句子成分和主谓一致及就近原则和反意疑问句的构成.doc

句子成分主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么，主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。一. 名词作主语David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。二. 代词作主语Who is speaking, please? （在电话中）请问您是谁？Thats OK. 这没问题。三. 数词作主语Two will be enough. 两个就够了。Two-thirds of the workers are women. 三分之二的工人是女工。四. ing形式作主语Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。五. 不定式作主语To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。六. 名词化的形容词作主语The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.在我们国家，盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业的人生活一般很困难。七. 短语作主语How to do well is an important question.如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好。八. 从句作主语What has happened proves that our policy is right.发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。Whether well go depends on the weather.我们是否去要看天气。谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般在主语之后一般可分为两类：1)，简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。We study for the people.我们为人民学习。2)，复合谓语：情态动词不定式I can speak a little English.我可以说一点英语。表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。We like English.我们喜欢英语。有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。宾语一般用在及物动词的后面，表示行为动词所涉及的对象。一. 名词作宾语Show your passport, please.请出示护照。二. 代词作宾语He didnt say anything.她什么也没说。三. 数词作宾语How many do you want? - I want two.你要几个？ 我要两个。四. 名词化的形容词作宾语They sent the injured to hospital.他们把伤员送到医院。五. 不定式或ing形式作宾语The asked to see my passport.他们要求看我的护照。I enjoy working with you.我和你们一道工作很愉快。六. 从句作宾语Did you write down what he said?你把他的话记下了没有？转载自：http:/0./ke_know_view_id_613.html补语1、主补：接在动词之后对主语起着解释或描述作用的成分形容词作主补Theymarriedyoung. 他们结婚时还年轻。Hediedhappy.他怀着幸福的心情死去。Nomanisbornwise.没有生而知之。ed分词作主补Hecameindrunk.他走进来的时候醉醺醺的。Hediedapoorman. 他死时很穷。Hediedamillionaire. 他死的时候是个百万富翁。2、宾补：宾补对宾语加以解释或描述。使用宾补的句型：主语+谓语+宾语+宾补（S+V+O+OC）以下成分可以充当宾补：名词，代词，形容词，副词，ing形式，ed分词，不定式，介词短语，名词性从句。名词作宾补 Iconsiderhimagentleman.代词作宾补 Whomdoyouthinkme? （Whom是宾补）形容词作宾补 Washyourhandsclean.副词作宾补 Ifoundhimout.ing形式作宾补 Theyleftmewait.ed分词作宾补 Iheardmynamecalled.不定式作宾补 Ithoughthimtobeagoodman.介词短语作宾补 Makeyourselfathome.名词性从句作宾补 Hiswifehasmadehimwhatheis.状语 转引自：/rightdo/blog/item/98de7f60643aee47eaf8f863.html一、什么叫状语？就是动词的八个状态:时间、地点、原因、状态、目的、结果、方式、程度.修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成份叫状语。例如：My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past我父母经常给我们讲他们过去的苦难生活。She studies hard她努力学习。I am very tired我非常疲倦。二、什么可以作状语？1副词：Say again再说一遍。Suddenly it began to rain天突然下雨了。2介词短语：Please come here in the evening请晚上来这儿。He wrote with a red pencil他用红铅笔写的。3动词不定式（或不定式短语）：He went to see a film他看电影去了。My father was surprised to hear the news我父亲听到这个消息，感到惊奇。4分词（或分词短语）：He sat there reading a novel他坐在那儿看小说。The students went away laughing学生们笑着走开了。5名词：Wait a moment等一会儿。It can go all day and all night它能整日整夜地走。6状语从句：Ill write to you as soon as I get there我一到那儿就给你写信。He didnt come because he had to stay at home to finish his home work他没来，因为他不得不留在家里完成家庭作业。三、状语的分类：状语按用途可分为：地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等几类。1地点状语：The students are doing their homework in the classroom学生们正在教室里做作业。2时间状语：I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside我在农村生活时，向农民学到很多东西。3目的状语：They set out early so that they might arrive on time他们早点动身，以便准时到达。4原因状语：She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting因为要开会，所以她不能回家了。5结果状语：Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly李明学习如此努力，结果很快赶上了其他人。6程度状语：I nearly forgot what he had promised我几乎忘记了他答应的事。7方式状语：He came singing and dancing他唱着跳着走过来。8条件状语：If you work hard at English，you will do well in English如果你努力学习英语，你的英语成绩就会好。9让步状语：He went to school yesterday though he was ill昨天他尽管有病，仍上学去了。10比较状语：Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One第二课不像第一课那样难。四、状语的位置：一般说来状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。1状语位于句首：为了强调状语或者为了使它与上下文紧密衔接，通常把状语放于句首。Tomorrow I am going swimming明天我要去游泳。Here in the cinema house，smoking is not allowed在电影院这里不准吸烟的。2状语位于句中：状语在句中的位置是：(1)如果没有助动词，状语就位于动词前面。I often go to see a film我经常看电影。(2)如果动词前有一个或几个助动词，状语位于第一个助动词之后。He has already had his lunch他已吃过午饭了。(3)如果动词是be，状语就放在be动词之后。He is always at home他总是在家。定语定语分为前置定语和后置定语。前置定语在名词中心词之前，前置定语通常较短；后置定语在名词中心词之后，后置定语通常较长。1、前置定语形容词作定语Hesatallman. 他是个高个子的男子。名词作定语Therearealotofbananatreesontheisland.（banana） 岛上有许多香蕉树。数词作定语Threethousandpeoplewatchedthegame. 三万人观看了球赛。ing形式作定语Thereisaswimmingpoolnearourschool. 我们学校附近有一个游泳池。ed分词作定语frozenfood冷冻食品 fallenleaves落叶限定词作定语Manymenareworkingthere. 许多人在那儿工作。2、后置定语（转引自：/newmemolinsheng2.asp?ide2=new3&id=49）后置定语虽属语法范畴，但教材上甚至语法书上没有专门的章节予以讲述，而只有零散地见之于注释中。因此，有必要对后置定语进行归纳、整理，以便对它有个系统的整体的认识。下文所述后置定语与前置定语相对而言，它可作为英语句子结构问题的一项补充。(1) 副词作后置定语。例：Match the problems and the advice in the form below.They found no way out.The weather there is quite special.The food here doesnt suit me.Ill buy you a dictionary on my way home.(2) 形容词alive和过去分词left只作后置定语。例：Whos the greatest man alive?Today in the world there are not many pandas alive.Hurry up. Theres little time left.There were no trees left in and around the village.(3) more（另外的,附加的），nearby, upstairs, downstairs, enough(路杰、路明华,1994:12), possible, present, available, obtainable等形容词既可作前置定语又可作后置定语。例：Today I have to write two letters more ( = two more letters ).Tomorrow he is going to a village nearby ( = a nearby village ).The room upstairs ( = The upstairs room ) is filled with people.Next year we may add a bathroom downstairs ( = a downstairs bathroom ).I have money enough ( = enough money ) to buy a bike.The engineers thought about all the plans possible ( = all the possible plans ).The decision was not made by the villagers present.We should adapt to the present international situation.Every available fire-engine ( = Every fire-engine available ) was rushed to the scene.(4) enough 只能作在句子中具有形容词性质的名词的后置定语（余生泽，1994：8）。例：I was fool enough to believe what he said.He wasnt man enough to admit his mistake.He is gentleman enough to forgive their being rude.(5) else 只作后置定语，修饰疑问代词和不定代词；或作为疑问副词的后置修饰语。例：What else do you need?Ask somebody else to help you.Theres nothing else you can take away.Who elses umbrella can this be?When else shall we meet again, if Friday is not convenient for you?(6) 复合不定代词的定语都是后置定语。例：So, theres nothing serious, Doctor?Youll know someone important at the ball.There you can find something useful.Theres nobody else suitable for the job.(7) 各种短语都作后置定语，如介词短语、副词短语、形容词短语、数词短语等。例：The woman in red is my aunt.His father and his grandfather often told him stories about their family history.Have you seen those strangers over there?He had to borrow books from a library far from here.She carried a basket full of pears.We must find a stick two meters long.(8) 不定式(短语)作后置定语。例：What do you plan to do in the year to come ?I have some ways to keep the young plants out of the cold.The bridge to be built here will cost much.(9) 不定式(短语)作一些名词如 way, chance, right的后置定语，也可以换成 “of + doing Sth.”（周贞雄,2003:195）的介词短语结构作后置定语，此外还有opportunity, determination等。例：They have found many ways to protect this cultural relic.= They have found many ways of protecting this cultural relic.I have had no chance to get away.= I have had no chance of getting away.I know I have the right to vote.= I know I have the right of voting.There we had few opportunities of meeting interesting people.I have no opportunity to discuss the matter with her.(10) 单个分词作前置定语，而分词短语作后置定语；但有时单个分词也可作后置定语。例：Can they restore the damaged palace?Deer dont like eating fallen leaves.Take away the crying boy.What do you plan to do in the coming year?We hope to have a good harvest in the year coming.The total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars.Do you know the pretty girl dancing in the center?There were over 300 people trapped above the fire.Following their two teachers, the students entered the ancient temple regarded as the only local cultural relic.(11) 定语从句都是后置定语。例：In the north where it is cold, they grow wheat.The manager in whose department Mr. Li worked looked down upon women.I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party.(12)当先行词在定语从句中充当主语时，定语从句可化为分词（短语）或不定式(短语)作后置定语。例：I know the only route that leads to the top of the mountain.= I know the only route leading to the top of the mountain.Most of the guests who had been invited to the reception were his old friends.= Most of the guests invited to the reception were his old friends.Complete the following passage, using the words which have been given.= Complete the following passage, using the words given.The teacher has assigned us two exercises which shall be finished before next Monday.= The teacher has assigned us two exercises to be finished before next Monday.注释: 有些名词只用不定式(短语)作后置定语，而另一些名词只用“of + doing Sth.” 的介词短语结构作后置定语。这个问题不在本文讨论范围。 单个分词作前置定语与作后置定语，有时意义有所变化；甚至v-ing形式作前置定语时也有动名词与现在分词之分。如：The method used is very efficient.（意为“运用的”）This is a used bike.（意为“旧的”）All parties concerned are present.（意为“有关的”）Concerned parents held a meeting.（意为“忧虑的”）（张莉娟，2006：177）Take care of the boys in the swimming pool.（动名词作定语，表示“用途”）Take care of the swimming boys.（现在分词作定语，表示“正在进行”） 非限制性定语从句虽然可以作补充说明用，但仍属后置定语的范畴，除了由as和which引导的没有特定的先行词的情况外，如以下两例：As was expected, he made a long speech.It was raining heavily, which kept us indoors主谓一致主谓一致的原则是指，主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语亦采取复数形式。通常有三个不同角度的着眼点：1、语法一致 2、意义一致 3、就近原则。语法一致的原则是指，主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语亦采取复数形式。例如：A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.（主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.（主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单，有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待：1）不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。2）不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。3）表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .一千零一夜给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。The United States is leading the world in science and technology .美国常在世界科技方面领先。The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。4）a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题。A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。5）由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。另外，由and连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。例如：On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边，有些人在打排球，有些人躺着晒太阳。Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。6）有些短语，如：a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词、或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。例如：A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时，那家商店丢失了许多钱。A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。意义一致( Notional Concord )这一原则是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。1） 当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说，我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有，隔开。例如：Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语：Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.2) 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指有多少数量则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如：Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life.二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了。3) 形容词前加定冠词即the + 形容词作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如：The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience.一方面，青年人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在许多故事里，好人总是有好报；坏人注定要倒霉。4）当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作 单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数， 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如：War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee.加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。Reading and writing are very important.注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例题The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. was C. are D. were答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B5) 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语动词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有：army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等等，其中cattle，people，police一般看成复数形式。例如：The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球。The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞。The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局。The public now come to know the whole story.人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。就近原则( Principle of Proximity )这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either or , neither nor ,not only but also 等。例如：Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧。Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.他全家人和他都不知道那件事。就近原则也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity），即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：there be句型; or ; either or；nor; neithernor；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g.What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.3.当一个句子是由 there 或here引起,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致.例如:Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.抽屉里有一支钢笔,几个信封和一些纸.补充：当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.The teacher with his students is working in the fields.跟WITH无关的，with his student(s)就像修饰语一样，可以不管它，所以前面如果是teachers,就用复数动词，如果是teacher就用单数动词。No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees 英语反意疑问句的构成1）陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 arent I。例如： Im as tall as your sister, arent I? 我跟你姐一样高，对吗？2）陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。例如：I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话，行吗？3）陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。例如