2012年职称英语-卫生类(A级)新增文章答案及对照译文.doc

阅读理解第一篇Who Want to Live Forever? （谁想永生？）If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗?The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own.好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。科学家已经在实验中延长了苍蝇、蠕虫和老鼠的 寿命。许多人认为，采用基因疗法，我们很快就能将人类的寿命延长到至少140年。这看似一个好主意。想想我们将会延长多少时间来追逐我们的梦想、与爱人厮守、看 看我们的孩子成长并组成他们自己的家庭。Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking, says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work.加州大学公共健康学院的格里戈里嘶托克博士认为：“长寿能使我们有机会改正错误，亦能促使人从长计划。同时，长寿还延长了人的工作时间，从而使生产力得到提高。”Longer lives dont just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I dont think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer, says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan.The question is What will we get as a society? I suspect it wont be a better society.长寿不仅会影响到寿命延长的这个人的生活，还会影响到整个社会。“战争、贫困，所 有这类问题都确实存在着，而我认为延长人的寿命并不能缓解这些问题，”美国的生命伦理 学家丹尼尔卡拉汉如是说，“我们应该考虑的是长寿将给我们的社会带来什么?我想那将不是一个更好的社会。”It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?当然，那将是一个非常不同的社会。如今的人们已经觉得保持一段婚姻比以往更加困难。离婚率在不断上升。如果一个社会里的人都能活到140岁，那时候的婚姻将是什么样的呢?如果一个家庭里同时生活着九或十代人，那样的家庭生活又将是怎样的一种情景呢?Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.对老龄化的研究有可能延长女性的育龄。那样的话，就可能出现百岁的父母，或者年龄相差50岁的兄弟姐妹。其实我们是希望哥哥或姐姐能够给与我们帮助、建议和保护，但是如果他们属于另一个完全不同的年代，就很难做到这些。Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.长寿也将影响到人的职业生涯，尤其是退休年龄被推后了。更多的人将工作更长的时间。这能带给我们年龄上的优势：熟练的技术、智慧以及准确的判断。On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?而另一方面，更多的人工作更长的时间将使求职的竞争更加激烈。年轻人更难找到工作。永远是少数的那几个人占据着高端职位，这使职业发展更加困难。想象下：一个25岁的员工在与125岁的老板沟通时将遇到怎样的困难?Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.在一个人的寿命长达140年的社会，年轻人将是一个很小的人群。因此，这样的社会很可能不会太看重对年轻人的教育和引导，反而会更重视改善老年人的生活质量。And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.如果一个社会的绝大多数是老年人，它将给人带来很不同的感受。它更有智慧，却缺乏活力。年轻人喜动，老年人喜静；年轻人做事缺乏思考，老年人爱思考却缺乏行动：年轻人好奇心强并可望有不同的体验，老年人对变化缺乏热情，事实上，他们是对所有的事都缺乏热情。The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. If this could ever happen，then wed better ask what kind of society we want to get， says Daniel Callahan. We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out.“逆老龄化”技术所产生的影响比我们想象的要深远。而随着科技的进步，我们现在就需要去考虑这些改变。 “如果这个技术有一天能实现，我们最好问问自己想得到一个怎样的社会，”丹尼尔咔拉汉说，“在想清楚这些问题之前，我们最好不要开始着手做这件事。”练习:1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do?A Spendingmore time with his family.B Havingmore education.C Realizing more dreams.D Working longer.2.Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?AMarriages in the US today are quite unstable.BMore and more people in the US today want to get married.CLiving longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties.DIf people live longer ，they would stay in marriage longer.3.All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPTACommunication between employers and employees would be more difficult.BMore money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.CThe job market would be more competitive.DIt would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions.4.An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is thatAit places more emphasis on educating the young.Bit is both wise and energetic.Cit lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new.Dit welcomes changes.5. Which of the following best describes Callahan s attitude to anti-ageing technology ?AOptimistic. BPessimistic. CReserved. DNegative.第二篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others咸度味感因人而异 Lowsalt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientistThe research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出，遗传因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。 Those conclusions are important because recent，wellpublicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 0n the study该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。 Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and strokeThat is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eatThis study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。 The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 yearsThe sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettesThey rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind该研究包括87名经过仔细筛选的参与者，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健康，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。他们通过一种常用的科学量表来区别咸度味感，分为“最轻微味感”到“最强烈味感”等级别。“Most of us like the taste of saltHowever，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,” said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”海斯说，“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢快餐。” However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt，” he said“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6”海斯还提到，口味超重的人还需要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。“例如，奶酪是牛奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明显了。”Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicalsAs a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color海斯举出了化学家福克斯和遗传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究，该研究表明，人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。海斯解释说，由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差异和头发眼睛颜色的差异一样正常。“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter”he said“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness海斯说，“口味超重的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。对苦味混合物的反应只是确定在食物偏好方面生物差异的众多方法之一，因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。”练习:1. In paragraph 2 ，John Hayes points out thatA、it is good to health to eat food without salt.B、many people reject low-salt food completely.C、many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantlyD、food with reduced salt tastes better.2. The fourth paragraph describes brieflyA. how to select subjects and what to do in the research.B. how to identify supertasters and nontasters.C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons.D. why to select more male subjects than female ones.3. The article argues that supertastersA、like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.B、like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.C、consume less salt because they dont like intensive tastes.D、like to share salty cheese with nontasters.4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?A、They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness.B、They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste.C、They prefer high-salt cheese，which tastes less bitter.D、They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health.5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry?A. Taste acuity is genetically determined.B. Taste acuity is developed over time after birth.C、Taste acuity is related to ones eye and hair color.D、Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science.完型填空Dreams（梦之闲话）Everyone can dreamIndeed, everyone does dreamThose who claim 1 that they never dream at all actually dream just 2 as frequently as the rest of us, though 3 they may not remember anything about itEven those of us who are perfectly aware 4 of dreaming night after 5 night very seldom remember those dreams in great 6 detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our senses7 , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and tasteOne of the worlds oldest known 8 written documents is the Egyptian Book of DreamsThis volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see 9 that dreams were believed to have a special significance even thenMany ancient civilizations believed that you should 10 never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in 11 time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken 12 .From ancient times to the present day13 ,people have been making14 attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significanceThere are many books available on the subject of dream interpretationalthough unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as15 there are booksA Health Profile（健康概貌）A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your healthTo draw your health profile，you will need to know 1 what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to at 2 work,ow your daily diet 3 compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you spend 4 exercising and what type of exercise you engage in 5 ,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and whether 6 or not you have any one of a number of addictions. To complete 7 this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart， and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve as 8 a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests Once 9 this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based 0n 10 your particular portraitFor example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress job 11 ,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends， you should quit smoking first，followed by 12 losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some thought 13 to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is in 14 excellent healtha good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will benefit 15 him in the future Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years （上世纪人类平均寿命的变化） A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these _ages_l_ are rising all the time. What has brought _about_2_ these changes? When we look at the life_ span_3_of people l00 years ago, we need to loo