蝠对树的概念仅仅是那是一棵树。a pine tree松树 a deciduous tree 落叶树maple枫树 oak橡树 pine needles松针you are on the right track. 你的思路/方向是对的 a pine tree with all those little densely packed needles. 松树的松针细小紧密的分布。Those produce a large number of faint reflections, a smooth echo. 他们会产生很多的细微的回声，叫做平滑的回声。the wave form is very even这种回声类型非常均匀。but an oak which has fewer but bigger leaves with stronger reflections, produces a jagged wave form, on which we called a rough echo. 橡树叶大数量少，会产生很强烈的回声。这种参差不齐的回声类型，我们称之为粗糙回声。jagged锯齿状的，参差不齐的Conversation 2a conversation between a student and a librarianthe student orientation 新生入学会 Orientation is basic information or training that is given to people starting a new job, school, or course. (任职、上学等之前的) 情况介绍; 训练if you can give me a few quick pointers about the library. 给我简单介绍一下图书馆major area of study 专业 Latin American Literature拉美文学generally, the students who concentrate in Latin American Literature find themselves researching in the history section a lot. 一般来说，拉美文学专业的学生经常在历史区做研究。a transfer student 转校生 loan period借书期限 inter-library loan service 馆际互借服务get hold得到there is a truck that runs between our library and a few other public and university libraries in this area.有一辆卡车穿梭在我们图书馆和几家其他的公共图书馆以及这个地区的其他大学图书馆之间， it comes around three times a week. 卡车一周大约来三次。hook up 联通电源 When someone hooks up a computer or other electronic machine, they connect it to other similar machines or to a central power supply. 把 (计算机或其他电子设备) 与 (类似机器或电源) 连接起来on the main floor主层laptop笔记本 plug it in for power 插上电源on top of that 除那以外 we also have a connection for the internet at every seat. 每一个座位都与互联网相连。photo copier 复印机 they are down the hall to your left. 它们大厅的左手边。we have a system where you have to use a copy card so youll need to buy a card from the front desk. 我们的系统需要你在前台办一张复印卡。 you insert it into the machine and you are ready to make copies. 把卡插入机器，你就可以复印了。where is the collection of rare books? 稀世珍品收藏书在哪里？Lecture 3Anthropology人类学 -Anthropology is the scientific study of people, society, and culture. 人类学the great lakes region 五大湖地区their lives depended on the natural resources of the forests, especially the birth trees. 他们的生活依靠森林自然资源，尤其是桦树。the birch tree can grow in many different types of soils and its prevalent in that area. 桦树能在不同的土壤生长，在那个地区桦树很普遍。prevalent普遍存在的，例：This condition is more prevalent in women than in men.这种情况在女性中比在男性中更为普遍。Smoking is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger women.吸烟在年轻女性中正变得越来越盛行。bark树皮 cooking containers烹饪容器 a variety of utensils 各种各样的器皿 and when you peel birch bark in the winter, we call it the winter bark, another layer, a tougher inner layer of the tree adheres to the bark, producing a stronger material. 冬天剥落的桦树皮叫冬天树皮。另一层更坚硬的会粘贴在外层树皮上。这样的树皮可以用来做更大的器皿和容器。transfer转移 canoe独木舟since the northeastern region of North American is interconnected by many streams and waterways, water transportation by vessels like a canoe was most essential. 由于北美东北部由很多溪和水路联 通，所以水上交通工具如独木舟就特别重要。the paths through the woods were often over-grown, so water travel was much faster. 树林中的小路经常被树木野草等蔓延覆盖，所以走水路要快得多。they would peel large sheets of bark from the tree to form light-weight yet sturdy canoes. 他们从书上剥下大片的树皮做成轻量但却结实的独木舟。the bark was stretched over frames made from tree branches, stitched together and sealed with resin. 树枝做成的船的架构，用树皮绑扎合作一起，同时在空隙处涂上树脂来防水。stitch缝合；(缝合伤口的) 一针sticky粘性的resin 树脂：sticky liquid that comes out of the tree. when it dries, its watertight密不透水的. a large amount of cargo 大量的货物 maneuverable容易操作的they could travel throughout the area only occasionally having to portage, to carry the canoe over a land short distance to another nearby stream. portage: If people in a boat such as a canoe portage somewhere, they carry the boat overland until they can return it to another stretch of water. 陆路搬运 if they could travel so easily over such a large area, they could trade with people from other areas which I guess, would lead them to form alliances? 如果他们可以这么轻易地航行这么广阔的区域，那么我猜他们可以跟其他地区的人从事贸易往来，这可以让他们形成某种联盟？having an efficient means of transportation, well, that helps the Iroquois to form a federation linked by natural waterways. 这种便利的交通方式使Iroquois 易洛魁人（北美印第安人）形成有自然水路连接的联盟/联合。make an impression on 给。留下印象 French traders in the 17th century modeled their.they adopted the design of the Iroquois birch bark canoes, and they found they could travel great distances more than 15kilometers a month. 17世纪的法国商人仿造。他们采用Iroquois 的桦树皮独木舟的设计，使得他们能以每月航行15千米的速度航行很远的距离。the young trees were used as supports for lodgings, with the waterproof bark used as roofing. 小桦树用来做房屋的支持结构，不透水的树皮用来做屋顶。branches were folded into snow shoes. 树枝折叠，做成踏雪靴。and the Native American people were all adept at running very fast over the snow in these birth branch snow shoes. 穿着这样的踏雪靴，北美土著人都非常熟练地能在雪地上快速走动。Lecture 4Geology 地质学last time, we started to talk about glaciers and how these masses of ice form from crystallized snow, and some of you were amazed at how huge some of these glaciers are. 上次课，我们谈论了冰川，以及大型的冰川是如何从结晶雪形成而来的。很多学生都感到惊讶，有些冰川竟然那么大。even though it may be difficult to understand how a huge mass of ice can move or flow, its another word for it, its really known that no secret that the glaciers flow, because of gravity. 尽管要理解大型冰川如何移动或浮动并不容易，浮动是冰川移动的另一种说法，但是我们都知道，冰川是在重力的作用下浮动的。but how they flow, the way they flow, needs some explaining. 但是他们是怎么浮动的，还需要一些解释说明一下。the first type of glacier flow is called: basal slip. 第一种冰川浮动叫做基底滑移。Basal means relating to or forming the base of something. 基底的例：.the basal layer of the skin.皮肤的基底层。slip 滑倒，滑动；溜走basal slip or sliding basically refers to the slipping or sliding of a glacier across bedrock, actually across a thin layer of water, on top of the bedrock. 冰川在基岩上的滑动叫做基底滑移，实际上，是在基岩上一层薄冰水上滑动。what happens is that the ice at the base of the glacier is under a great deal of pressure冰川的底部受到很大的压力-the pressure coming from the weight of the overlying ice. 层层叠加的冰雪的重量对底部产生巨大的压力。and you probably know that under pressure, the melting temperature of water, of the ice I mean, is reduced. 你们大概知道，在压力作用下，冰的融化温度会降低。so, ice at the base of the glacier melts, even though its below zero degree Celsius. 所以，冰川底部开始融化，即使温度在零摄氏度以下。 and this results in a thin layer of water between the glacier and the ground. 这会导致在冰川和地表之间会形成一层薄的水。this layer of water reduces friction, is like a lubricant. 这一层水减少摩擦力，就像一种润滑剂。and it allows the glacier to slide or slip over the bedrock. 这样就使冰川可以在基岩上滑动。the next type of movement will talk about is called deformation. 接下来讲的冰川移动类型是挤压变形。brittle硬脆易碎的 plastic 柔软易塑的but ice is also plastic, it can change shape without breaking. 但冰也柔软易塑的，无需碎裂，也能变化形状。flatten out at one end, 在一头慢慢倒平下去。think of deformation as a very slow oozing. 把这种变形想象成一种渗透。depending on the stresses on the glacier, the ice crystal within it reorganize. 作用在冰川上的压力使冰川内的冰结晶结构重组。and during this re-organization the ice crystals realign in a way that allows them to slide pass each other. 在冰结晶结构重组的过程中，使得冰结晶之间互相碰触。and so the glacier oozes downhill without any ice actually melting. 所以没有冰融化，冰川也能缓缓地向下渗动。there are a couple of factors that affect the amount of deformation that takes place or the speed of the glaciers movement. 有几个因素影响冰川变形的程度和冰川移动的速度。thick