化学复习单词定义汇总.doc

1Electrolyte 电解质Electrolysis电解(动词)Electrode电极Anode阳极Cathode阴极Anion阴离子Cation阳离子Electroplate电镀/电解Chlorine氯气/氯元素Chloride氯离子/氯化物2:Electron电子Electronic电子的Charge电荷/充电Ions离子Ionic离子的Pure纯净的Purify纯化(动词)Purification纯化(名词)Impurities杂质Anode slag阳极泥3Oxygen氧气/氧元素Oxide氧离子/氧化物 Hydrogen氢气/氢元素Hydroxide氢氧根离子Copper铜Silver银Conductors导体Insulators绝缘体Ceramic陶瓷Chromium铬4Thermometer温度计Temperature温度Exothermic放热的Endothermic吸热的Energy level能级Energy change能量变化Is absorbed from(能量)被从-吸收Is lost to(能量)被释放到-Is needed被需要的Is released/given out被释放的5Fuel燃料Uranium-235铀235Radioactive放射性Simple cell简单原电池Oxidation氧化Be oxidized被氧化Reduction还原Be reduced被还原Redox氧化还原Batteries电池/电池组6React反应(动词)Reaction反应(名词)Reactive反应的/活波的(形容词)Reactivity活泼性Reactivity series活泼顺序More reactive更活泼的Less reactive教不活泼的Burning燃烧的/燃烧Combustion燃烧Activation energy活化能7The periodic table元素周期表Metal金属Non-metal非金属Metalloid类金属Halogen卤素Noble gas惰性气体Alkali metals碱金属Alkaline earth metals碱土金属Group族Period 周期8Relative atomic mass 相对原子质量Relative molecular mass 相对分子质量Relative formula mass相对式量Half equation半方程Balanced equation配平的方程Word equation名称方程Dot-cross diagram点叉图State symbol状态符号Empirical formulae实验式Molecular formula分子式9Speed of reaction反应速度Collision theory碰撞理论Effective collision有效碰撞Concentration浓度Surface area表面积Catalyst催化剂Photosynthesis光合作用Respiration呼吸作用Reversible reaction可逆反应Equilibrium平衡10Oxidize 氧化(动词)Oxidation 氧化(名词)Oxidation state increase 化合价升高Loss of electrons 电子的失去Reduce 还原(动词)Reduction还原(名词)Oxidation state decrease化合价降低Gain of electrons电子的获得Redox氧化还原Potassium manganate (VII) 高锰酸钾11Acid酸Acidic酸性的Acidity酸度Alkali碱(多指氢氧化物)Alkaline碱性的(多指氢氧化物)Base碱(多指氧化物)Basic碱性的(多指氧化物)Neutral中性Strong acid强碱Weak acid弱减12Hydrochloric acid盐酸Nitric acid硝酸Sulphuric acid硫酸Phosphoric acid磷酸Limestone石灰石Quick lime/lime生石灰Slaked lime熟石灰Acidic oxides酸性氧化物Neutral oxides中性氧化物Basic oxides碱性氧化物 13White precipitate formed白色沉淀形成Reddish brown precipitate formed红棕色沉淀生成Green precipitate formed 绿色沉淀生成Bright yellow precipitate明亮的黄色沉淀Soluble in excess在过量中溶解Insoluble in excess在过量.中不溶Form colorless solution形成无色的溶液Form dark blue solution形成深蓝色溶液Pungent gas produced刺激性的气体产生Turns moist red litmus paper blue使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变蓝14A lighted splint点燃的小木条With a pop sound噗的一声A glowing splint带火星的小木条Relight重新点燃Bubbled through limewater通入澄清的石灰水Turns milky变浑浊Turns cloudy变浑浊Moist blue litmus paper湿润的兰色石蕊试纸Moist red litmus paper湿润的红色石蕊试纸Pungent smell刺激性气味15The periodic table元素周期表Group/vertical columns族/竖直的一列Period/horizontal rows周期/水平的一行Increasing atomic number增加的原子序数Same number of shells相同的电子层数Same number of electrons in their outer shells相同的最外层电子数Similar chemical properties相似的化学性质Least reactive最不活泼的Most reactive最活泼的Transition metals过渡金属16Alkali metals碱金属Alkaline earth metals碱土金属Reactivity increases down the group沿族向下活泼性增加Halogens卤素Noble gases惰性气体Metalloid类金属Float on the surface飘在表面Moving around rapidly四处快速游动Bubbles of gas 气泡Metal melts to shiny sphere金属融成闪亮的小球Metal disappears金属消失17Pale yellow gas浅黄色气体Yellow-green gas黄绿色气体Brown liquid棕色液体Grey/black solid黑色固体Diatomic molecules双原子分子Displacement reaction置换反应Bleach漂白More than one oxidation state多个化合价Colored compound有颜色的化合物Flame test焰色反应18Alloys合金Steel钢Bronze青铜Solder焊锡Cupro-nickel铜镍合金Stainless steel不锈钢Brass黄铜Foreign atoms外加原子Irregular (jumbled up) atoms无规则的原子Reactivity series活泼顺序19Unreactivity of aluminum铝的不活泼性Resist to corrosion抗腐蚀A thin coating of aluminum oxide一薄层的氧化铝Very uncreative非常不活泼Blast furnace鼓风炉Hematite赤铁矿Limestone石灰石Molten slag熔融的矿渣Galvanizing镀锌Sacrificial protection牺牲保护法20Nitrogen fixation氮的固定Pollutants in the air空气中的污染物Carbon monoxide一氧化碳Incomplete combustion of Hydrocarbons碳氢化合物的不完全燃烧Sulphur dioxide 二氧化硫Burning petrol and coal煤和汽油的燃烧Oxides of nitrogen氮的氧化物Burning fossil fuels化石燃料的燃烧Lead compounds含铅化合物Burning leaded petrol含铅汽油的燃烧21Greenhouse effect温室效应Global warming全球变暖Acid rain酸雨Erode buildings腐蚀建筑物 Harms plants伤害植物Desulphurisation plants除硫装置Catalytic converters催花转化器Methods of preventing rusting阻止生锈的方法Fertilizers化肥Photosynthesis光合作用22States of matter物质的状态Solid, liquid, gas固液气Definite shape固定的形状Vibrating about fixed positions在固定的位置震动Move around四处移动Move randomly无序的运动Subliming升华Condensing冷凝Evaporating蒸发Diffusion扩散23Stop clock 停表Thermometer 温度计Electronic balance电子天平Burette滴管Pipettes移液管Measuring cylinder量筒Conical flask锥形瓶Bunsen burner本生灯Gas syringe气体注射气Apparatus仪器24Paper chromatography纸色谱Different solubility不同的溶解度Locating agent定位试剂Solution溶液Solvent溶剂Solute溶质Dissolve溶解Soluble可溶的Insoluble不溶的Properties性质25Distillation蒸馏Desalination plants淡化装置Fractional distillation 分馏Condenser冷凝器Fractionating column分馏柱Filtration过滤Filter paper滤纸Filter off滤掉Residue残渣Filtrate滤液26Particles微粒Atom原子Ion离子Molecule分子Electron电子Proton质子Neutron中子Relative mass相对质量Relative charge相对电荷Nucleus/nuclei原子核27Atomic number/proton number原子序数/质子数Nucleon number/mass number核子数/质量数Isotopes同位素Radioactive/Decay放射形Tracers to detect leaks in pipes追踪剂检测管道裂缝Cancer treatment癌症治疗Nuclear power station核电站Atomic structure原子结构Complete outer shell排满的最外层Valency electrons价电子28Element元素/单质Compound化合物Mixture混合物Oxygen/Oxide氧/氧化物Chlorine/Chloride氯/氯化物Ammonia/Ammonium氨气/铵盐Carbon/carbonate碳/碳酸盐Sulphur/sulphate硫/硫酸盐Nitrogen/nitrate氮/硝酸盐Phosphorus/phosphate 磷/磷酸盐29Covalent bonding共价键Share electrons共享电子Ionic bonding离子键Transfer electrons转移电子Gain electrons得到电子Lose electrons失去电子Metallic bonding金属键Sea of electrons电子海Dot-cross diagram点叉图Displayed formula展示式30Simple molecule小分子Weak intermolecular forces微弱的分子间作用力Giant covalent molecule巨型共价分子macromolecule 高分子Arranged tetrahedrally正四面体排布A large number of strong covalent bonds很大数量的强的共价键Giant ionic lattice 巨型离子晶格Strong ionic bonds throughout the lattice贯穿整个晶格的强离子键Giant metallic lattice巨型金属晶格The valency electrons are delocalised 价电子是离域的31Mole摩尔Morality摩尔浓度Molar mass摩尔质量Gas molar volume气体摩尔体积Avogadros constantEmpirical formula实验式Molecular mass分子量Molecular formula 分子式Percentage yield百分产率Percentage purity百分纯度定义类32Isotopes (in terms of sub-atomic particles):The atoms with same proton number but different number of neutrons Isotopes:Two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.Atomic number:The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Nucleon number:The sum of numbers of protons and neutrons of an atomCell:A device for turning chemical energy into electrical energy 33Cell:A device in which two different metal strips dipped into electrolyte. Battery:A number of electric cells joined togetherElectrolysis:This involves breaking down a compound containing ions by the passage of an electric current. The compound must be melted or dissolved in water.34Strong (weak) acid:The acid undergoes complete (partial) dissociation/ionization in water. Strong alkali:The alkali undergoes complete (partial) dissociation/ionization in water. Neutralization:The process in which an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and waterEquilibrium:When a reversible reaction reaches a state of dynamic equilibrium in a closed system, the forward and reverse reactions take place at the same rate, so the amounts /concentrations of reactants and products keep constant.Activation energy:The minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction35Alkali:A soluble base that produces hydroxide ion in waterMoleAn amount equal the number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12Relative atomic massThe ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12Relative molecular mass The ratio of the average mass per molecule of an element or compound to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12Compound:A substance with two or more elements chemically combined解释类36Describe the changing of rate curve in terms of gradient用斜率描述解释速度图像:1, the gradient is the largest at the start of the experiment. Hence, the speed is the fastest at the start of the experiment.2, over time, the gradient decreases. Hence, speed decrease with time.3, the gradient becomes zero at -, Meaning the speed is zero, implying that the reaction has ceased completely by then.37Explain the effect of some factors on rate in terms of collision theory用碰撞理论来解释一些因素对速率的影响1 temperature Higher temperature, The particles move faster and more collisions occur;The increased energy also makes more effective collision occur.2 concentrationsHigher concentration,More reactant particles collide, More chances of effective collisions.3 pressure (only for gases)Higher pressureParticles move closer,Particles collide more often,More chances of effective collisions.4 surface areaSmaller size, Larger surface area,More collisions occurMore effective collisions occur 38Shifting the equilibrium 用以下规律判断和解释平衡移动1, increasing the temperature favors the endothermic reaction2, decreasing the temperature favors the exothermic reaction3, Increasing the pressure favors the side of the equilibrium with the least number of gaseous molecules 4, Decreasing the pressure favors the side of the equilibrium with the most number of gaseous molecules5 If the concentration of a reactant (on the left) is increased, then some of it must change to the products (on the right) to maintain a balanced equilibrium position.6 If the concentration of a reactant (on the left) is decreased, then some of the products (on the right) must change back to reactants to maintain a balanced equilibrium position7 A catalyst does NOT affect the position of equilibrium, but just get there faster! A catalyst usually speeds up both the forward and reverse reaction by the same amount.39Bonding and Structure与键,结构和性质有关的描述和解释Chemical bond:Ionic bond: A form of chemical bonding that results from attractions between ions with opposite electric charges. Covalent bond: A type of chemical bonding in which two atoms share valence electrons.Metallic bondLattice: regular arrangement of atoms or ions in a three-dimensional structure.Low melting point of simple moleculeEach carbon atom in diamond is joined to four other carbon atoms arranged tetrahedrally in a giant lattice of strong C-C covalent bonds, so that there is strong bonding in all three dimensions.Each carbon atom is joined to three other carbon atoms in hexagonal sheets of strong C- C covalent bonds making a giant covalent network in two dimensions. However there is only a weak attractive force between these sheets of carbon atoms. They can easily slide over each other.In diamond all the individual carbon atoms valence (outermost) electrons are involved in four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, but in graphite as each carbon atom is only covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms there is one valence electron per carbon atom left over and these form a layer of delocalized electrons allowing graphite to conduct electricityMetallic bonds are strong but not rigid, when a force is applied, layers of atoms can s