出题思路大总结.docx

出题思路大总结1、 词汇出题思路一词多义：通过搭配体现不同含义In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining（认为） that high fashion doesnt affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain（便宜货） bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. 2013TEXT121. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _.A poor bargaining（讨价还价） skillD lack of imagination（想象）Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europes top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly（cover） male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.2013英语二TEXT436. In the European corporate workplace, generally_.C corporate governance is overwhelmed（fail；defeat）Overwhelm: to cover/defeat completelyEven in traditional offices, the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago, said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. .There were goals，there were strategies，there were objectives（n.目标）, but we didnt talk about energy；we didnt talk about passion.31.According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become . B more objective（adj.客观的）词汇题：考查的单词或词组，要么是超纲词汇，要么是特殊含义，上下文理解是出题意图。In spite of “endless talk of difference”, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. 尽管相反关系21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means _. 2006 TEXT1A identifying B associating C assimilating D monopolizing（垄断）But its not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what theyre supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.英语二2015TEXT124. The word “moola” (Line 4，Para 4)most probably means . A energy B skills C earnings D nutritionBut dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, theyre there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.2009年TEXT123. The word “ruts”( Line 1, Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to_. A tracks B series C characteristics D connections词汇题本质不在于词汇，而在于“替换”的训练。But its not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what theyre supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.英语二2015TEXT1But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, theyre there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.2009年TEXT1His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,”Ericsson recalls.2007Text1附加题：The word “subject” mentioned in paragraph 3 refers to .A the patient who suffered from poor memoryB the topic of the experimentC the obedience of the rule D the studied candidate in the research“替换”的训练Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a persons test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.2009年TEXT2批评者还指出，商业基因测试的准确率取决于样本对比的参考数据库。有些公司的数据库并不是根据对数据库进行的系统性采集而建成的，相反，很多都是把来自不同研究项目的信息随意拼凑而成。这就意味着一个DNA数据库可能来自某些地区的大量数据，但缺乏其他地区的数据，因此，个人测试结果可能因为提供鉴定结果的公司不同而存在差异。此外，公司用来评估亲属关系的计算机程序可能申请了专利，不必受同行业测评或外部评估。他的担忧主要在于人文学科（humanities）方面，如文学、语言、哲学等学科。这些学科不再热门：如今22%的美国大学毕业生主修商业，相比之下，只有2%的毕业生主修历史，4%的毕业生主修英语。然而，许多美国一流大学希望他们的学生具备基本的观念准则，而这正是每个受过教育的人应该具备的。但多数人发现，对于如何定义“通识教育（general education）”，它们很难达成一致意见。莫南德教授指出，在哈佛，“伟大的著作之所以被学生广为阅读，是因为这些著作已经被阅读”这些书传播了一种社会共识。这些人文课程之所以难以设计和教授，原因之一是这些课程违背了美国顶尖大学一贯坚持的观点，即人文学科教育（liberal arts）和专业教育应该彼此分离，由不同学院授课。许多学生接受这两种教育。尽管有过半的哈佛大学学生最终选择法律、医学或者商业这些专业，然而他们要在日后成为医生和律师，必须在修专业资格课程之前先修一门非专业的文科学位课程。2011英语一新题型His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read” they form a sort of social glue.One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.2011英语一新题型We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information stored there. The fact that this is not a common occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems andsteal from someone elses accounts.英语二2013完型我们经常听媒体报道说非法黑客已经能够入侵计算机数据库，并篡改储存于其中的信息，而这并非是罕见事件，意味着欺诈分子能够访问电子支付系统的银行账户，并从别人的账户中进行窃取。For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.2007TEXT2The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up. Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?英语二2013TEXT4欧盟正在考虑通过立法来强迫公司董事会保有一定比例的女性该比例可能高达60%。这种强迫性提议源于一次挫折。去年，欧盟委员会副主席薇薇安瑞丁发起了一项自愿活动。瑞丁邀请各企业签名以支持性别平衡目标，即女性在董事会中占40%。但她的呼吁最终被认为是失败的：只有24家公司响应其呼吁。我们真的需要定额制来确保女性在平衡工作和家庭的同时，继续公平地攀爬企业晋升的阶梯吗？2、 因果逻辑关系因果关系1. 错误选项常见思路：反向干扰（因果倒置）2. 正确选项常见出题点：a. 定语从句b. 动词（动作发出者和动作承受者） 高频动词：contribute to；reflectc. 主谓宾宾补1. 因果关系的反向干扰（反向干扰的命题思路中：因果倒置是最难的选项） 解决方案：好记性不如烂笔头 a culture of consumption（结果） launched by the 19th-century department stores（原因）.2006TEXT119世纪百货商店掀起的消费文化22. According to the author, the department stores（结果） of the 19th centuryD. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption（原因） 百货商店的出现来自于消费文化Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Mrs. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Mrs. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.英语二2011年TEXT121. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . D leaving the board in tough times2000年1月，鲁斯西蒙斯以外部董事的身份加入高盛集团；一年后，她成为了布朗大学的校长。此后的九年里，她在没有招致太多争议的情况下同时处理好了这两个角色。但在2009年末，西蒙斯女士因其在高盛薪酬委员会的任职而遭到抨击；她怎么可以通过了那些巨额的奖金的发放却无人知道呢？到第二年的2月，西蒙斯女士离开了董事会。她说，这个职位太占用时间了。a. 定语从句表原因Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes. “当时（在20世纪80年代）陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责”。主从句之间暗含了一个因果关系：因为法庭对事故受害者的保护倾向导致索赔这种想法的广泛传播。(1999年)Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.2014TEXT2Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains. （2010年TEXT2）They had pushed the agency to designate（把.定名为） the bird as“endangered,”a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.（2016英语二TEXT2）推动endanger，因为权力更大27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_.C.granted less federal regulatory power 赋予联邦政府的监管权比较少（正话反说）threatened让人失望，因为.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. Thats a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use todetermine their individual worth. 2016TEXT1定语从句表原因：为什么要禁止这种长相，因为这种长相对健康 。22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to_? A heightening the value of提高价值B indicating the state of暗示状态C losing faith in失去信心D doing harm to伤害b.高频动词：contribute to；reflectcontribute to 导致Stress hormone may contribute to breast cancer deaths. 斯坦福大学教育网站Basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. 2015TEXT3数据分析中存在的基本错误是导致许多已经发表的研究结果不可重复的一个原因。Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.许多有关青少年犯罪根源的理论强调，个人或者强调社会是作为导致犯罪的主要原因。2004年完型reflect：结果反映原因Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption.2011年完形2 Areflect Bdemand Cindicate 前果后因 Dproduce 前因后果37. The European Unions intended legislation is . （2013年英语二TEXT4）A a reflection of gender balance 错 立法（果）反映了性别平衡（因） During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made（谓语） small, efficient housing positively stylish（结果）. 2011年英语二TEXT331. The postwar American housing style（结果） largely reflected the Americans _.C restraint and confidence（原因） 正确37. The European Unions intended legislation is _. （2013年英语二TEXT4）A a reflection of gender balance （因果倒置。各大参考书均错。）B a reluctant choice c.主谓宾宾补During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing（宾） positively stylish（宾补）. 2011年英语二TEXT331. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans _.C restraint and confidence结果：” The postwar American housing style” refelect “原因”，空格处为原因。文章中，made谓语，“宾语+宾补small, efficient housing positively stylish”表示结果。30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation（结果） of_.2016TEXT2C the town-and-country planning in Britain 英国的城乡规划appreciation 认同，赞赏。本题考察了因果关系的“主谓宾宾补”结构。“Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain（动词不定式作宾补，结果） an enviable rural coherence”半个世纪的城乡规划使其能够保持令人羡慕的乡村协调性。原因：Half a century of town and country planning结果：it to retain an enviable rural coherence出题思路：“an enviable（令人羡慕的） rural coherence”，enviable体现出了积极态度，被题干替换成了“appreciation”。考察原因：如此好的结果是什么原因？选择正确选项C the town-and-country planning in Britain26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to 2014TEXT2D the attraction of financial rewards.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. 主干：The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of moneytempting是分词引导结果状语。tempt sb to do ：sb是动作tempt的宾语，动词不定式to do是宾语补足语。主干“The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money”是原因，结果是“宾语+宾补：ever more students to pile into law schools”题干替换的是结果，询问的是原因。隐藏的“and”In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.2009年TEXT2That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 2012年完型20. A by all meansB at all costsC in a wordD as a result3、 作者的“强调”是出题重点a. 倒装b. what名词从句c. 直说（比如above all）d. 大篇幅论证e. 转折a. 倒装：状语提前（想强调什么，就会把什么提前）Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit.2014Text121. George Osbornes scheme was intended toB encourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.2009Text334. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _.C when people no longer went hungryThe most thoroughly（彻底的） studied intellectuals（知识分子） in the history of the New World（美国） are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England（美国东北）. 范围从大到小的写作思路：the New WorldNew England；intellectualsthe ministers and political leaders；historyseventeenth-centuryAccording to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else（=美国东北） in colonial（殖民的，替换seventeenth-century） America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits”.2009Text4A attach importance to B:A重视BSo much importance was attached to B:非常重视B（被动）Nowhere else in colonial America:状语提前倒装，was提前36. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England_.B intellectual interests were encouragedb.what名词从句表强调 what从句+is/was+被强调的名词性成分 Quality counts most What counts most is quality. Quantity may be important. What counts most is quality. Quantity is not important. What counts most is quality.(奥斯本对方案的讲话).On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.2014Text1What就是强调的开始，就是真相的开始23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?A A desire to secure a better life for all.D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.what名词从句，不仅阅读考，完型也常考。what在名词从句中，充当名词性成分（如主语宾语）Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance.2009年完型 what+名词充当宾语13. A deliverB carry（少一个out）C perform D apply考察13题和what experiments之间的搭配，正常顺序animals would perform what experiments on humans.That is _1_ a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has concluded（缺宾语，即缺名词性成分）.2015年完型1. A when B why C how D what 只有what充当名词性成分，其余作状语c.作者直接强调：above allThe researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characte