外研版初二下册 基本短和语法.doc

外研版初二下册 基本短语 M 1 1. take up 占用 2. the least 最少 3. a little/a bit/kind of有点 4. tidy up 收拾;整理 5. all the time 总是=always 6. be interested in 对感兴趣 7. listen to sb. do sth. 听某人做某事 8. at the end of this term 在这个学期末 9. such as 比如 =for example 10. some others 一些另一些11. make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 12. as well as =and .和;既又 13. come out 出版;开放;出来 14. as a result 结果 15. something new or different 一些新或不同的东西 16. try to do sth. 努力去做某事 M 21.是否whetheror not 2. 事实上in fact 3.两个(几个) a couple of = a few (可数名词) 4.与不同 be different from 5.祝顺利 good luck with sth. 6. 顺便问一下 by the way 7. 现在right now =at the moment=now 8. 坐在桌子旁 sit at the desk 9. 转身/向后转turn back 10. 遥远 far （away） from 11.担心worry about 12.像往常一样as usual 13. 在那时at that moment/time 14.一言不发地without a word 15.日复一日day by day 16.记得做过某事remember doing sth. 17.对微笑smile at . 18.与某人交朋友 make friends with19. 害怕做某事be afraid to do sth.=be afraid of doing sth. 20. 没关系It doesnt maM 3 1、为而感谢 thank you for 2、带某人到处走走take/show sb. around3、不用谢！/ 别提了Dont mention it. 4、记得去做某事Remember to do sth.5、小心 look out for. 6、坚持做某事。Keep doing. 8、亲自in person 9、在岁的时候at the age of 10、要求某物 ask for sth. 11、停止播音 close down 12.以开始 begin with 13. 为某事作准备 get/be ready for=prepare for M 41. 把某物借给某lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 2. 打开turn on 3. 等待 wait for 4. 通过电子邮件发送 send sth. by email5. 把连接到connect to 6. 对某人重要 its important for sb. 7. 用.做.use sth. to do sth. 8. 咬某人的手 bite sb. on the hand 9. 捡起 pick up 把它/它们捡起来 pick it/them up 10.第二天 the next day 11. 从.爬出来 climb out of12. 着陆在; 落在 land in/on 13. 保持冷静 stay/keep cool 14. 拍.的照片 take a photo of M 5 1.告诉某人某事 tell sb. about sth 2.一起 all together3. 在结束时 at the end of 4. 打败某人 beat sb. 5. 告诫某人注意某事 warn sb. about sth 6. 把某人送走 send sb. away7. 花太多时间 spend too much time 8.拒绝做某事 refuse to do sth 9. 能/会做某事be able to do sth 10.警告某人不做某事warn sb. not to do sth11. 为某人感到自豪 be proud of sb. 12.零用钱 pocket money 13. 出毛病 go wrong= dont work 14.删除take off 15. 外出，不在家 be out 16. 中毒 have a virus17. 感觉很糟糕 feel terrible 18. 对某人生气be angry with sb.19. 帮助某人做某事help sb. with sth 20. 告诉他实情 tell him the truth21. 至少 at least 22. 毕竟 after all 22.主动做某事 offer to do sth 23. 快点hurry up = be quick = come onM 61. take place 发生 2. be awake 醒着的 3. talk about sth./ sb 谈论某事、某人 4. play the violinreally 拉小提琴 5 . clap and cheer 鼓掌欢呼 6. be worried about = worry about 为担心 7. look after = take care of 照顾 8. tonight = this evening 今晚 9. face to face with. 遇到/ 碰到 10. have to do sth. 不得不做某事 11. be true to life反映真实生活的，很逼真的 12. in ones opinion 就某人看来 12. except for 除之外 13. be on 在上演14. advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 15. face to face 面对面 16. plenty of 许多的，大量的=much = a lot of=lots ofM 7 1. protect the environment保护环境 2. all over China全中国 3. walk around the lake游湖 4. climb up to. 爬上到. 5. the rest of. 的剩余部分 6. shout at. 对.叫嚷7.spend some time off 度假 8. have a wonderful time玩得很高兴9. by a small lake 在一个小湖边 10. wake up 醒来， 把叫醒11. tell sb not to do sth 叫某人不要做某事 12 point into 向里指去 13. jump up into 跳上到.里 14. go back into 回去到.里 15. fresh water lake 淡水湖 16climb/ jump over 爬/ 跳过.M 81.take a vacation度假;休假 2.stay with sb.= be with sb.和某人在一起3.not until 直到才；不到不 4.have one day off休假一天 5.the closest to 离最近的 6.do something special做特别的事 7.go camping去野营 8.somewhere nice好地方 9.as soon as一 就 10.in the same way用相同的方式 11.depend on依靠；受影响 12.get together聚会13.make resolutions/a resolution下决心 14. a list of一系列;的清单 15.help out帮分担工作 16.promise to do sth.许诺做某事M 91.为了，为的是so that 2.期望，盼望(做某事)：look forward to （doing sth.） 3.对来说不错：not bad for 4.出现：come up5.她独自：on her own 6.真正的英雄：the real hero7.怎么回事? What happened? =What was wrong? =What was the matter? 8.她真是勇敢: Its very brave of her 9.一个借口： an excuse10.最之一 :one of 11.为.而献出生命: give ones life to 12.照顾: look after 13.看见某人做某事:see sb. do sth. 14.给某人提供治疗:give treatments to sb. 15.为了, 目的是 :so that16.没有停下来去休息:without stopping to rest17. 继续做某事: continue doing sth 18. (对某人)做手术: perform operations (on sb )19.尽管 : in spite of +短语/代词 20. 最后: in the end M 101.和某人一起去go with sb. 2.我也是这样. So would I 3.坐飞机去任何地方 fly to anywhere 4.坐火车去take a train to5.出错go wrong 6.别傻了. Dont be silly. 7.如此以致sothat 8.保持联系. Keep in touch 9.一路平安. Have a safe trip. 10.出差on business 11. 独自呆在家 stay at home alone 12.与一样 asas 13.一个十四岁大的女孩 a 14-year-old girl 14.用装满 fillwith 15.一些重要的东西 something important 16.上大学 go to college17.在某人看来in ones opinion 18.一点也不 notat all初二下册语法复习M2 一、语法：The Object Clause宾语从句1、但宾语从句是陈述句，由that引导, that可以省。She says ( that ) She will study hard. 主句 引导词 宾语从句 2、当宾语从句是一般疑问句，由if/whether引导，从句部分要使用陈述句语序:主语+谓语+其他成分。 (注意：whether与or not) 1. I dont know if he will come.主句 引导词 宾语从句3、 当宾语从句时特殊疑问句，由when, where , how, why，who 等疑问词引,宾语从句一定要用陈述句语序。即：+主语+谓语+其他成分1.Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?主句 引导词 宾语从句1) “ Will you go shopping with me?”, she asks. She asks _ _ _ go shopping with her.2) How is your brother? Can you tell me? Can you tell me _ _ _ _?3) When will it open? Do you know? Do you know _ _ _ _?4) Who was your teacher? Can you tell us? Can you tell us _ _ _ _?5) Who is over there? I want to know. I want to know _ _ over there.M 3 二、语法总结：to do 与 doing 作宾语1）只能接不定式to do做宾语的动词有: agree/decide/ learn/ want/ would like/ hope/plan/ wish/try/need to do 2）只能接动名词doing做宾语的动词有: enjoy/ keep/ finish/practice/feel like doing 3）既能接to do也可接doing 做宾语，意义上无差别的动词有：begin; start; like; hate to do / doing4）动词后既可用动名词又可用不定式作宾语，但含义有所不同的动词有： forget to do sth 忘记去做某事 remember to do sth 记住去做某事doing sth 忘记已做了某事 doing sth 记得做过某事 stop to do sth 停止一件事去做另一件事 doing sth 停止正在做的事 M 4 三、语法：if 引导的条件状语从句(1)说明发生一件事情的条件，称为条件状语从句，用连词if (如果)引出。 本模块主要讲 “if从句+祈使句”这种结构if 引导条件状语从句, 表示“如果”结构：if从句, + 祈使句 = 祈使句 + if从句1. if从句位置灵活, 可放在祈使句(主句)之前，此时从句和主句要用逗号隔开; 若祈使句(主句)在if从句之前, 中间不需要用逗号隔开。If you are happy, please tell me .= Please_ _ _ _ _ _.2. 在“if从句+祈使句”中, if从句常用一般现在时。如果交通灯是红色，停下来等一等。If the traffic lights_ _, stop and waitM 5: 语法 1. if 引导的条件状语从句 1) if“如果”引导条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时(主将从现) 2) if引导的肯定的条件状语从句, 可改为and引导的并列句；3) if引导的否定的条件状语从句,可改为or引导的并列句。 1). If it _tomorrow, I wont go to the park. A. rain B. rains C. rained2). If you work harder, you will catch up with others soon. = Work harder, _ you will catch up with others soon. = Work harder , _ you wont catch up with others soon. 2. if = whether “是否” 引导宾语从句， 时态上注意： 1) 主句是一般现在时，宾语从句可根据实际需要选用不同的时态。2) 主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词在时态上要用相应的过去的时态。(一般过去时，过去进行时)3) 在宾语从句中，如果从句表示的是客观真理、普通常识、自然现象等，其时态不受主句限制，仍用一般现在时。1) I want to know if he _ (come) back tomorrow.2) He asked me if I _ ready. A. will be B. was C. am3. if “如果” 引导的条件状语从句和 if “是否” 引导宾语从句区别。 当if 引导的条件状语从句放在主句后时很容易if “是否” 引导宾语从句混乱，如：1）I will call you if she comes. (if “如果”条件状语从句)2）I dont know if she will come tomorrow.( if “是否” 引导宾语)3) I wonder if she _ to the ball. She will come if she _ time tonight. A. comes, has B. will come, will have C. will come, has M 6：语法 直接引语和间接引语 一、 直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语; 直接引语必须放在引号内。She said, “China is a very exciting place.”1. 如果直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时, 通常由that引导, that可以省略。 He said, “Its time for lunch.” He said _ it was time for lunch.2. 如果直接引语是一般疑问句, 变为间接引语时, 由whether或if 引导，主句的谓语动词said 要变为asked。 Jack said, “Are you interested in English ?” Jack _ _ I was interested in English . 3. 如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时仍由原来的疑问词引导。“Which room do you live in?”he asked me. He asked me _room I _in. 2) 谓语动词时态的变化当主句是一般过去时, 时态的变化 :直接引语一般现在时现在进行时一般将来时一般过去时现在完成时间接引语 一般过去时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时3）其他变化指示代词时间状语地点状语动词this thatthese those now thentoday that daytonight that night tomorrow the next daynext month the next monthlast week the week beforeyesterday the day before here there come go bring take M 7：语法一、如果转述的是祈使句，变成间接引语时一般转为tell sb.to do sth.或ask sb to do sth.这样的结构。He said to Lucy, “Please open the door .” He _ Lucy _ _ the door.二、如果转述的是否定的祈使句，要用 tell/ ask sb not to do sth.的结构。如：1）She said to Tony, “Dont go close to the bears.” She_ Tony_ _ _ close to the bears.M8 语法：引导时间状语从句的词有：when, while “当时候” before “在之前” after “在之后” until / till “直到” notuntil “直到才” as soon as “一就”一、when的用法1. when 从句，+ 主句。When spring comes, the weather gets warmer and warmer.主句+ when+从句 he weather gets warmer and warmer when spring comes,当春天到来时，天气变得越来越暖和。区别：when表示“什么时候”引导宾语从句；when表示“当时候”引导时间状语从句。（当when时间状语从句放在主句后时）- Could you tell me when he _(come ) back home next week?（宾语从句，从句时态根据实际需要） - Sorry, I cant. But I will call you when he _ (come) back home.（时间状语从句，主将从现）二、while的用法while从句（进行时）+ 主句（进行时）While he is watching TV, I am doing my homework.主句（进行时）+while从句（进行时）I am doing my homework. while he is watching TV 当他在看电视时，我在做作业。 when 和 while 的区别： 1、一般情况下用 when 2、从句和主句都是进行时，用while 3、 从句后是进行时，一般也用while三、1.as soon as“一 就”连接的时间状语从句，强调动作的紧密相连。我一到上海就会打电话给你。 I will call you_ _ _ I arrive in Shanghai. (主将从现)四、 until / till conj. /prep. “直到为止”(肯定句中);”1.until +从句 / 时间点1)我们等她一直等到12点整。We waited for her _ 12 oclock . 2)玲玲读书直到老师说停为止。Lingling read _ the teacher said “stop”.2.not . until + 时间点 / 时间状语从句 “直到才” (否定句中) 我爸爸昨晚直到完成工作才回家。My father _ _ home until he finished his work.= My father _ _ home before he finished his work.(before 改写)=My father went home _ he finished his work （after改写）五. before “在之前” after “在之后”用before, after填空。1) Wash your face_ you get up .2) Please turn off the light _ you leave home .注意：1. 引导“主将从现”状语从句 的连词有：when, if , as soon as, after, before, until (notuntil) 当主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。M 9语法：本学期，我们在M4,M5和M8中已经学了条件状语从句和时间状语从句，在M9中，我们继续学习由 because （因为）引导的原因状语从句，so that （为了) 引导的目的状语从句so (所以）引导的结果状语从句。一. 原因状语从句 常用引导词：because 因为because表示原因的语气最强，回答以why 引起的特殊疑问句。1) 昨天他没有上学因为他生病了。 He didnt go to school _ he _ _ yesterday . 注意: 1. because 不能与 so 连用,但可以与so 进行转换。 因为他病了，所以没来上学。 He didnt go to school _ he was ill. =He was ill _ he didnt go to school. 2. because 引导的原因状语从句有时可以与带有because of 短语的句子互换。because +句子；because of +n /短语 因为下大雨，格林先生没有来。 Mr. Green d