高中化学方程式大全素材.doc

高中化学方程式大全一、非金属单质（f2，cl2,o2,s,n2,p,c,si，h）1、氧化性：f2+h2=2hf (阴暗处爆炸)f2+xe(过量)=xef22f2(过量)+xe=xef4 (xef4是强氧化剂，能将mn2+氧化为mno4)nf2+2m=2mfn(m表示大部分金属)2f2+2h2o=4hf+o2 (水是还原剂)2f2+2naoh=2naf+of2+h2of2+2nacl=2naf+cl2f2+2nabr=2naf+br2f2+2nai=2naf+i27f2(过量)+i2=2if7f2+cl2(等体积)=2clf (clf属于类卤素：clf+h2o=hf+hclo )3f2(过量)+cl2=2clf3 (clf3+3h2o=3hf+hclo3 )cl2+h2 2hcl (将h2在cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3cl2+2p 2pcl3 cl2+pcl3 pcl5 cl2+2na 2nacl3cl2+2fe 2fecl3 cl2+cu cucl2cl2+2fecl2=2fecl3 (在水溶液中：cl2+2fe2+=2fe3+3cl )cl2+2nabr=2nacl+br2 cl2+2br =2cl +br2cl2+2ki=2kcl+i2 cl2+2i =2cl +i23cl2(过量)+2ki+3h2o=6hcl+kio33cl2+i+3h2o=6h+6cl+io35cl2+i2+6h2o=2hio3+10hcl5cl2+i2+6h2o=10cl+io3+12h+cl2+na2s=2nacl+s cl2+s2=2cl+scl2+h2s=2hcl+s (水溶液中：cl2+h2s=2h+2cl+scl2+so2+2h2o=h2so4+2hclcl2+so2+2h2o=4h+so42+2clcl2+h2o2=2hcl+o2 cl2+h2o2=2h+cl+o22o2+3fe fe3o4 o2+k=ko2s+h2 h2s 2s+c cs2 s+zn znss+fe fes (既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取)s+2cu cu2s (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)3s+2al al2s3 (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)n2+3h2 2nh3 n2+3mg mg3n2 n2+3ca ca3n2n2+3ba ba3n2 n2+6na 2na3n n2+6k 2k3nn2+6rb 2rb3n n2+2al 2alnp4+6h2 4ph3 p+3na na3p 2p+3zn zn3p2h2+2li 2lih2、还原性s+o2 so2s+h2so4(浓) 3so2+2h2os+6hno3(浓) h2so4+6no2+2h2os+4h+6=6no2+2h2o+3s+4hno3(稀) 3so2+4no+2h2o3s+4h+4 3so2+4no+2h2on2+o2 2no4p+5o2 p4o10(常写成p2o5)2p+3x2 2px3（x表示f2，cl2，br2）px3+x2 px5p4+20hno3(浓) 4h3po4+20no2+4h2oc+2f2 cf4c+2cl2 ccl4c+o2(足量) co22c+o2(少量) 2coc+co2 2coc+h2o co+h2(生成水煤气)2c+sio2 si+2co(制得粗硅)si(粗)+2cl2 sicl4(sicl4+2h2=si(纯)+4hcl)si(粉)+o2 sio2si+c sic(金刚砂)si+2naoh+h2o=na2sio3+2h2 (si+2oh +h2o= +2h2)3、歧化反应cl2+h2o=hcl+hclo（加碱或光照促进歧化： (cl2+h2o h+cl+hclo）cl2+2naoh=nacl+naclo+h2o (cl2+2oh=cl+clo+h2o)cl2+2ca(oh)2=cacl2+ca(clo)2+2h2o (cl2+2oh=cl+clo+h2o)3cl2+6koh(浓) 5kcl+kclo3+3h2o (3cl2+6oh 5cl+clo3+3h2o)3s+6naoh 2na2s+na2so3+3h2o (3s+6oh 2s2+so32+3h2o)4p+3koh(浓)+3h2o=ph3+3kh2po2 (4p+3oh+3h2o=ph3+3h2po2)11p+15cuso4+24h2o=5cu3p+6h3po4+15h2so43c+cao cac2+co3c+sio2 sic+2co二金属单质（na,mg,al,fe,cu）的还原性2na+h2 2nah 4na+o2=2na2o 2na2o+o2 2na2o22na+o2 na2o2 2na+s=na2s（爆炸）2na+2h2o=2naoh+h2 2na+2h2o=2na+2oh+h22na+2nh3=2nanh2+h2 2na+2nh3=2na+2nh2+h24na+ticl4 4nacl+ti mg+cl2 mgcl2 mg+br2 mgbr22mg+o2 2mgo mg+s mgs2cu+s cu2s (cu2s只能由单质制备)mg+2h2o mg(oh)2+h22mg+ticl4 ti+2mgcl2 mg+2rbcl mgcl2+2rb2mg+co2 2mgo+c 2mg+sio2 2mgo+simg+h2s=mgs+h2mg+h2so4=mgso4+h2 (mg+2h+=mg2+h2)2al+3cl2 2alcl34al+3o2=2al2o3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4al(hg)+3o2+2xh2o=2(al2o3.xh2o)+4hg（铝汞齐）4al+3mno2 2al2o3+3mn 2al+cr2o3 al2o3+2cr (铝热反应)2al+fe2o3 al2o3+2fe 2al+3feo al2o3+3fe2al+6hcl=2alcl3+3h2 2al+6h+=2al3+3h22al+3h2so4=al2(so4)3+3h2 2al+6h+=2al3+3h22al+6h2so4(浓)=al2(so4)3+3so2+6h2o (al,fe在冷,浓的h2so4,hno3中钝化)al+4hno3(稀)=al(no3)3+no+2h2o al+4h+no3=al3+no+2h2o2al+2naoh+2h2o=2naalo2+3h2 2al+2oh+2h2o=2alo2+3h22fe+3br2=2febr3 3fe+2o2 fe3o4 2fe+o2 2feo (炼钢过程)fe+i2 fei2fe+s fes (fes既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3fe+4h2o(g) fe3o4+4h2fe+2hcl=fecl2+h2 fe+2h+=fe2+h2fe+cucl2=fecl2+cu fe+cu2+=fe2+cufe+sncl4=fecl2+sncl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡fe+sncl2=fecl2+sn fe+sn2+=fe2+sn三非金属氢化物(hf,hcl,h2o,h2s,nh3) 金属氢化物(nah)1、还原性:4hcl(浓)+mno2 mncl2+cl2+2h2o4h+2cl+mno2 mn2+cl2+2h2o4hcl(浓)+pbo2 pbcl2+cl2+2h2o4h+2cl+pbo2 pb2+cl2+2h2o4hcl(g)+o2 2cl2+2h2o16hcl+2kmno4=2kcl+2mncl2+5cl2+8h2o16 h+10cl-+2mno4=2mn2+5cl2+8h2o6hcl+kclo3=kcl+3cl2+3h2o6h+5cl+clo3=3cl2+3h2o14hcl+k2cr2o7=2kcl+2crcl3+3cl2+7h2o14h+6cl+cr2o72=2cr3+5cl2+7h2o2h2o+2f2=4hf+o22hcl+f2=2hf+cl2 (f2气与hcl、hbr、hi、h2s、nh3气体不能共存)2hbr+cl2=2hcl+br2 (cl2气与hbr、hi、h2s、nh3气体不能共存)2h2s+3o2(足量) 2so2+2h2o 2h2s+o2(少量) 2s+2h2o2h2s+so2=3s+2h2o h2s+h2so4(浓)=s+so2+2h2o3h2s+2hno3(稀)=3s+2no+4h2o3h2s+2h+2no3=3s+2no+4h2o5h2s+2kmno4+3h2so4=2mnso4+k2so4+5s+8h2o5h2s+2mno4+6h+=2mn2+5s+8h2o3h2s+k2cr2o7+4h2so4=cr2(so4)3+k2so4+3s+7h2o3h2s+cr2o72+8h+=2cr3+3s+7h2oh2s+4na2o2+2h2o=na2so4+6naohh2s+4na2o2+2h2o=8na+ +2nh3+3cuo 3cu+n2+3h2o2nh3+3cl2=n2+6hcl 8nh3+3cl2=n2+6nh4clnh3+nano2+hcl=nacl+n2+2h2onh3+no2+h+=n2+2h2o4nh3+3o2(纯氧) 2n2+6h2o 4nh3+5o2 4no+6h2o4nh3+6no=5n2+6h2o (用氨清除no)nah+h2o=naoh+h2 (生氢剂)nah+h2o=na+oh+h24nah+ticl4 ti+4nacl+2h2 cah2+2h2o=ca(oh)2+2h22、酸性:4hf+sio2=sif4+2h2o（可测定矿样或钢样中sio2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4hf+si=sif4+2h22hf+cacl2=caf2+2hcl h2s+fe=fes+h2h2s+cucl2=cus+2hcl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应)h2s+cu2+=cus+2h+h2s+2agno3=ag2s+2hno3h2s+2ag+=ag2s+2h+h2s+hgcl2=hgs+2hclh2s+hg2+=hgs+2h+h2s+pb(no3)2=pbs+2hno3 (铅试纸检验空气中h2s)h2s+pb2+=pbs+2h+h2s+2ag=ag2s+h2(银器在空气中变黑的原因)2nh3(液)+2na=2nanh2+h2 (nanh2+h2o=naoh+nh3)3、nh3的碱性：nh3+hx=nh4x (x：f、cl、br、i、s)nh3+hno3=nh4no3 nh3+h+=nh4+2nh3+h2so4=(nh4)2so4 nh3+h+=nh4+nh3+nacl+h2o+co2=nahco3+nh4cl（侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）nh3+h2s=nh4hs nh3+h2s=nh4+hs-4、不稳定性：2hf h2+f2 2hcl h2+cl2 2h2o 2h2+o22h2o2=2h2o+o2 h2s h2+s 2nh3 n2+3h22hi h2+i2四非金属氧化物(so3、so2、n2o、no、n2o3、no2、n2o4、n2o5、co、co2、sio2、p2o3、p2o5、cl2o、cl2o3、cl2o5、cl2o7、clo2)1、低价态的还原性：(so2、co、no)2so2+o2+2h2o=2h2so4（这是so2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）2so2+o2 2so3 so2+no2=so3+noso2+cl2+2h2o=h2so4+2hcl cl2+so2+2h2o=4h+so42+2clso2+br2+2h2o=h2so4+2hbr br2+so2+2h2o=4h+so42+2brso2+i2+2h2o=h2so4+2hi i2+so2+2h2o=4h+so42+2i2no+o2=2no2no+no2+2naoh=2nano2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的no和no2）no+no2+2oh=2no22co+o2 2co2 co+cuo cu+co23co+fe2o3 2fe+3co2 co+h2o co2+h22、氧化性：so2+2h2s=3s+2h2oso3+2ki k2so3+i2no2+2ki+h2o=no+i2+2koh（不能用淀粉ki溶液鉴别溴蒸气和no2）4no2+h2s=4no+so3+h2o2no2+cu 4cuo+n2 n2o+zn zno+n2co2+2mg 2mgo+c (co2不能用于扑灭由mg,ca,ba,na,k等燃烧的火灾)sio2+2h2 si+2h2o sio2+2mg 2mgo+si3、与水的作用:so2+h2o=h2so3so3+h2o=h2so4 so3+h2o=2h+so423no2+h2o=2hno3+no (no2不是硝酸的酸酐)n2o5+h2o=2hno3 n2o5+h2o=2h+2no3p2o5+h2o(冷水)=2hpo3p2o5+3h2o(热水)=2h3po4 (p2o5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂)p2o5+3h2so4(浓)=2h3po4+3so3co2+h2o=h2co3cl2o+h2o=2hclocl2o7+h2o=2hclo4 cl2o7+h2o=2h+2clo44、与碱性物质的作用:so2+2nh3+h2o=(nh4)2so3so2+(nh4)2so3+h2o=2nh4hso32nh4hso3+h2so4=(nh4)2so4+2h2o+2so2(硫酸工业尾气处理)so2+ca(oh)2=caso3+h2o (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别so2和co2.可用品红鉴别)so3+mgo=mgso4so3+ca(oh)2=caso4+h2oco2+nh3+h2o=nh4hco3co2+2nh3(过量)+h2o=(nh4)2co3 (nh4)2co3 (nh2)2co+2h2oco2+2nh3 (nh2)2co+h2o (工业制取尿素)co2+2naoh(过量)=na2co3+h2o 2oh-+co2=co32+h2oco2(过量)+naoh=nahco3 oh-+co2=hco3co2+ca(oh)2(过量)=caco3+h2o ca2+2 +co2=caco3+h2o2co2(过量)+ca(oh)2=ca(hco3)2 oh+co2=hco3co2+caco3+h2o=ca(hco3)2 co2+caco3+h2o=ca2+2hco3co2(不足)+2naalo2+3h2o=2al(oh)3+na2co3co2+3h2o+alo2=al(oh)3+co32co2(足)+naal