Unit 8 教师版.doc

Unit 8I Words and Expressions1. conduct: vt. carry out or direct; go with and guide or lead * We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food.* Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals?Collocation:conduct a meeting 主持会议conduct an investigation 进行调查2. innate: adj. (of a quality) which someone was born with* The kids have an innate curiosity about the physical world.孩子具有天生的学习语言的能力。(= Children have an innate ability to learn language.)3. attain: vt. gain or arrive at, esp. after long effort; reach * India attained independence in 1947.* I would tell them that they could attain levels of quality and customer satisfaction greater than they had ever imagined.CF: attain, achieve & accomplish 这三个动词均有“达到、完成”之意。attain 指努力去达成或实现目标，常指事先没有确信会成功而去追求的目标。例如:* She finally attained her ends. 她终于达到了她的目的。* Kacy attained the rank of deputy director. 凯茜当上副经理了。achieve 指由于功绩或努力而理所当然应该得到的成功。例如:* He will never achieve his objectives if he does not work harder. 如果不加倍努力的话，他永远也实现不了他的目标。accomplish指完成规定的任务。例如: * He accomplished the building of the bookcase. 他做完了一个书橱。4. academic: adj. concerning education, esp. college or university level; being or based on subjects that are taught to develop the mind rather than to provide practical skills * Her name is well known in academic circles.* Teachers must provide challenging activities for their more academic pupils.麦克没有工作而且毫无学术成就。(= Mike was unemployed, and had no academic achievement.)Collocation:academic research 学术研究an academic degree 学位an academic discussion 学术讨论 an academic year 学年5. principle: n. a truth or belief that is accepted as a base for reasoning or action; the general rules on which a skill, science, etc. is based, and which a beginner must understand* He prided himself on his high moral principles (= strong ideas about how it is right or wrong to behave). * Schools try to teach children a set of principles.Collocation:against somebodys principles 违背原则* Its against my principles to accept gifts from clients. 从客户那里接受礼物有违我的原则。a person of principle 有原则的人* He considered himself to be a man of principle. 他认为自己是一个有原则的人。in principle 原则上* In principle, the new software should make the accounting system a lot simpler. 原则上，这个新的软件应当使会计系统简便很多。6. priority: n. something that needs attention, consideration, service, etc. before others * After several burglaries in the area, security is now a high priority.* With so little money available, repairs must remain a low priority.我们应当优先考虑孩子。(= The children are our first priority.)Collocation:a first/top/main priority 优先考虑的问题* Road building is a top priority. 道路建设是应最优先考虑的事情。priority over比优先* This project has priority over others. 这个项目应放在其他一切项目之上。7. compromise: vi. do something that is against ones principles or does not reach the standards that one has set * The captain refused to compromise on any of his demands.* She admitted that she was unable to compromise.* The employers will have to be ready to compromise if they want to avoid a strike.Collocation:compromise with 和某人妥协* We cannot compromise with those whose principles are directly opposed to our own. 我们不能和在原则方面与我们针锋相对的人妥协。compromise on 在某事上妥协* The President might be willing to compromise on defense spending. 总统可能愿意在国防开支上妥协。8. recreation: n. C; U (a form of) amusement and enjoyment; way of spending free time * Vancouver is a city more in tune with outdoor recreation than cultural institutions.他唯一的消遣方式就是喝啤酒和看足球。(= His only recreations are drinking beer and watching football.)* They see the outdoors as a recreation activity, not a job opportunity.CF: recreation, pastime & hobby 这三个名词均有“闲暇时间的活动”之意。recreation指娱乐性放松，其含义包括了体育锻炼。例如:* Holiday centers offer a variety of recreations that include folk dancing, swimming and boating. 度假中心提供各种各样的娱乐，包括民间舞蹈、游泳和划船。pastime指为消磨闲暇所做的任何事情，代表着几乎没有什么价值的活动。例如:* He insisted that his painting was merely a pastime that kept him from being bored. 他认为他画画只是为了摆脱无聊的一种消遣罢了。hobby 指一种完善而具体的知识或对有些领域很在行的活动，尤指收集或修补活动，经常由自己在家里做。例如: * Susans hobbies include reading, cooking, and drama. 苏珊的爱好有阅读、烹饪和戏剧。9. addition: n. the act of adding, esp. of adding numbers together; something added * Additions are made to the list from time to time.* In the last three months there has been a new addition to the family our daughter, Rachel.Collocation:in addition 此外，另外* The boss forced him to work sixteen hours a day and beat him in addition. 老板强迫他一天工作16个小时，而且还要打他。in addition to 除了之外* In addition to his salary, he earns a lot from royalties. 除了工资，他还挣不少版税。CF: addition & accretion这两个名词均有“增加、增添”之意。addition指数目的增加，或一样东西与另一样东西的相加。例如:* The addition of flour will thicken gravy. 加些面粉可使肉汁变稠。accretion 指自然的增加，尤指外层附加物的添加。例如：* A mineral augments by accretion. 矿物因增生而增大。*A glacier is formed by the accretion of many particles of frozen packed snow. 冰川是由许多冻实的小雪块相加而形成的。10. thrive: v. develop well and be healthy, strong, or successful * Most herbs need direct sun all day in order to thrive.* The IT explosion means that telecommunications companies are thriving.NB: 注意该词的词性变化，它的形容词形式为thriving。例如：a thriving companya thriving tourist industry11. consistency: n. the state of always keeping to the same principles or course of action * Consumer groups are demanding greater consistency in the labeling of food products.(= 消费者组织要求食品标签有更高的一致性。)* Consistency of performance depends on several factors.12. perform: vt.1) do; carry out (a piece of work, duty, ceremony, etc.), esp. according to a usual or established method* The operation was performed by a team of surgeons at Brooks Hospital.* Students perform increasingly difficult tasks as the course continues.* Surgery was performed Friday to correct the heart defects.2) give, act, or show (a play, a part in a play, a piece of music, tricks, etc.), esp. in the presence of the public * The opera was performed in over 100 cities.Collocation:perform a study/experiment/analysis 进行一项研究/实验/分析* An analysis of the survey data was performed. 调查数据经过了分析。perform a task/job/duty 履行任务/职责* She was fired for not performing the duties outlined in her contract. 她因不履行合同上的职责而被解雇。CF: perform & conduct这两个动词均有“做、在行动中执行任务”之意。perform 指履行义务、职责或执行命令，所执行的任务一般比较困难和复杂。例如: * He wouldnt promise what he could not perform. 他不轻率许诺。conduct 指挥、实现、进行，词义接近perform，但强调指导、领导或监督。例如:* The interview was conducted in English. 面试用英语进行。13. disclose: vt. make known (esp. something that has been kept secret) publicly* The Security Service is unlikely to disclose any information.他没有透露协定的细节。(= He did not disclose details of the agreement.)14. advocate: vt. speak in favour of; support (an idea or plan), esp. publicly * Its terrible that some people are now openly advocating violence.(= 一些人现在公开提倡暴力，这真可怕。)* They advocated state control of all public services.15. effectively: adv.effective: adj. producing the desired result; having a pleasing effect * Our training program covers a range of effective management techniques.* An effective teacher will always produce better exam results.色彩的有效使用可以使一个小房间看上去大得多。(= The effective use of color can make a small room look much bigger.)16. retention: n. U fml ability to remember things; the state or action of retaining* I have a real problem with retention of information.* Without water retention the land becomes baked. (= 如果不能保留住水，土地就会变干变硬。)17. schedule:1) n. a plan of what someone is going to do and when they are going to do it* She has a pretty tight schedule, but she may be able to meet you for lunch. * How can he fit everything into his busy schedule?按照时间表，第一节课九点开始。(= According to the schedule, the first lecture begins at 9:00 am.)Collocation:on schedule 按照时间表，准时* The majority of holiday flights depart and arrive on schedule.ahead of/behind schedule 提前/落后于时间表* Due to the bad weather, the building work was already behind schedule.2) vt. plan that something will happen at a particular time* Ive scheduled a meeting for tomorrow. I hope everyone can attend.* Mondays performance is scheduled to start at 7:30 pm.* The elections are scheduled for June. (= 选举安排在六月。)Pattern: be scheduled for June/Monday, etc. 安排在六月/周一等be scheduled for release/publication/completion, etc. 计划发布/出版/完成等be scheduled to do something 计划做某事18. polish: vt. improve by practicing; make smooth, bright, and shiny by continual rubbing * He polished the piano until the wood shone.* Edwards essay is good, but he needs to polish it a little bit.* After she had polished the furniture, she cleaned the windows.19. promote: vt. help the progress of (something); encourage or support * A balanced diet promotes good health and normal development.你听说大卫被提升了吗？(= Have you heard that Davids been promoted?)* The aim of the meeting is to promote trade between the two countries.(= 这次会议的目的是促进两国间的贸易。)20. illuminate: vt. cause to understand; explain; make clear; give light to; fill (esp. a room) with light * A small path was illuminated by low orange lamps in the flower beds.* Newly discovered facts may help illuminate the culture of the Aztecs (阿兹特克人).这个报告阐明了难点。(= The report illuminated the difficult points.)* The room was illuminated by candles.21. confirm: vt. give support or certainty to (a fact, belief, statement, etc.), e.g. by providing more proof or by stating that something is true or correct * Ill call the hotel and confirm our reservations.* The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 10,000 years ago.* Have you called to confirm your flight yet?22. assign: vt. give as a share or duty * After her promotion took effect, she was assigned a research job.* Ive been assigned the task of looking after the new students.Pattern:assign somebody to something 分配某人到某岗位* Jans been assigned to the Asian Affairs Bureau.assign somebody to do something 分派某人做某事* Madison was assigned to investigate a balloon accident.assign somebody something 分配给某人* Assign each student a partner.23. undertake: v. take up or accept (a duty or piece of work, esp. one that is difficult or needs effort) * Two new studies have been undertaken to determine the effects of the chemicals.Collocation:undertake a task/a project/research 承担一项任务/工程/研究* Dr White undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary. 怀特博士承担了撰写综合英语辞典的任务。Pattern: undertake to do something 承担做某事的任务24. pressure: 1) n. the influence or effect of someone or something; the feeling of stressful urgency caused by the necessity of doing or achieving something* Inflationary pressures will lead to higher prices.(= 通货膨胀压力会导致物价上涨。)* I just cant take the pressure at work anymore.2) vt. (try to) make (someone) do something by using strong or unfair influence; forceful influence; strong persuasion * Over the next few years, Mrs. Smith was pressured into lending her son large sums of money.Pattern:pressure somebody into doing something 迫使某人做某事* You want to enjoy food, not to be pressured into eating the right things.pressure somebody to do something 迫使某人做某事* Dont feel we are pressuring you to give what you cant afford.25. motivate: vt. provide (someone) with a (strong) reason for doing something * Every good teacher knows that criticism does not motivate learners.* I dont know what motivates people to commit such crimes.* He was motivated by a desire to help his fellow student.II Useful Expressions1. 全优生 straight-A students2. 充分发挥 make the most of 3. 学习优秀 attain academic excellence4. 首先 begin with5. 决定轻重缓急 set the priorities right 6. 换言之 in other words7. 另外 in addition8. 个人偏好 personal preference9. 任何时候都表现优秀 perform well at all times10. 活跃参与 be actively involved in11. 整理笔记 file the notes12. 安排时间 schedule ones time 13. 安排做作业的速度 pace each assignment 14. 手头的工作 the tasks at hand15. 被压得喘不过气 be overwhelmed by .16复习和完善功课 review and polish ones work17. 写下 jot down18. 在于 lie in 19. 同样重要 it is equally important .20. 澄清疑问 clarify any doubts21. 进行实验 conduct an experiment 22. 单独用功 labour on ones own23. 最后一点同样不容忽视 last but not least24. 制定高标准 set high standards25. 不辞辛劳地 take pains to do sth.III. Global readingAnswer the following questions based on your understanding of the text.1） What are the secrets that top students master and apply in their studying according to the author? Do you know any other secrets towards academic excellence besides those mentioned?2） What did the professor of education find? (para 1) Do you agree with him? Why?3） What has been found about group study? Do you often participate in group study? Why or why not?4） What is the most important secret of super-achievers according to experts and top students?IV. Difficult Sentences 1.Secrets of Straight-A Students Who are called “straight-A students”? (= A straight-A student is someone who regularly gets the best marks for all of their work in school or college.)Translate the title into Chinese.(= 全优生的秘诀)2. , it is far more important for a student to know how to make the most of his or her innate abilities.What is the part of speech of the word “far”? What does it mean?(= Its an adverb. It means very much. It can be used to modify some adjectives, such as far less/better/easier, and to modify some prepositions, such as far above/below/beyond.More examples:* It would take me far too long to explain.* The new system is far better than the old one.* He bought it for a price that was far beyond (= much more than) its real value.)Paraphrase “make the most of his or her innate abilities”.(= To get as much advantage as one can from ones innate abilities.)3. Study time is never compromised for phone calls, television programmes or snacks. In other words, it is always placed above recreation.What kind of study habit does the author describe? Talk about it in your own words.(= Never make phone calls, watch television or have snacks when its time to study. Study is forever the first choice.)4. They must know how to pace each assignment or project according to their daily timetable and work ability so that they might not be overwhelmed by the tasks at hand.What can you infer from the expression “to pace each assignment or project according to their daily timetable and work ability”?(= Our time and energy are limited, so we have to organize our assignments and activities skillfully so that we do not have too much to do and still have energy left near the end.) Paraphrase “the tasks at hand”.(= Tasks that need to be dealt with now.)5. Another winning formula which teachers promote lies in a students ability to hand in neat work.What does “formula” originally mean? What does it refer to here?(= Formula means a list of the substances used to make a medicine, drink, etc. Here winning formula refers to a method that leads to success.)6. According to one professor, the student who turns in neat work is already on the way to scoring an A.What can we infer from “is already on the way to scoring an A”?(= It is very likely that the student will get an A.)7. The experiment also illuminated the value of hypothetical tests conducted among the students and on their own. What is a “hypothetical test”?(= A hypothetical test is a test that is not real, but that might happen.)Translate the sentence into Chinese.(= 研究也证明了学生间互相进行模拟测试或自我测试的好处。)8. Experts confirmed that students who devise possible test questions often find many of the same questions during the real ex