大学英语四级汉译英常考那些语法和句型.doc

大学英语四级汉译英常考那些语法和句型？1虚拟语气 2动词词组（不同搭配，意义不同） 3haveshall等have done的句型。 4各类状语从句。 大概就是这些。历年大学英语四级常考短语(1)a seriesof一系列,一连串 aboveall首先,尤其是afterall毕竟,究竟 aheadof在.之前aheadoftime提前 allatonce突然,同时allbut几乎;除了.都 allofasudden突然allover遍及alloveragain再一次,重新allthetime一直,始终allthesame仍然,照样的asregards关于,至于 anythingbut根本不asamatteroffact实际上apartfrom除.外(有/无)asarule通常,照例 asaresult(of)因此,由于asfaras.beconcerned就.而言 asfaras远至,到.程度asfor至于,关于 asfollows如下asif好像,仿怫 asgoodas和.几乎一样asusual像平常一样,照例 asto至于,关于allright令人满意的;可以 aswell同样,也,还aswellas除.外(也),即.又 asidefrom除.外(还有)ataloss茫然,不知所措 atatime一次,每次atall丝毫(不),一点也不 atallcosts不惜一切代价atallevents不管怎样,无论如何 atalltimes随时,总是atanyrate无论如何,至少 atbest充其量,至多atfirst最初,起先 atfirstsight乍一看,初看起来athand在手边,在附近 atheart内心里,本质上athome在家,在国内 atintervals不时,每隔.atlarge大多数,未被捕获的 atleast至少atlast终于 atlength最终,终于atmost至多,不超过 atnotime从不,决不byaccident偶然 atonetime曾经,一度;同时atpresent目前,现在 atsbsdisposal任.处理atthecostof以.为代价atthemercyof任凭.摆布atthemoment此刻,目前 atthisrate照此速度 attimes有时,间或backandforth来回地,反复地 backof在.后面beforelong不久以后 besidepoint离题的,不相干的beyondquestion毫无疑问 byair通过航空途径byallmeans尽一切法,务必 byandby不久,迟早bychance偶然,碰巧 byfar最,.得多byhand用手,用体力 byiteslf自动地,独自地bymeansof用,依靠 bymistake错误地,无意地bynomeans决不,并没有 byoneself单独地,独自地byresonof由于 bytheway顺便说说byvirtueof借助,由于bywayof经由,通过.方法dueto由于,因为 eachother互相evenif/though即使,虽然 everso非常,极其everynowandthen时而,偶尔 everyother每隔一个的exceptfor除了.外facetoface面对面地farfrom远非,远离 forever永远forgood永久地forthebetter好转forthemoment暂时,目前 forthepresent暂时,目前forthesakeof为了,为了.的利益 forthetimebeing暂时,眼下fromtimetotime有时,不时 handinhand手拉手,密切关联headon迎面地正面的 heartandsoul全心全意地howabout.怎么样 inahurry匆忙,急于incaseof假如,防备 inamoment立刻,一会儿inasense从某种意义上说 inaway在某种程度上inaword简言之,总之 inaccordancewith与.一致,按照inaddition另外,加之 inadditionto除.之外(还)inadvance预先,事先 inall总共,合计inanycase无论如何 inanyevent无论如何inbrief简单地说 inchargeof负责,总管incommon共用的,共有的 inconsequence(of)因此;由于indebt欠债,欠情indetail详细地indifficulty处境困难 ineffect实际上,事实上ingeneral一般来说,大体上 infavourof支持,赞成infrontof面对,在.前 inhalf成两半inhand在进行中,待办理 inhonourof为庆祝,为纪念initself本质上,就其本身而言 inlinewith与.一致inmemoryof纪念 innocase决不innotime立即,马上 innoway决不inorder按顺序,按次序 inotherwords换句话说inpart部分地 inparticular特别,尤其inperson亲自,本人 inplace在合适的位置inplaceof代替,取代,交换 inpractice在实践中,实际上inproportionto与.成比例 inpublic公开地,当众inquantity大量 inquestion正在谈论的inregardto关于,至于 inrelationto关于,涉及inreturn作为报答/回报/交换 inreturnfor作为对.报答inshort简言之,总之 insight被见到;在望inspiteof尽管 instep齐步,合拍instepwith与.一致/协调 intears流着泪,在哭着inthecourseof在.期间/过程中 inthedistance在远处intheend最后,终于 intheeventof如果.发生,万一inthefaceof即使;在.面前 inthefirstplace首先inthefuture在未来 intheleast丝毫,一点in(the)lightof鉴于,由于 intheway挡道intheworld究竟,到底 intime及时intouch联系,接触 inturn依次,轮流;转而invain徒劳,白费力insteadof代替,而不是justnow眼下;刚才 littlebylittle逐渐地lotsof许多 manya许多moreorless或多或少,有点 nextdoor隔壁的,在隔壁nodoubt无疑地 nolessthan不少于.;不亚于.nolonger不再 nomore不再nomorethan至多,同.一样不 noneotherthan不是别的,正是ononesguard警惕,提防 nothingbut只有,只不过nowandthen时而,偶尔 affandon断断续续,间歇地offduty下班 onalarge/smallscale大/小规模地onaccountof由于 on(an/the)average平均,通常onbehalfof代表 onboard在船(车/飞机)上onbusiness因公 onconditionthat如果onduty上班,值班 onearth究竟,到底onfire起火着火 onfoot步行,onguard站岗,值班 onhand在场,在手边onoccasion(s)有时,间或 ononesown独立,独自onpurpose故意地 onsale出售,廉价出售onschedule按时间表,准时 onsecondthoughts经重新考虑onthecontrary正相反 onthegroundsof根据,以.为由on(the)onehand一方面 ontheotherhand另一方面onthepointof即将.的时刻 ontheroad在旅途中ontheside作为兼职/副业 onthespot在场;马上onthewhole总的来说,大体上 ontime准时onceagain再一次 once(and)forall一劳永逸地onceinawhile偶尔 oncemore再一次onceuponatime从前 oneanother相互orelse否则,要不然 orso大约,左右otherthan非;除了 outof从.中;由于;缺乏outofburath喘不过气来 outofcontrol失去控制outofdate过时的 outofdoors在户外outoforder出故障的 outofplace不适当的outofpractice久不练习,荒疏 outofsight看不见,在视野外outofthequestion毫无可能的 outoftouch不联系,不接触overandover(again)一再地,再三地 priorot在.之前quiteafew相当多,不少 ratherthan不是.(而是)regardlessof不顾,不惜 rightaway立即,马上sidebyside肩并肩,一起 sofar迄今为止soonerorlater迟早,早晚 stepbystep逐步地suchas例如,诸如 thanksto由于,多亏thatis(tosay)就是说,即 tothepoint切中要害,切题undercontrol处于控制之下 underthecircumstances这种情况下uptodate在进行中upto多达;直到;胜任;取决于whatif切合目前情况的 whatabout怎么样withrespectto如果.将怎么样 withregardto关于,至于withoutquestion关于,至于, withtheexceptionof除.之外withoutquestion毫无疑问 wordforword逐字的大学英语四级考试语法的考点分析 在英语四级历年词汇与结构的考试试题中，语法部分约占40%，词汇部分约占60%，而且多有交叉。所以，要想在考试中取得过级分数这两个部分还是不能轻视的。下面将分别讲讲如何去应对他们。 语法题主要有以下考点 1、虚拟语气强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest，in case，otherwise等)；一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句。同位语从句往往采用“(should)+动词原形”；虚拟倒装句；在would rather，wish，as if，ittime that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望：混合虚拟句。 2、主谓一致这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判定谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词作主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people，poultry，militia等；用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数；就近原则；主语中含有某些连词(如as well as，besides，in addition to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。 3、倒装结构表示强调或突出，分为全部倒装和部分倒装。哪些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有何区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。 4、非谓语动词这是词汇与结构考试中语法部分的重中之重，解题时可以从三个方面人手： 根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词； 非谓语动同同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在分词一般式或过去分词；在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式；发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式； 表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。 5、独立主格题一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都作状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。 6、时态英语中一共有16个时态，最常用的5个时态是一般现在时。现在进行时、一般过去时。一般将来时和现在完成时。四级考试中出现最多的考点是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。针对这一题型，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续性时间？ 7、名词性从句形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分(做宾语。主语还是状语等)，从句的语序等等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句。同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。 虚拟语气的用法：虚拟语气考试的频度非常大。虚拟语气主要分为两大类：谓语使用动词原形的情况及使用过去时或过去完成时的情况。 1句子谓语需用动词原形的情况1）英语中有些表示愿望、建议、命令、要求的动词的宾语从句的谓语需用should十动词原形， 美国英语多用动词原形，英国英语可用动词原形或用 should十动词原形两种形式。这些常用动词包括：suggest，propose，recommend，order，demand, command, request，require，insist，desire，ask，urge，advise，move（提动议），prefer，determine，resolve，decide，vote，arrange, beg, plead, direct这些动词变为被动态时，从句谓语仍需用虚拟式。见下例：(1) Mary insisted that John come(2) We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plansa. inform b. informs cinformed dhas informed（答案aCET493/6.）(3) Congress has decided that the present law be maintained(4) My father did not go to New York ； the doctor suggested that he _ therea. not go b. hadnt gone c. not to go d. wouldnt go（答案aCET6）(5) They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.(6)They requested that we（should）send a delegation to their country(7) We prefer that the plan should be fully discussed before being put into execution（注: prefer的宾语从句谓语多用 should十动词原形，也可直接用动词原形。）(8) It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made. anot be started bwill not be startedcIs not started dIs not to be started （答案a.CET4956）(9) It was arranged that they leave the following week(10) It is。questedthat John（should）give a performance at the party与这些动词同源的名词的同位语从句或表语从句的谓语动词也需用虚拟语气。与这些动词相应的名词有： suggestionproposalrecommendationorderdemandrequestrequirementinsistencedesire advicemotion（动 议）determinationresolutiondecision/preferencearrangement等。见下例：(1) He gave orders that the work（should）be started at once(2) Everyone was tired，so Bill got up and made a motion that the meeting be adjourned(3) Presently he made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in French2）在一些形容词后面的从句谓语需用虚拟语气。英语中有些表示必要性、重要性、愿望、建议、惊异、遗憾、要求等意思的形容词，在 It is十形容词十 that从句结构中，从句谓语需用虚拟式。这些常用的形容词有：necessaryimportantvitalessentialimperative (紧急的) /urgent/appropriate/preferable/natural/strange/amazing/desirable/advisable/incredible；以及以人作主语的形容词 desirous/insistent/sorry/sad/surprised等和名词pity/necessity/importance等的同位语从句。见下例：(1) It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once(2) It is important that we unite with all that can be united In the struggle(3) It was essential that the application forms back before the deadlineamust be sent b would be sent cbe sent dwere sent（答案 cCET4901）(4) It is highly desirable that every effort be made to reduce expenditure(5) It is a great pity that he should be so conceited(6) It is a burning shame that little children should have to beg In street(7) It is of the utmost importance that you _ here on timeabe bshall be care to be dmust be（答案 aCET6956）(8)The president is strongly desirous that you should attend the meeting2从句谓语需用过去时或过去完成时的情况 1）从句谓语用一般过去时的情况。 （1）It is（high）time sb didwas doing sth在这个句式中，从句谓语只能用一般过去时或过去进行时。见下例：(1) Its time you went to bed(2) Its time we were setting outIts time they were taught a lesson(3) Its time about the traffic problem down townanothing to be done banything will be doneceverything is done dsomething was done（答案 dCET6936）（2）would sooner/would (just) as soon（从句谓语多用一般过去时）（would sooner = would prefer； would as soon = would be equally willing）见下例：(1) I could go myself but I would sooner you went(2) I would just as soon you didnt go there2）从句谓语可用一般过去时和过去完成时。（1）wishwish表示的愿望往往与现在或过去的事实相反，或者是很难实现的愿望，因此其宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟语气，有以下三种情况： 若表示的愿望与说话时存在的事实相反，宾语从句谓语用一般过去时，be动词多用were.若表示的愿望是指未来，宾语从句谓语多用could/would/might do/be。若表示的愿望与过去事实相反，或与已经发生的事实相反，宾语从句谓语需用过去完成时或couldwould have donebeen。（注意：不管 wish用一般现在时或过去时，上述规则不变。）见下例：(1) I wish I were as strong as you(2) I wish I had paid more attention to my pronunciation.(3) I wished he would try again(4) She wished sincerely that she might do something to comfort him(5) Monica wished she hadnt come(6) I wish longer this morning，but had to get up and come to classahave dept bslept cmight have slept d. could have slept（答案 dCET4954）（2）would rather thatwould rather后面引导宾语从句的that不可省略。根据所要表达的不同意思，从句谓语可用一般过去时、过去完成时，还可用动词原形。用一般过去时，表达与现在事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表达与过去事实相反的愿望；用动词原形仅仅表示主句主语希望从句主语做某事的愿望。见下例：(1) Henry would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department as he does（事实是他的女朋友在另一个部门工作。）(2) Tom would rather that Jack had gone to class yesterday.（事实是杰克昨天没去上课。）(3)We would rather that he take this train（希望他乘坐这趟火车。）（注：根据多年我国各种测试的情况看，似乎只考宾语从句谓语用一般过去时的情况，而且在没有给出上下文的情况下，把用动词原形视为错误，如1993年6月的CET6第66题。）见下例：(4) Id rather you _ those important documents with youa. not take b. dont take c. wont take d. didnt take（要求选d为正确答案）（3）if onlyOh，that！（表达一种强烈的愿望，用法同wish）见下例：(1) If only he knew how we miss him！(2) If could only see him once!(3) Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice!afollow bhad followed c. would follow dhave followed（答案 bCET4936）(4) Oh that could fly！（4）as if/as though如果表达的是与现在事实相反的情况，谓语用一般过去时；如果表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，谓语用过去完成时，而不管主句谓语用一般现在时或过去时。见下例：(1) It seems as if it was/were spring already.2) They talkedare talking as if they had been friends for years（注：需要指出的是，并非所有由as if/as though引导的从句谓语均要用虚拟语气。如果 as if从句表达的意思是根据当时的事实或已经表现出的迹象判断是很可能已经发生或即将发生的事情，从句谓语就用陈述语气，根据句意从句谓语可用一般现在时、现在完成时或将来时。）见下例：(1) It looks as if its going to rain（有可能下雨）(2) He talks as if he has known everything(3) It tastes as if it is made of chocolate3虚拟条件句（或叫非真实条件句）如果条件句所表达的是纯然假设的情况或是与事实完全相反的假设，或是发生的可能性极小，就称为虚拟条件句（或叫非真实条件句），分为下面三种情况：虚拟将来：（从句）ifshould/were to，（主句）would/could/might/should do/be虚拟现在：（从句）ifdid/were，（主句）would/could/might/should do/be虚拟过去：（从句）ifhad pp，（主句）wouldcouldmightshould have donebeen1）表示将来的虚拟条件句：谓语用 should十动词原形，表示以未来不太可能发生为假设；谓语也可用 were to，表示以未来绝对不会发生为假设。见下例：(1) If I were toshould do it，I would do it in a different way(2) If they were toshould act like that again，we should criticize them severely2）与现在事实完全相反的假设或实现的可能性极小，从句谓语用一般过去时(be动词用were)，主句谓语用 wouldcouldmightshould十动词原形。见下例：(1) If had the time，I would certainly go（but I dont have the time）(2) If were you，I would reconsider their proposal.（but I am not you）（注：以suppose/supposing和what if引导的从句，若特别强调假设的条件，可用虚拟语气）(3) SupposeSupposing your mends knew how youre behaving here，what would they think？(4) We will set out tomorrowWhat if it rained？3）与过去事实完全相反的假设，从句谓语用过去完成时，主句谓语用 wouldcouldmight十完成式。见下例：(1)If I had left a little earlier，I would have caught the train(2) I could have done better if I had been more careful(3) If he hadnt been ill，he might have come4）省略if的虚拟条件倒装句：在正式书面英语中，如果条件句中包含有助动词hadshould和were时，可省略if，然后把它们置于从句主语之前。见下例：(1) Had we made（=If we had made）adequate preparations，we might have succeeded(2) Should I go to university one day，I would study hard(3) Were it for（If it were not for）their assistance，we couldnt have got over thedifficulties.5）含蓄条件句英语中有时假设的情况并非用if明确地表示出来，而是通过一定的词汇、句子结构、上下文或其它方式表示出来，这称为含蓄条件句。在这种条件句中，谓语也需用虚拟语气。可以引导含蓄条件句的有以下一些词汇和结构情况：(1) We could have done better under more favorable conditions（= If conditions had been more favorable）(2) This change could not have taken place without a solid industrial foundation（= If the industrial foundation had been weak）(3) They reaped a yield twice as much as they would have done with local strains（=If they had used local strains）(4) That would have been considered miraculous in the past（= If it had taken place in the past）(5) He would have helped you，but he was so busy（= If he had not been so busy）(6)I was ill that dayOtherwise（=If I had not been ill that day）I would have taken part in the parade(7) He must have had an accident， or he _ thenawould have been here bhad to be here cshould be here dwould be here（答案 aCET4901）（orotherwise=if he had not had an accident）(8) It was so quiet that you could have heard a pin drop.（= If a pin had dropped）(9) Because we had no drugs that might have saved him，DrBethune died of septicaemia（败血症）（=If we had drugs we might have saved him）(10) The computer accomplished in an hour what it would have taken 1000 men a year to do（=If the amount of work done by the computer in an hour had been done by hand，it would have taken 1000 men to accomplish）(11) It would be a mistake not to help him（=if we didnt help him）(12) I wouldnt have acted as he did（if were him）(13) Only a fool would believe that（If you believed it，you would be a fool）(14) A less brave man wouldnt have dared to work in the enemy headquarters.（=If a man had been less brave，he wouldnt have dared to work）(15) Another person could not have done it（=If another person had been assigned to do it，he could not have done it）(16) Anybody in his position would have done the same(17) Five minutes earlier，we could have caught the last traina. and b. but c. or dso（答案aCET4936）（Five minutes earlier=If we had arrived five minutes earlier）(18) _ the flood，he ship would have reached its destination on timeaIn case of bIn spite of cBecause of dBut for（答案 dCET6901）（but for the flood=if it had not been for the flood）（注：but for还可换用but that从句）英语中的倒装1 倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是完全倒装完全倒装是表示地点（方位）的adv或者介词短语在句首引起的。结构为“地点+谓语+主语+其他成分”.常见的结构有：1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter.2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是代词则不能完全倒装。区别： Here comes the bus. Here it comes. Here he comes. Away they went. 2 倒装句之部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, 及no-构成的词和词组（not until, in no way, on no account等短语），需要注意隐性否定词seldom, few, little, hardly, scarcely等在句首要部分倒装。Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. Hardly/Scarcely had he arrived when/before his wife began to complaint. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance. The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.【典型例题】 1)Why cant I smoke here?At no time_ in the meeting-roomA. is smoking permittedB.smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permittedD.does smoking permit答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.2） Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is.A. man did know B. man know C. didnt man know D. did man know答 案D. 看到Not until的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。3 以否定词开头作部分倒装 如 No