名词从句(教师用).doc

名词性从句概念：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句和名词一样，在句中可担任主语、表语、宾语（动词宾语和介词宾语）和同位语。分类：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。1主语从句在句子中担任主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做主语从句。主语从句由连词that,whether，、连接代词what,whatever,who,whoever和连接副词when,where,how,why引导。Ex: what he wants to tell us is not clear.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.注意：连词that,whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它们在从句中不担任成分，但不能省略。例句分析：Ex: 1. That the earth is round is true.地球是圆的，这是一个事实。that 是连词，在从句中不担任成分，但不能省略，如省略了它，就不是从句了，而是一个简单句：the earth is round.Ex: 2. Whether hell come (or not) hasnt been decided.他是否会来，还没有定下来。同理：省略了Whether，这个从句就变成了一个简单句了：He will come. 由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句（1）连接代词和连接副词都可引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时，不能把他们译为疑问句。Ex：When the meeting will be held has not been announced. 会议什么时候举行尚未宣布。Who let out the news remained unknown. 谁泄露了这个消息仍旧无人知道。= It remained unknown who let out the news.Ex: Which (answer) is right isnt known to us. 哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。= It isnt known to us which (answer) is right.Ex: When well start is not clear.= It is not clear when well start.我们何时出发还不清楚。Ex：Why he didnt come here is not clear to anyone.= It is not clear to anyone why he didnt come.他为什么没来我们大家都不知道。Ex：How this happened is still a question.这事情是怎么如何发生的仍然是个问题。（2）由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同，它的语序是正常语序（陈述语序）。Ex：疑问句：Why didnt he come here?他为什么不来这？主语从句：Why he didnt come here,为什么他没来这儿，（3）What引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。Who,whom,which,what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起到强调作用。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。比较：Ex：主语从句：What he said at the meeting is important.（what作宾语）定语从句：The thing that he said at the meeting is important.他在会上所说的事情是重要的。Ex：主语从句：Whoever leaves the office should tell me. （whoever 在从句中作主语，不能省略）定语从句：Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。Ex: Whenever the school sports will be held is not known yet. （whenever 在从句中作时间状语，不能省略，注意语序）校运动会什么时候举办还不知道。（4）有时为避免字头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般为单数形式。1. it+be+形容词+that从句形容词有:obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable等Ex：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. It is probable that he told her everything.2. it+be+名词词组+that从句名词词组有：no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise等Ex: Its a surprise that our team should have won the game.3. it+be+过去分词+that从句过去分词有：said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged等Ex：it is reported that china has sent another man-made satellite into orbit(轨道).4. it+seem,happen,occure,appear等不及物动词及短语+that从句Ex：It seems that Alice is not coming ti the party at all.5. it+doesnt matter (makes no difference) +连接代词、连接副词引导的主语从句ex：it doesnt matter whether she will come or not.6. 其它需要it作形式主语的用法 that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时吗，要以it作性似乎主语，而把主语从句后置。Ex：Is it true that inception will be on next week in shanghai? 主语从句出现感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。Ex：How strange it is that the children are so quite!无论是谁Whoever= any one who= no matter who无论是谁Whomever= any one whom=no matter whom无论是谁的Whosever= any one whose= no matter whose无论是哪个Whichever= anything that= no matter which无论是什么Whatever= anything that= no matter whatWhat=先行词+which/that2.表语从句引导表语从句的词有：that,whether,what,whatever,who,whoever,when,where,how,why等，从句的语序为陈述语序。Ex：My idea is that well all go except LiLi.我的想法是除了莉莉之外我们大家都去。that 是连词，在句中不担任成分，没有词义，但不可省略（在口语中有时that可省略）例句分析：Ex：1. Thats what we should do.这是我们的本分。（what 在从句中作宾语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语序。）2.The question is how we can get there.问题是我们如何到达那儿。（how 在从句中作状语，不能省略，从句用陈述句的语序。）3.China is no longer what she used to be.当今的中国再也不是过去的中国了。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be,seem,look等。Ex：All this was over twenty years ago,but its as if it was only yesterday.It looked as if it was going to rain.The problem is who we can get to replace her.That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic (顶楼、阁楼).I think it is because you are doing too much. 3.宾语从句 宾语从句由that,whether,who,which,when,where,how,why,whoever,what,whatever,whenever引导。Ex：They want to know what they can do to help us.Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring?They have no idea at all where he has gone. 宾语在从句中的类型1）介词的宾语，即介词宾语从句I have no idea as to know how it is done.It depends on whether he is coming or not. (介词+宾语)2)及物动词的宾语：Do you know whom they are waiting for?I think (that) he will come back on a few days.注意：某些不及物动词后边如果跟宾语从句，常常省去介词；如果跟名词作宾语，则介词不能省略。I dont care whether he likes me or not.I dont care about him.I insist that you should learn a second language.I insist on your learning a second language3)形容词的宾语,即形容词后跟介词宾语从句在表示知觉、感情等的形容词如sure,afraid ,glad,certain等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则省去介词；若跟名词作宾语，则不能省略介词。Ex: I am sure that hell win.= I am sure of his winning.Ex: I am afraid that Ill be late.恐怕我要迟到了。=I am afraid of being late.我害怕迟到。Ex: He is glad that you passed the exam.= He is glad of your passing the exam.Ex：Im glad that he has passed the exam.4）it充当形式宾语，真正的宾语即宾语从句后置a. 在think,consider,imagine,believe,make ,feel,find等动词接复合宾语时，要用it作形式宾语。Ex: We find it difficult that we should finish the work on time.He has made it clear that he will not give in.b. that引导的从句很少作介词的宾语，只在except，in,but,besides等少数介词后使用。其它一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。Ex: He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 I could say nothing but that I was sorry.He differed from other people in that he always looked further ahead in his work.他和比人不同的是他在工作中比别人都看得远些。Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.My teacher was satisfied with what I did.What we should take with us depend on where well stay.c. 在like,enjoy ,love,hate,appreciate等词后跟宾语从句时，需用形式宾语itEx: I hate it when people talk with their mouth full.d. 由动词和介词构成的短语动词后接宾语从句时，要用it 作形式宾语。Ex:Ill see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.We took it for graunted that he would come.Keep it in mind that you have to be home by ten oclock. 宾语从句与主语从句、表语从句的区别：if可以用于宾语从句中，有时可以和whether互换。但是主语从句只能由whether来引导，不能由if来引导。Ex：It hasnt been decided if hell come. () If hell come hasnt been decided.()that在宾语从句中作连词时（连接主句和宾语从句）常常被省略，并且由that引导的宾语从句常用形式宾语it来引导。宾语从句中需要注意的A宾语从句的时态：宾语从句和其它名词从句不同，它的时态会受到主句的限制。1 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句根据需要用任何时态。2 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时和过去完成时），但客观真理除外。Ex：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.B主句是I dont think的宾语从句主句是I dont think的宾语从句的意思是“我认为不”。它在英语中已成为固定句型，即否定主句，而不否定从句。Ex：I dont think you are right.我认为你不对。I dont believe hell go,will he?我相信他不会走，是吗？I dont think you can do that ,can you?我认为你不会干那件事，是吗？I think he is right,isnt he ?C连词that的省略在对某些连接词and连接两个不用动作作宾语的that从句中，第一个宾语从句中的that可以省略，而第二个则不能省略。Ex：He said (that) he has worked for nearly ten years and that he wanted to go home.D. doubt引导的宾语从句:句型：I doubt whether/if我怀疑是否Ex: I dont doubt that我毫不怀疑I doubt whether he can speak English.I dont doubt that he can speak English.Do you doubt that he can speak English?句型：Im not sure+whether/if我不确定是否Im sure +that我相信（怀疑的用whether/if，不怀疑的用that）E . insist和suggest后跟宾语从句* Insist 表示“坚持”和suggest表示“建议”时，它们后面可跟使用虚拟语气的宾语从句。4. 同位语从句担任同位语成分的是一个句子，则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句在句子中用作名词的同位语，具体说明这些名词的内容。从意思上来讲，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。同位语由连词that引导，在从句中不担任成分，也没有词义，但它不能省略。必背：与that 从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词，常用的有下列单词News消息Idea想法Belief信念Doubt怀疑Fact事实Rumour谣言Question问题Order命令Hope希望Thought想法Reply回答Answer回答Truth事实Information信息Word话Suggestion建议Advice建议Announcement宣告Argument争论Claim宣告Conclusion总结Decision决定Evidence证据Explanation解释Feeling感情Impression印象Knowledge知识Message信息Opinion意见Probability可能性Promise诺言Proposal建议Remark评论Report报道Saying谚语Statement陈述Treat待遇Warning警告Wish希望Ex：The rumour that therell be the earthquake soon spread all over the sea.(同位语从句)将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。The rumour is that therell be the earthquake.(表语从句)谣言是地震将要发生了。The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good. 昨天我们邀请了他，这个主语真是太好了。The question whether well go to see the film next Monday hasnt been settled.下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。 Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will admitted into universuties. We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. We came to the decision that we must act at once. The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.注意：在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接，在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。比较：The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.()The idea is that he told me yesterday. ()5.名词从句应注意事项A.连词that 用法总结that可用于主语从句、表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句中。这些从句中that只起连接作用，在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义。that引导主语从句时，往往把从句移到后面，而用形式主语it来引导。同样that引导宾语从句时，也常用it作形式宾语来引导。B.连接代词和连接副词的用法总结连接代词who，whom，whose，which，what，在名词从句中除了起连接作用外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。连接副词when,where,how,why除了起连接作用外，还可以在从句中作状语。连接代词、连接副词在名词从句中保留其疑问意义，同时在引导名词从句时，前面没有先行词。（这一点是与宾语从句需要区别的一点）C名词从句的语序和事态所有名词从句中的语序都是陈述语序。主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中的时态不受主句的限制，但宾语从句的时态要受主句的限制（主要是在主句是过去时态时。）D.引导名词从句的whether和ifwhether可以用于所有的名词从句中，而if只用于宾语从句中。两者都不能省略。a在引导宾语从句中，whether和if可以互换，但如果出现or not则只能用whether。Ex：I dont know whether /if I can come.= I dont know whether I can come or not.b.如果宾语从句是否定结构，则只能用if，而不能用whether。Ex：I dont care if he doesnt show up.Dinner was almost over when Dan still looking hungry,grinned and asked Dave if he wasnt going to have some bread.c. 介词宾语从句只能用whether引导Ex：we worried about whether he was in good health (or not).It all depends on whether the weather looks good.知识点补充： 陈述句与宾语从句的转换陈述句转换成宾语从句的公式：1.用连词that引导宾语从句。（that不在从句中担任成分，本身没有词义，可以省略）2.从句语序不变，仍是陈述句的语序。3.从句时态与主句时态保持一致。4.可以用形式宾语it表示。（1）陈述句：He is feeling ill.他觉得不舒服。宾语从句Mike said that he was feeling ill.迈克说她觉得不舒服。（2）陈述句：We must study hard. 宾语从句：All of us know that we must study hard.我们所有的人都知道我们必须努力学习。We think it