高三英语 基础知识必备 专题一 冠词.doc

专题一、冠词的用法1不定冠词的用法（1）不定冠词用来表示“一”这个数量，意思和one差不多。但one侧重于“数量”a侧重于“种类”。（2）不定冠词表示单位，有“每一”的意思，用于表示速度、价格等。（3）当breakfast，lunch，supper前出现形容词时，该词前要加上冠词a，表示“一顿的早饭、午饭、晚饭”等。一日三餐前一般是不用冠词的。（4）“a most+形容词”表示“很”，most在句中不含比较的意味，只用来加强语气，是“极”“很”“非常”的意思，相当于very。“the most+ 形容词”表示“最”。（5）用于某人的姓名前，表示“某个名叫的人”；用于日期中某一天的名称前，表示“某个星期几”。 （6）不定冠词可用在形容词的比较级、最高级与序数词之前。“不定冠词十形容词的比较级十单数名词”表示“更的一个”；“不定冠词十形容词的最高级”无比较意义。（7）短语中的不定冠词。 与一些常用动词构成搭配： catch a bad cold患重感冒 get a cold感冒 give a lecture举行讲座 have a good time过得愉快 make a face做鬼脸do a good deed做好事 get in a word插话go out for a walk外出散步 have a match/meeting比赛开会make a living谋生 take a seat就座take an interest in对感兴趣 keep a close eye on照看，密切注视have a cold/cough/fever/headache/pain 感冒发烧头痛疼痛 make a mistake犯错误make an apology道歉 pay a visit拜访take a message for sb.为某人捎口信take pride in以而自豪 lend/give sb.a hand给某人帮个忙 与时间和方式有关的短语： a moment ago一会儿前a day or two ago一两天前 after a while一会儿后after an hour一个小时后 at a high speed以高速 once in a while偶尔 once upon a time从前as a rule通常 as a matter of fact事实上 in a hurry匆忙 in a word总之after a time-段时间之后 for a time暂时，一度just a minute/moment-会儿 with a smile微笑着all of a sudden突然 as a result因此in a special way以一种特殊的方式【典型例题】an accident happened at _ supermarket a few meters away from _ park. a. a; a b. /; a c. /; the d. the; /【答案】a【名师指南】冠词知识是高考中的必考内容，也是教学的难点。由于英汉的差异，汉语中没有冠词的概念，导致学生掌握起来较难。掌握冠词的用法关键把握以下几点：1.理解特指和泛指；2.理解具体和抽象。冠词考查要点主要包括：1、定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法。2、定冠词和不定冠词的特殊用法。抽象名词具体化前冠词的使用情况、比较级前冠词使用的几种情况。3、冠词的泛指、特指、类指和专指用法。4、零冠词的运用。另外,还涉及很多冠词与名词的固定搭配。掌握冠词须把握好以下三个原则：（1）单数可数名词用不定冠词a/an表示泛指；（2）复数可数名词及不可数名词表示泛指时，其前不加冠词；（3）无论可数名词还是不可数名词，表示特指其前都要加定冠词the。【精彩一问】the “chinese dream” is _ dream to improve peoples wellbeing and _ dream of harmony, peace and development.a. the; a b. a; ac. a; the d. the; the【答案】b 2定冠词的用法（1）可以表示世界上独一无二的东西。 （2）用在序数词、形容词的最高级前面。（3）表示特定的或上文中提到过的人或物。（4）用在由普通名词构成的国家、政党等专有名词前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等的名词前。（5）用在方位名词前、某些表示时间的词组或习惯用语中。（6）用在形容词前表示一类人。（7）特指某人或某物。（8）用在姓氏的复数形式前表示一家人或这一姓氏的夫妇二人。（9）用在单数名词前，表示一类人或物。（10）演奏的乐器名称前常用定冠词。play the violin拉小提琴（11）表示某个世纪的某个时代，用在每个逢十的复数基数词前。in the 1990s在20世纪90年代（12）用在表示发明物的某个名词前。（13）用在固定结构“vt.+sb.+介词+the+身体某部位”中。 take/grab/catch/grasp/pat/hit.+sb.+介词(by/in/on)+ the4身体某部位 （14）用在“by+the+计量单位名词”结构中。 by the month/week/day/hour按月周天小时by the pound按磅 by the foot/yard按英尺码（15）用在某些固定词组中。 in the morning在早晨 in the end最后 in the least根本，丝毫in the distance在远处 in the way挡路on the whole总之 on the other hand在另一方面at the same time同时 at the moment此刻in the 1980s在20世纪80年代3零冠词的用法（1）请牢记下列口诀： 月、季、星期、节假、洲，呼语、头衔、职务前；三餐、球类、惯用语， 学科、棋类名词前（2）系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语时用零冠词。（3）表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词，但后面如果出现language-词，前边需加定冠词the。 english= the english language英语（4）在一个以“普通名词（或形容词最高级）+as(though)”开始的让步状语从句中，名词前不用冠词。（5）有些词组中，有没有冠词含义是不同的 in place of代替 in the place of在的位置 be of age成年be of an age同龄 take advice征求意见 take the advice听从劝告 in office执政，任职in the office在办公室里 in hospital(prison)住院（坐牢）in the hospital (prison)在医院（监狱）里 at times有时at a time次，同时 live on farm靠农业为生live on the farm居住在农场 a number of-些，许多the number of 的数量 at birth刚出生时 at a birth-胎，一次生育 in charge of负责，掌管in the charge of由掌管负责 out of question毫无疑问out of the question不可能 have words with sb与某人吵架have a word with sb.与某人说句话 take place发生take the place of取代4普通名词用冠词表示类指的用法 （1）the+单数可数名词：指的是整个类别，以区别于其他类别。 the compass was invented in china.罗盘是中国发明的。(不可说a compass) （2）a(an)+单数可数名词：侧重指类别中任何一个。 a horse is a useful animal马是有用的动物。 （3）零冠词十复数可数名词：侧重指类别中的许多个体。 do you like horses?你喜欢马吗？(不可数a horse) （4）零冠词十不可数名词也可表示类别。 water has three states.水有三种形态。二、冠词在高考中的考查形式专题预测1冠词【近2年新课标全国卷高考统计分析】年份没有提示词(纯空格)有提示词冠词代词连接词介词动词词类转换比较等级从句并列谓语非谓语2015（新课标全国i）0110122212015（新课标全国ii）1010113302014（新课标全国i）1011012312014（新课标全国ii）010112320【近3年高考试题剖析】1.2015全国卷 the adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the pueblo indians of the american southwest are admired by even 62._ most modern of architects and engineers.【答案】the【解析】62. the 空格后面的most是形容词最高级，故前面使用the。2. 2014全国卷inow, years later, this river is one of _63_ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.3.(2014广东卷第23题) she apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare vip room on _23_ top floor.【答案】23.the【解析】考查冠词。特指“顶楼”，故用定冠词the。4.(2013广东卷第24题) “in the beginning, there was only _ 24_ very small amount of unfairness in the world，but everyone added a little,”【答案】24.a 【解析】考查冠词。an amount of 意思是：许多，大量。amount 前面有very修饰，用不定冠词a。5.(2012广东卷第6题) , because there were many empty seats in the room .but she quickly realized that it wasnt her, it was probably the fact that she sat in 19 last row.【答案】19.the【解析】考查冠词。特指最后那一排，或在序数词前，用定冠词the。【2016高考模拟预测训练】1. one of the first of these was the raft of the medusa, inspired by the wreck of 48 french ship in 1816, which showed how art could have a powerful political impact.2、around us there are always people giving us support in silence just like 24 umbrella that protects us from the rain or any wretched weather.【答案】24an【解析】考查冠词。umbrella 是元音开头，所以“一把雨伞”应用an。3. “well, sarah, sometimes food and clothes arent 47 only important things. we need happiness, too.”【答案】47. the【解析】考查冠词。考查学生根据上下文语境正确把握定冠词用法的能力，“唯一” the only。4. it took rescuers another two hours to discover nancy_ 48_ helicopter lowered a doctor, _49_ attached nancy to a life-support liftthey raised her into the helicopter and took her to the school gym,.【答案】48a【解析】考查冠词。根据句意可知：一架直升飞机将一名医生放下。故此处填a。一架直升飞机。5. during the duanwu festival, zong zi is eaten to symbolize (象征,表示) the rice offerings to qu. and the dragon boat races symbolize _52_many attempts to rescue and recover qus body.【答案】52the【解析】考查冠词。赛龙舟象征着人们努力去救屈原的那些努力。这里用the表特指。6. it would have been _45_ real shame to see them ending up in the dustbin.【答案】45a【解析】考查冠词用法。句意为：看到三明治被扔到垃圾桶真是一件令人可惜的事。shame解释为令人可惜的事情时，是可数名词，常用a shame。故填a。7. “ 48 was january of 1960,” he said, “and according to the prognosis, i had a winter and spring and summer 49 (live) through, and would die with the fall of the leaf.”in that time burgress wrote energetically, finishing a lot of novels before 50 year was through.【答案】50the 【解析】考查定冠词用法。此处表示特指1960年。句意：在这一年之内，他完成了五部小说。8. irish people lift birthday children upside down and hit them 48 (light) on the floor for every year of 49 age. mexico also has 50 unique birthday tradition. a paper-made animal is filled 51 candy and toys and hung from the ceiling (天花板). the birthday child with his eyes covered then tries to hit the animal with a stick _52_ it bursts open.【答案】50a【解析】考查冠词。该句句意为：墨西哥也有一个独特的生日传统。tradition为可数名词，该处为泛指，故填冠词a.9. three days later, my son received a message from the company saying that he had not been offered _4_ job. my son felt deeply disappointed.【答案】4.the【解析】考查冠词。在第三天，我的儿子收到了面试的结果通知他，他没有被雇佣。特指孩子面试的工作，用定冠词 the。10. giving some of my freedom in exchange for safety is 50 fair trade.三、2016届冠词模拟试题演练1.语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）【黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学2016届高三上学期期中】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。the internet is playing a more and more important part in peoples daily life. it is an _61_ (amaze)information resourcestudents，teachers，and researchers use it as _62_ investigative too1journalists use it to find information for storiesdoctors use it to learn more about unfamiliar diseases and the _63_ (1ate)medical developmentordinary people use it _ 64 _shopping，banking，bill-paying，and communicating with family and friendspeople all over the world use it to connect with individuals from _65_ countries and cultureshowever, while there are many positive developments _66_ (associate)with the internet，there are also certain fears and concernsone concern relates to a lack of control over _67_ appears on the internetwith television and radio there are editors to check the accuracy or appropriateness of the content of programs，and with television there are _ 68 _ (restrict)on other aspects，for example，what kinds of programs can _69_ (broadcast)and at what time of the daywith the internet，parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable for their children _70_ (see)【答案】61【小题1】 amazing 62.【小题2】an63.【小题3】latest64.【小题4】for65.【小题5】other66.【小题6】associated67.【小题7】what68.【小题8】restrictions69.【小题9】be broadcast70.【小题10】to see【解析】试题分析：【学法指导】1.被动语态在语法填空中的运用在做语法填空时，如果所给的词是动词，则首先要判断这个词在句中是谓语动词环视非谓语动词。如果是谓语动词，则要考虑时态和语态；如果是非谓语动词，则要考虑用动词不定式、现在分词、动名词还是过去分词。比如第69小题，句意：什么种类的节目能被播放。此处应该用被动语态，因为情态动词后面用动词原形，故填be broadcast。2.what引导的宾语从句what在宾语从句中起双重作用，即起引导作用有在句中作一个成分。i dont know what i should do next.我不知道下一步做什么。在句中what即起引导作用，又在句中作宾语。he was interested in what i had said.他对我说的话感兴趣。what即引导介词的宾语从句，又做从句的宾语。he once lived in what is now called hebei province.他曾住在现在叫河北省的地方。what在句中做主语。比如第67小题，在此处over是介词，后面是介词的宾语从句，从句缺少主语，缺少引导词，根据句意可知填what。考点：考查语法填空2.阅读下列材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。【山东师范大学附属中学2016届高三上学期第二次模拟】do you like travelling? staying 61 (health)while 62 (travel)can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable onewhen you are travelling abroad，here are the tips you need 63 (make)your trip much 64(easy)make sure you have got a signed passport(护照)and a visasalso，before you go，fill in the emergency information page of your passport! make two copies of your passport identification pagethis will help a lot if your passport 65 (steal)leave one copy at home with friends or relativescarry the other 66 you in a separate place from your passportread the public announcements or travel warnings for the countries you plan to visitget yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to 67 you are travellingleave a copy of your itinerary(旅行计划)with your family or friends at home so that you can be contacted in case of an emergencydo not accept packages from strangersdo not carry too much money or 68 (necessary) credit cardsif we make enough 69 (prepare)，we will succeedhave 70 good time !61_ 62_63_64_65_66_ 67_68_69_70_【答案】61.【小题1】healthy 62.【小题2】travelling63.【小题3】to make 64.【小题4】easier65.【小题5】is stolen 66.【小题6】with 67.【小题7】which68.【小题8】unnecessary69.【小题9】preparations70.【小题10】a【解析】68.【小题8】unnecessary 考查形容词。前有不要带太多的钱，这里应该是：不必要的信用卡。故填unnecessary。69.【小题9】preparations考查固定短语。充分准备make enough preparations。70.【小题10】a考查冠词。have a good time!是固定表达：玩得愉快。【知识归纳】1.含a的固定短语或习惯用法have a rest 休息一会儿；have a good time 玩得开心；have a break休息一会儿； in a hurry 匆忙；after a while过了一会儿； once in a while 偶尔；have a good idea 有一个好主意；as a matter of fact事实上； in a word总而言之； make a choice 做出选择；a success一个成功的人，一件成功的事； a failure一个失败的人，一件失败的事； an honour一个荣幸的人，一个荣幸的事； have a good knowledge of 有某方面的好知识。2.make构成的短语make up 组成，构成，化妆，编造，和好如初；be made of 由-构成（能看出原材料）；be made from由-构成（不能看出原材料）； be made into 被制成了-；be made up of 由-组成；be made in由某地制成； make friends 交朋友； make preparations for 为-做准备；make oneself done 使某人自己被-。考点：语法填空。3.语法填空（共10小题：每小题1.5分，满分15分）【甘肃省天水市第一中学2016届高三上学期期中】he is the man who for many people has been a role model. now your biggest hero deserves a special day when you can express your thanks and let him know 41 important he is to you. the third sunday of junewhich 42 (fall) on june 19 this year is fathers day. the idea of fathers day came from 43 american wom