新托福词汇分类突破_整理版.doc

新托福iBT词汇分类突破 李笑来o masonry wall 5meisEnri wC:ln. 砖墙，砖瓦墙o cohere kEu5hiE v. 粘合o mortar 5mC:tE n. 砂浆，灰浆o profusion prE5fju:VEn n. 大量(a profusion of: 大量的)o o anodized coating 5AnEdaiz 5kEutiNn. 电镀层，电镀膜(anodize v.阳极氧化: 用电解方式给(金属面)镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物)o cladding 5klAdiN n. 覆层：在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层o Gothic 5BWik adj. 哥特式的o architecture 5B:kEtektFE n. 建筑, 建筑学 o span spAn v. (桥,拱等)横跨o post-and-lintel pEust And 5lintl n. 抬梁式(在立柱上架梁，梁上又抬梁, 在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用)，框架(结构)o vault vC:lt n. 拱(不连柱的)o skyscraper 5skaiskreipE n. 摩天大楼o facilitate fE5silEteit v. 提供便利 o interior design in5tiEriE di5zainn. 室内设计o blind blaind n. 窗帘（尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘）o niche nitF n. 壁橱o ledge ledV n. 壁架o grate reit n. 壁炉o terrace 5terEs n. 阳台o faadefE5sB:d n. (建筑物的)外立面，尤指正面o o lease li:s n. 租约o o o lessor 5lesC: n. 出租人o tenant 5tenEnt n. 房客o lessee le5si: n. 承租人 o sprawl sprC:l n. (城市的)无计划扩展o commuter kE5mju:tE n. 通勤者(定期从一地到另一地旅行的人，如从郊区到城市并回来)o deem di:m v. 视为o conurbation 7kanE5beiFEn n. (连带卫星城镇和市郊的)大都市o megalopolis 7miE5lapElEs n. 特大城市 o o hygienic hai5dVi:nik adj. 卫生学的(hygiene 5haidVi:n卫生学)o o agent 5eidVEnt n. 媒介o feces 5fi:si:z n. 粪便o o o sullage 5sQlidV n. (房屋,街道等排出的)污物o greywater 5reiwC:tE n. 生活污水o latrine lE5tri:n n. 公共厕所o septic tank 5septik tANkn. 化粪池o personal hygiene practice 5pE:sEnl 5haidVi:n 5prAktEsv. 个人卫生习惯 o infrastructure 5infrE7strQktFE n. 基础设施 o o o pipeline 5paip7lain n. 管道, 输送管道o node nEud n. 中转站o o seaport 5si:pCt n. 港口o o o code kEud n. 法规o o toll tEul n. 通行费o o o o o o secure to si5kjuE tuv. 固定在o crossbeam krCsbi:m n. 横梁o tie tai n. 枕木o gauge eidV n. 轨距o alignment E5lainmEnt n. 直线排列o ballast 5bAlEst n. 道碴o o o capital-intensive 5kApEtEl in5tensivadj. 资本密集型的o logistics lEu5dVistiks n. 物流o o freight freit n. 货物 o o retailing 5ri:7teiliN n. 零售o postal service 5pEustEl 5sE:vEsn. 邮电业o o o liberalization 7libErElE5zeiFEn n. 自由化o deregulation di:7reju5leiFEn n. 撤销(价格,费用方面的)管制规定o privatization 7praivEtE5zeiFEn n. 私有化o infrastructure 5infrE7strQktFE n. 基础设施o distribute dis5tribju:t v. 分配o monopolistic mE7nCpElistik adj. 垄断的 o o o o apprentice E5prentEs n. 学徒o journeyman 5dVE:nimEn n. 学徒期满的职工o o o guild ild n. (中世纪的)行会 o o bazaar bE5zB: n. 集市o clientele 7klaiEn5tel n. 顾客o o fine fain adj. (区别)微小的；细微的o o o o o o interlace 7intE5leis v. 使交织o warp wC:p n. 织物上纵的方向的纱或线o weft weft n. 织物上横的方向的纱或线o o parallel 5pArElel adj. 平行的o o o o treadle loom 5tredllu:m n. 脚踏织布机 o o o o plait plAt v. 打褶o o reed ri:d n. 芦苇o cane kein n. 藤条o rush rQF n. 灯心草o sisal 5saisEl n. 波罗麻：一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物o o ash-wood AF wu:dadj. 梣木的o splint splint n. 薄木条o twist twist v. 捻o o hemp hemp n. 大麻纤维 o ornamental 7C:nE5mentl adj. 装饰性的o knotting 5nCtiN n. 结形花边(流苏)o o linen 5linEn n. 亚麻布o jute cord dVut kC:dn. 黄麻绳o o o o o o o liner 5lainE n. 衬里o stitch stitF v. 缝合Many useful objects can be fashioned from leather, using such special tools as leather shears, punches for carving thick leather, thonging chisels, and lacing needles.o fashion 5fAFEn v. 制造o leather 5leTE n. 皮革o shear FiE n. 剪刀o punch pQntF n. 打孔器o carve kB:v v. 切割o thong WCN v. 给装上皮带子o chisel 5tFizl n. 凿子o lace leis v. 穿线o needle 5ni:dl n. 针Ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand or thrown on a potters wheel. When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high-temperature oven, or kiln, to strengthen it. To make the object waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again.o ceramic sE5rAmik adj. 陶器的o mold mEuldv. 塑造o throw WrEu v. 在陶轮上形成o potters wheel 5pCtE wi:l n. 陶轮o clay klei n. 粘土o oven 5QvEn n. 烤炉o kiln kiln n. 窑o waterproof 5wC:tEpru:f adj. 防水的o glaze leiz n. 釉料Such basic woodworking techniques as sawing, joining, and finishing can be employed to make a wide variety of useful and ornamental objects, from jewelry boxes to picture frames.o woodworking 5wud7wE:kiN adj. 木工的o sawing 5sC:iN n. 锯o joining 5dVCiniN n. 拼接o finishing 5finiFiN n. 抛光o ornamental 7C:nE5mentl adj. 装饰性的o picture frame 5piktFE freimn. 相框Carpenter tools include saws, planes, flat-edged chisels, semicircular gouge, boring tools such as brace, drills, and measuring tools such as steel rules, C-clamp, squaresand trisquare, etc.o carpenter 5kB:pintE n. 木匠o saw sC: n. 锯o plane plein n. 刨o chisel 5tFizl n. 凿子o gouge audV n. 半圆凿o boring 5bC:riN n. 钻(孔)o brace breis n. 手摇曲柄钻o drill dril n. 钻孔机o C-clamp klAmp n. C型夹o square skweE n. 直角尺o trisquare 5trai7skweE n. 曲尺The tenon, a rectangular or square projection from the end of one member, fits snugly into the mortise cut in the second member, thus joining the two perpendicularly.o tenon 5tenEn n. 榫o projection prE5dVekFEn n. 凸出物o snugly 5snQli adv. 紧紧地o mortise 5mC:tEs n. 榫眼o perpendicularly 7pE:pEn5dikjulEli adv. 垂直地Finishes serve to protect and preserve the wood and to bring out the beauty of the grain. Pieces are finished with rasps, files, and sandpaper. Common finishes include waxes, oils, bleaches, fillers, stains, shellac, varnish, lacquer, sealers, and paints, including enamels.o bring out briN autv. 显示出o grain rein n. 纹理图案o rasp rB:sp n. 粗锉：一种有锋利，突出，尖锐凸起的钝锉o file fail n. 锉刀o sandpaper 5sAndpeipE n. 沙纸o wax wAks n. 石蜡o bleach bli:tF n. 漂白o filler 5filE n. 填料：，用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或洞o stain stein n. 着色剂：能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质，尤用于木头上o shellac FE5lAk n. 虫胶清漆：用于涂饰木料o varnish 5vB:nEF n. 清漆：用于把表面涂成坚硬的，有光泽的透明的膜o lacquer 5lAkE n. 天然漆：一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质o sealer 5si:lE n. (油漆)封底层：一种密封物质，比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆的底层o paint peint n. 油漆o enamel i5nAmEl n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and a binder, a fluid vehicle, such as linseed oil, that solidifies when exposed to air. A varnish is a transparent solution that solidifies into a protective coating. Opaque and colored varnishes are called lacquers.o pigment 5pimEnt n. 色素o binder 5blaindE n. 粘合剂o vehicle 5vi:ikl n. 调漆料：与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质，如润滑油等o linseed oil 5linsi:d Ciln. 亚麻油o solidify sE5lidifai v. (使)凝固o expose iks5pEuz v. 暴露o transparent trAns5peErEnt adj. 透明的o solution sE5lu:FEn n. 溶液o coating 5kEutiN n. 涂层o opaque Eu5peik adj. 不透明的Cookery involves a diverse array of cuisines. Food may be immersed in liquids such as water, stock, or wine(boiling, poaching, stewing); immersed in fat or oil (frying); exposed to vapor(steaming and, to some extent, braising); exposed to dry heat(roasting, baking, broiling); and subjected to contact with hot fats (sauting).o cookery 5kukEri n. 烹饪o diverse dai5vE:s adj. 不同的o cuisine kwi5zi:n n. 烹饪法o immerse i5mE:s v. 浸没o stock stCk n. 浓汤o wine wain n. 酒o boil bCil v.煮o poach pEutF v. 水煮o stew stu: v. 炖：用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪(食物)o fat fAt n. 油脂o fry frai v. 油炸o vapor 5veipE n. 蒸汽o steam sti:m v. 蒸o braise breiz v. 炖:先用油炒，然后在有盖容器中炖o dry heat drai hi:tn. 干热o roast rEust v. 烘烤o bake beik v. 烘焙o broil brCil v. 烤o subject to 5sQbdVikt tu:v. 使经受o contact 5kCntAkt n. 关联o saut sC:5tei v. 炒Essential modern kitchen equipment includes the following: a stove, or range ; sink ; work surface ; various knives, potsand pans ; such utensils as spatulas, whisks, specialized spoons, and rolling pins ; a more highly specialized array of gear for producing pastries and other baked goods; and more recent sophisticated equipment such as blenders, food processors, and microwave ovens.o kitchen 5kitFin n. 厨房o stove stEuv n. 炉子o range reindV n. 火炉o sink siNk n. 水槽o work surface wE:k 5sE:fEsn. 工作台o knife naif n. 刀子o pot pCt n. 锅o pan pAn n. 平底锅o utensil ju5tensl n. 器具o spatula 5spAtFElE n. (调拌用的)刮铲o whisk wisk n. 搅拌器o spoon spu:n n. 匙o rolling pin 5rEuliN pinn. 擀面杖o gear iE n. 设备o pastry 5peistri n. 点心o sophisticated sE5fistikeitid adj. 复杂精巧的o blender 5blendE n. 搅拌器o microwave oven 5maikrEuweiv 5QvEn n. 微波炉In ancient times mosaics were a form of floor decoration made of small pebbles and later of cut or shaped pieces of marble, hard stone, glass, terra-cotta, mother-of-pearl, and enamels. The shaped pieces, in the form of small cubes, are called tesserae. The tesserae are embedded in plaster, cement, or puttyto hold them in place.o mosaic mEu5zeiik n. 镶嵌工艺o pebble 5pebl n. 鹅卵石o marble 5mB:bl n. 大理石o terra-cotta terE 5katEn. 赤陶o mother-of-pearl 5mQTE Ev pE:ln. 珍珠母o enamel i5nAmEl n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层o cube kju:b n. 立方体o tessera 5tesErE n. 镶嵌物o embed im5bed v. 镶嵌o plaster 5plB:stE n. 石膏o cement si5ment n. 水泥o putty 5pQti n. 油灰o in place in pleisadv. 在适当的位置Molten glass was tinted in a wide range of colors with metal oxides and then poured on a flat surface such as a marble slab to form a disk of colored glass; this was scored with a sharp tool and broken into strips and cubes.o molten 5mEultEn adj. 熔化的o tint tint v. 给. . 着色o a wide range of ei waid reindV Ev adj. 广泛的o metal oxide 5metl 5Cksaid n. 金属氧化物o pour on pC:r Cnv. 把. . 倾泻在. . 上o flat flAt adj. 扁平的o marble slab 5mB:bl slAb n. 大理石板o score skC: v. 刻痕o strip strip n. 条o cube kju:b n. 立方体Portraits can be executed in any medium, including sculpted stone and wood, oil, painted ivory, pastel, encaustic on wood panel, tempera on parchment, carved cameo, and hammered or poured metal.o portrait 5pC:trit n. 肖像o sculpt skQlpt v. 雕刻o ivory 5aivEri n. 象牙o pastel pAs5tel n. 彩色蜡笔画o encaustic in5kC:stik n. 蜡画o tempera 5tempErE n. 蛋彩画o parchment 5pB:tFmEnt n. 羊皮纸o cameo 5kAmiEu n. 浮雕o hammer 5hAmE v. 锤打o pour pC:r v. 浇注Sculpture(from Latin, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the roundand relief sculpture.o sculpture 5skQlptFE n. 雕刻o mass mAs n. 质量o volume 5vRljEm n. 体积o principal 5prinsEpEl adj. 主要的o freestanding 5fri:stAndiN adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的o in the round in TE raund adj. 雕刻成立体(的)，栩栩如生的，表现无余的o relief ri5li:f n. 浮雕Sculpture(from Latin, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the roundand relief sculpture.o sculpture 5skQlptFE n. 雕刻o mass mAs n. 质量o volume 5vRljEm n. 体积o principal 5prinsEpEl adj. 主要的o freestanding 5fri:stAndiN adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的o in the round in TE raund adj. 雕刻成立体(的)，栩栩如生的，表现无余的Pitch depends upon the rate of vibration, or frequency, of sound waves that produce a particular tone. Most Western music was based on 12 equivalent intervals per octave, however, a great deal of Western folk music conforms to pentatonic scale, the best-known form of which contains no half steps.o pitch pitF n. 音高o vibration vai5breiFEn n. 振动o frequency 5fri:kwEnsi n. 频率o tone tEun n. 音调o equivalent interval i5kwivElEnt 5intEvEln. 等间隔的音程o octave 5Ckteiv n. 八度音程（音阶）o folk fEuk adj. 民间的o conform kEn5fC:m v. (to, with)遵照，依照o pentatonic 7pentE5tCnik adj. 五声音阶的o scale skeil n. 音阶o step step n. 音级o relief ri5li:f n. 浮雕Rhythm is the way music uses time, which includes characteristics such as duration of tones and silences, and patterns of duration.o rhythm 5riTEm n. 节奏o characteristic 7kAriktE5ristik n. 特性o duration duE5reiFEn n. 持续时间The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches that overlap with one another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit well together, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.o style-defining stail di5fainiNadj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的o overlap 7EuvE5lAp v. 与. . 重叠o chord kC:d n. 和弦o harmony 5hB:mEni n. 和声o simultaneously saimEl5teiniEsly adv. 同时地o melody 5melEdi n. 曲调o occupy 5akjupai v. 占用，填满o register 5redVEstE n. 音域o distinct dis5tiNkt adj. 截然不同的o rhythmic patterns 5riTmik 5pAtEnn. 有节奏的模式o contour 5kantur n. （音调或声调的）升降曲线；变化方式The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches that overlap with one another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit well together, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.o style-defining stail di5fainiNadj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的o overlap 7EuvE5lAp v. 与. . 重叠o chord kC:d n. 和弦o harmony 5hB:mEni n. 和声o simultaneously saimEl5teiniEsly adv. 同时地o melody 5melEdi n. 曲调o occupy 5akjupai v. 占用，填满o register 5redVEstE n. 音域o distinct dis5tiNkt adj. 截然不同的o rhythmic patterns 5riTmik 5pAtEnn. 有节奏的模式o contour 5kantur n. （音调或声调的）升降曲线；变化方式Orchestra, ensemble of musical instruments; in the narrowest sense, the characteristic ensemble of Western music, having as its core a group of bowed-string instruments of the violin family, augmented by woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments.o orchestra 5C:kEstrE n. 管弦乐o ensemble a:n5sB:mbl n. 合奏o musical instruments 5mju:zikEl 5instrumEnt n. 乐器o core kC: n. 中心o bowed-string baud striNadj. 演奏弦乐的o violin 7vaiE5lin n. 小提琴o augment C: 5ment v. 增补，扩充o woodwind 5wudwind n. 木管乐器o brass brB:s n. 铜管乐器o percussion pE:5kQFEn n. 打击乐器Percussion instruments are referred to as membranophones if they produce sound through the vibrations of a stretched skin or other membrane. They are called idiophones if they produce sound through their natural resonance when struck, rubbed, plucked, or shaken. Drums are membranophones; hollowed logs, bells, gongs, xylophones, and pianos are examples of idiophones.o membranophone mem5breinEfEun n. 膜鸣乐器o stretched stretFd adj. 有弹性的o membrane 5membrein n. 膜o idiophone 5idiEufEun n. 体鸣乐器o resonance 5rezEnEns n. 共振o strike straik v. 敲击o rub rQb v. 摩擦o pluck plQk v. 拨(弦)o shake Feik v. 摇晃o drum drQm n. 鼓o hollowed log 5halEud lCn. 中空的原木o bell bel n. 铃、钟，或钟琴o gong CN n. 锣o xylophone 5zailEfEun n. 木琴o piano pi5B:nEu n. 钢琴Wind instruments, or aerophones, produce sound by vibration, which may be produced by performers lips (brass), a column of air split across a sharp edge(flutes, pipes, whistles), or by one or two reeds, as with instruments such as the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon.o wind instrument wind 5instrumEntn. 管乐器o aerophone 5eErEfEun n. 管乐器o column 5kRlEm n. 柱o split split n. 裂缝o edge edV n. 边缘o flute flu:t n. 竖笛，横笛o pipe paip n. 风笛o whistle wisl n. 口哨o reed ri:d n. 簧片o clarinet klArE5net n. 单簧管，黑管o saxophone 5sAksEfEun n. 萨克斯管o oboe 5EubEu n. 双簧管o bassoon bE5su:n n. 低音管，巴松The string, or chordophone, family has several branches. In one branch, which includes the zither, dulcimer, strings are stretched across a flat body. In a second branch, each instrument has a neck, for example the lute, guitar, or violin. A third branch includes plucked instruments with multiple strings, such as the lyre or the harp, where each string produces only one pitch.o string striN n. 琴弦o chordophone 5kR:dEufEun n. 弦乐器o zither 5ziTE n. 齐特琴（与中国的“筝”相似）o dulcimer 5dQlsimE n. 洋琴o neck nek n. 琴颈o lute lu:t n. 琉特琴o guitar i5tB: n. 吉他o violin 7vaiE5lin n. 小提琴o lyre 5laiE n. 里拉，(古希腊的)七弦竖琴(古希腊的一种弦乐器)o harp hBrp n. 竖琴The modern pianoforte has six major parts: (1) The frame is usually made of iron. At the rear end is attached the string plate, into which the strings are fastened. In the front is the wrest plank, into which the tuning pins are set. Around these is wound the other end of the strings, and by turning these pins the tension of the strings is regulated. (2) The soundboard, a thin piece of fine-grained spruce placed under the strings, reinforces the tone by means of sympathetic vibration. (3) The strings, made of steel wire, increase in length and thickness from the treble to the bass. The higher pitches are each given two or three strings tuned alike. The lower ones are single strings made heavier by being overspun that is, wound around with a coil of thin copper wire. (4) The action is the entire mechanism required for propelling the hammers(wrapped with felt) against the strings. The most visible part of the action is the keyboard, a row of keys manipulated by the fingers. The keys corresponding to the natural tones are made of ivory or plastic ; those corresponding to the chromatically altered tones, of ebony or plastic. (5) The pedals are levers pressed down by the feet. The damper, or loud pedal, raises all the dampers so that all the strings struck continue to vibrate even after the keys are released. The use of these pedals can produce subtle changes in tone quality. (6) According to the shape of the case, pianos are classified as grand, square, and upright. Grand pianos are built in various sizes, from the full concert grand, 2.69 m long, to the parlor or baby grand, less than 1.8