勘查技术专业英语04.doc

Lesson 4Moisture ContentTest MethodsThe standard method for determining moisture content of soils is the oven-drying method, and this is the procedure recommended for a soil laboratory. A subsidiary method using a heated sand-bath is also described for use on site where an oven is not available or would be impracticable. Another site method used extensively for moisture control of fill is the carbide provided by the manufacturer with the equipment.第四课 含水量试验方法测定土的含水量的标准方法是烘箱烘干法，这也是土工试验所采用的方法。而在工程现场（site）无烘箱或不现实时，可用热沙浴作为一种辅助方法。另一种广泛应用于控制填土含水量的现场测试法是碳化物法，这种设备和碳化物可由制造厂家提供。（碳化物随设备一起由厂家提供）。注释: 1.moisture 湿度，湿气。2.oven-drying 烘箱烘干。3.recommended 建议的，推荐的。4.subsidiary 辅助的。5.sand-bath 沙浴。6.site 现场的。7.extensively 广泛地。8.carbide 碳化物。9.manufacture 制造。10.would be impracticable 虚拟语气。Another method, in which methylated spirit is mixed with the soil and ignited, is given in the British Standard, where it is referred to as the Alcohol Method. This procedure is not recommended as a laboratory method, because of the risk of fire, and is not described here.另外一种是将土和含甲醇酒精混合点燃法，英国规范已采用，称做酒精法。实验室不采用此种方法（这种方法并不被推荐作为实验室方法），因为有火灾危险，本文不进行介绍。注释: 1.methylate 加入甲醇。2.spirit 酒精。3.alcohol 酒精。4.ignite 点火。Oven drying (BS 1377: 1975, Test l (A)A drying temperature of 105110 is specified as the standard procedure, and this should be used as a general rule. However, this temperature may be too high for certain types of soil. For peats and soils containing organic matter a drying temperature of 60 is to be preferred, to prevent oxidation of the organic content. For soils containing gypsum the water of crystallisation may be lost at temperatures above 100, so a temperature not exceeding 80 should be used. The same can apply to some soils from tropical regions. These lower temperatures may require longer drying time.烘箱烘干法 （BS1377，1975，实验 1（A）（BS stands for British standard）烘干温度标准是105110，这应做为一般规定（执行）。但是，此温度对于某些土类可能是太高了。对于泥炭和含有机物的土来说，60温度是合适的，它可避免有机物的氧化。对于含有石膏（H2SO4.Ca.2H2O）的土，温度高于100时，其结晶水会失去，所以应采用不得高于80的温度。这同样适用于某些热带地区的土。较低的温度需要较长的烘干时间。注释: 1.specified 指定的。2.oxidation 氧化作用。3.gypsum石膏。4 crystallisation 结晶作用。5.tropical 热带的。6. centigrade degree 摄氏温度的度。Throughout this book the apparatus and procedure detailed in this section are referred to as the “standard moisture content apparatus and procedure”.本节详细介绍的仪器和步骤被称为“标准含水量测定仪和测试步骤”。注释: 1.apparatus 仪器。APPARATUS(l) Thermostatically controlled drying oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 110, and adjustable to a lower temperature (down to 60 ) if necessary.(2) Desiccator container or cabinet, containing anhydrous silica gel.仪器设备（1）恒温控制干燥烘箱，可保持105110温度，如需要，可调至较低温度（降到60）。（2）干燥器（柜），内部放有无水硅胶。注释: 1.thermostatically 恒温地。2.adjustable 可调节的。3.desiccator container 干燥器。4.cabinet 柜。5.anhydrous 无水的。6.silica gel 硅胶。(3) Balance, of a capacity and accuracy appropriate to the size of specimens to be tested. An automatic top-pan balance reading to 0.01g is suitable for all except coarse-grained soils.(4) Numbered glass weighing bottles or non-corrodible containers. For work requiring high accuracy, glass weighing bottles with ground-glass stoppers (both of which are numbered) are preferable. For routine work aluminium containers (usually referred to as moisture tins) or trays are used. Container and lid should each be stamped with the reference number. Suitable dimensions are given in Table 1.（3）天平，容量和精度均满足被测样品的尺寸要求。除粗粒土外，一台精度为0.01g的自动托盘天平可适用于其余所有的土。（4）标有编号的玻璃称重瓶或抗腐蚀的容器。对于要求高精度的试验（工作），应优先采用配有毛玻璃塞的玻璃称重瓶（瓶和塞都有编号）。对于一般试验（普通工作），可采用铝盒（通常称为含水量器皿）或托盘。容器和盖子都应分别打上参考编号。表1中给出了其合适的尺寸。注释: 1.accuracy 精度。2.non-corrodible 抗腐性。3.ground-glass 毛玻璃。4.stopper 制动器，塞子。5.routine 一般的。6.aluminium 铝。7.lid 盖子。8.tray 盘子、托盘。8.stamp 压印、邮票。9. g: gram 克。10. specimen 样品。11. multiply 乘。Table 1 MOISTURE CONTENT CONTAINERSSize of containerType of soilDiameter(mm)Height(mm)CapacityTypical mass(approx., g)Clay and silt652075g12Medium-grained902090g18Coarse-grained15015500g60Stony300220(tray)653kg300表l 含水量容器土类容器尺寸直径（mm）高度（mm）容量标准质量（近似值，g）粘土，粉土652075 g12中 粒 土902090 g18粗 粒 土15015500 g60碎 石300220（托盘）653kg300Typical weighing bottles and containers are shown in Fig. 1.13.All containers must be washed clean, dried thoroughly before use and weighted carefully. The mass of glass weighing bottles can be permanently recorded, although they should be check-weighed periodically. Aluminium containers should be weighed before each use.标准称重瓶和容器见图113（略）。在使用前，所有的容器必须洗净，彻底烘干，并仔细称量。虽然玻璃称重瓶应定期检测称量，但其质量永久地记录下来。铝盒在每次使用之前都应称量。注释: 1.mass 质量。 2.permanently 永久地。3.periodically 定期地。(5) Trimming knife, spatula scoop; other small tools as appropriate.（定语从句：as is appropriate）(6) Moisture content printed forms, or printed forms for other tests with provision for moisture content test data.（5）修土刀，刮刀（勺），其它适用的小工具。（6）测定含水量记录表，或其它试验表格，以供记录含水量测试数据。注释: 1.trim 修整、修剪。2.appropriate 适用的。3.provision 供应。PROCEDURAL STAGE(l) Weigh container.(2) Select soil sample.(3) Weigh wet. Sequence: Balance(4) Dry in oven. Oven(5) Cool in desiccator. Desiccator(6) Weigh dry. Balance(7) Calculate.(8) Report results.The layout of balance, oven and desiccator should allow for convenient operation of this repetitive sequence.程序步骤（l）称量容器；（2）选取土样；（3）称湿重； 顺序：天平，烘箱，干燥器，天平。（4）烘箱烘干；（5）放干燥器中冷却；（6）称干重；（7）计算；（8）报告结果。天平，烘箱和干燥器的放置应考虑到在重复操作中使用方便。注释: 1. repetitive 重复的。TEST PROCEDURE(l) Weighing containerIf necessary, clean and dry the container and lid. Make sure that both are marked with the same number or reference letter. Weigh to the appropriate degree of accuracy, usually to within 0.02% of the mass of specimen to be used, as follows:Mass of specimen up to: 50g 500g 3kgWeigh to nearest: 0.01g 0.9g 1gThe correct use of balances is described in Section 1.3.4.Enter the mass in the space provided on the test-form.试验程序（1）称量容器必要时，应清洁和烘干容器和盖子，确认容器和盖子上都标上了同样编号或相应字母，称量时要达到适当的精度，通常精确到样品质量的0.02以内，如下所示：样品质量 50g 500g 3kg精确度（意译） 0.01g 0.9g 1g天平正确使用参见1.3.4节（略）。将质量填写在试验表格的空格内。注释: 1.reference 相应的。2.specimen 样品。(2) Selection of sampleThe test sample must be selected so that it is properly representative of the soil sample from which it is taken. The nature of the soil material must also be taken into account. Normal practice should be to make three, or at least two, separate moisture content determinations and to average the results. However, if only a very small quantity of soil is available, it is better to use all the material for one measurement.（2）选取样品必须选择试验样品，以便使其具有代表性（省译后一句，这样既简洁，又不失掉原意），必须考虑土的自然特征，正常试验应做三个、或至少二个独立的（separate）含水量测试，并将其结果平均。如果仅有很少量的土样，最好用所有的土样进行一次测定。注释: 1.take into account 考虑。2.separate 独立的。3.representative 代表。4. normal 正常的，正规的。5. separate 分开的。For the measurement of natural moisture content, the approximate mass of specimen required for different soil type is as follows:Homogeneous clays and silts 30gMedium-grained soils 300gCoarse-grained (stony) soils 3kg在测定天然含水量时，不同的土类需要的样品的质量大致如下：均质粘土和粉土 30g中粒土 300g粗粒（碎石）土 3kg注释: 1.approximate 近似的，大概的。2.homogeneous 均质的。3.coarse 粗的，粗糙的。4.stony 碎石。In laminated clays where it is required to measure the moisture content of individual thin layers, it may be necessary to use much less than 30g, and greater accuracy in weighing may then be desirable. With very stony soils it is sometimes preferable to measure the moisture content of the fine fraction only (for instance, the fraction passing a 6.3 mm sieve), and then to adjust this measured value by proportioning up from the percentage finer than that size, to obtain the moisture content of the material as a whole.在层状粘土中，需测定每一薄层的含水量，则土样可能远少于30g，则必须进行更精确的称量。对于含有大量碎石的土，有时仅测量其细粒部分的含水量（例如通过6.3mm筛的细粒部分），然后按细粒部分所占的整个土样的百分比修正细粒部分含水量，以得到整个土样的含水量。注释: 1.laminated 层状。2.very 大量。3.fine fraction 细粒。4.obtain 得到。5.as a whole 整个。6. individual 单独的。7. desirable 要求的，需要的。8. that size: stony soils, a whole 整个土样。The test specimen should be taken from near the middle of a mass of soilnot from the outside, where the soil may have partially dried by exposure to the atmosphere. The specimen should be crumbled and placed loosely in the containers so that soil will dry right through. Replace the lids immediately to prevent loss of moisture before weighing.应在土体中心附近采样，而不要从表层采样，因表层土暴露在大气中，可能部分被风干。样品应弄碎并疏松地放在容器内，以便土样将来彻底干燥。立即盖上盖子以防在称量前的水份损失。注释: 1.exposure 暴晒。2.crumble 弄碎。3.right through 彻底。Observe and record the type of sample, the soil type, the its condition, at this stage. Include comments on any apparent inadequacy of sealing of the sample in its container, possibly drying out or segregation of water. Always record any unusual features which relate to the condition of the sample being tested.观察描述（祈使句，动词开头，无主语）土样种类，土类及其状态，在此阶段，还应对土样盒任何明显的密封缺陷进行评价描述，以及可能的风干或水分的散失的描述。还必须（always）记录任何和测试样品状态有关的不寻常特征。注释: 1.inadequacy 缺陷。2.sealing 密封。3.segregation 散失。4.comment on 评论。5.apparent 明显的。(3) Wet weighingEach container with wet soil should be weighed as soon as practicable after taking the specimen. If weighing is likely to be delayed, the lid must be fitted tightly and the containers left in a cool place.The container and soil is weighed to the appropriate degree of accuracy referred to in stage (1), and the mass is entered in the space on the test-sheet.（3）称量湿土装了湿土的每一个容器应尽快称量。如果称量（也可意译为：一时来不及做）可能会推迟，则必须盖紧盖子并将容器置于阴凉地方。土和容器的称量精度可参见步骤（1），并将质量填写在试验表的空格内。注释: 1.as soon as practicable（possible）尽快。(4) Oven dryingRemove the lid from the container and place both on a shelf in the oven. The thermostat control should already be set to maintain the required temperature, normally 105110 unless a lower temperature is desirable for the reasons referred to above. To avoid overheating of the soil, it is essential that air be（动词原形）able to circulate around the container, which should not be placed on the floor of the oven or close to the heating elements. The proper use of ovens is outlined in Section 1.2.4.Drying in the oven should continue until the specimen has dried out to reach a constant mass. (See Section 1.2.4. and stage (6), below.)（4）烘箱烘干打开容器盖子，将容器和盖子放在烘箱的搁板上。将温度控制保持在需要的温度上，除了上述需要较低温度的理由外，则正常温度是105110。为了避免过度加热土样，必须使空气能够在容器周围进行循环，土样（译出which所代表意义）不应放在烘箱底层，也不应靠近热源。正确使用烘箱见1.2.4节（略）。烘箱烘干应继续直到样品烘干至恒定质量为止。（参见1.2.4节和下述步骤（6）注释: 1.thermostat 恒温器。2.circulate 循环。3.outline 概述。4.constant 固定的。(5) Cooling in desiccatorRemove the specimen container and lid from the oven and place both separately in a desiccator cabinet until cool. Weighing must not be done while hot, because warm air currents can lead to inaccuracies with a sensitive balance. The soil must not be allowed to cool in the open, because dry soil can absorb moisture from the atmosphere.（5）干燥器中冷却从烘箱中取出样品容器和盖子，并分别置于干燥器中直至冷却。土样还热时不应进行称量，因为温暖空气流可导致灵敏天平的不准确。土样不允许敞开冷却，因为烘干土可从大气中吸收水分。注释: 1.current 气流。2.inaccuracies 不准确的。3.sensitive 灵敏的。(6) Dry weighingWhen cool, replace the lid on the container and weigh. Enter on the moisture content sheet as the mass of container plus dry soil.If it is uncertain whether or not the soil has been completely dried, repeat staged (4), (5) and (6) at intervals of 24h until a constant mass is observed. Constant mass is achieved when the difference between successive weighings is less than 0.1 % of the dry mass of soil used. Repeated weighings should always be made if an oven temperature lower than 105 has to be used.（6）称量干土当样品冷却后，重新将盖子盖上并称量，将盒加干土质量填写在含水量测定表中。如果不能确定土样是否被完全烘干，则每隔24小时重复（4）、（5）、（6）步骤，直到质量恒定时为止。当连续称量之差小于干土质量的0.1时，则达到了恒重。如果烘箱温度低于105，则应多次重复称量。注释: 1.at intervals 间隔地。2.successive 连续的。(7) CalculationThe moisture content of a soil is expressed as a percentage of its dry mass:Let ml = mass of container; m2 = mass of container and wet soil; m3 = mass of container and dry soil. Then（7）计算土的含水量用它的干质量的百分比表示：令rn1=容器质量；m2=盒和湿土质量；m3=盒和干土质量，则The value of w for each individual（个别的、单独的） moisture content specimen is calculated to the nearest 0.01 %. If two or three separate measurements have been made on one sample, the average value is then calculated.The specimen should not be disposed of until the moisture contents have been calculated and verified as being sensible value. If there is any doubt, check the dry weighings, or repeat the whole test if necessary. 每一个土样含水量的值w都被计算到0.01精度。如果一个土样作了2或3个独立测定，则计算出平均值。由于数值重要，在含水量计算和核实以前，土样不应被扔掉。如果有任何疑问，检查干土称量，或必要时，重作整个试验。注释: 1.value 值。2.dispose 扔掉，处理，处置。3.verified 检验。4.sensible 有感觉的，敏感的。(8) ResultsThe final moisture content w is reported to two significant figures. That is:If less than