托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式.doc

托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式朗阁托福培训中心 丁仡然在托福独立写作当中主体段的写作水平往往是决定一篇文章高分与否的关键所在，可以说一篇文章70-80%的分数是取决于主体段写作的好坏的。而托福独立写作主体段对于写作的层次和论证方式又有着一定的讲究和固定的要求。本文中，朗阁托福培训中心的老师就给广大考生介绍一下托福写作主体段有哪些主要的论证方式以及范例的讲解。首先，我们先说一下托福写作主体段的一般写作层次和论证方式：主体段一般由四句话组成：第一句：topic sentence（主题句） 第二句：supporting sentences（1-2句支持句），使用具体的因果论证或者假设论证、并列关系等来具体的解释说明主题句。 第三句：举例子（写出一个长长的例子用于举例论证） 第四句：这一段的小结（可以使用对比论证或者因果论证等小结这一段）知道了每段主体段的写作结构后，现在我们就来谈谈具体的每个主体段的论证方式：第一种：举例论证可以这么说，举例论证是所有论证方法里，尤其是托福写作里面最重要也是必须要用的一种论证方式，因为根据评分标准，在托福4-5分的标准里都明确提出了：5分：using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details4分：using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifications, and/or details而无论是托福，雅思还是SAT考试都是严格的按照评分标准来批改的，所以根据这个标准学生必须要重视和用出举例论证，否则托福写作无法拿到高分。接下来问题来了，究竟老美喜欢的举例论证有几种形式呢？接下来笔者就为考生们一一回答。第一种：以for example, for instance, such as等词组引出的句子，这种也是最普遍或者用的最多的一种。下面为大家举一个例子：题目：It is sometimes said borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. Do you agree? Why or why not?在这篇文章的第二和第三主体段里，考官的高分范文分别用了：For example, a friend borrowed some money from his or her friend and did not return it.下面一段用了：for example , when my friend asks me to baby-sit her child while she is taking her classes I agree because i know that she desperately needs my help in order to finish her degree and save some money.分析：高手在写文章的时候很喜欢说打个比方之类的话，这样的论证方法既满足了高评分的需要，也形象生动地说明了你前面主题句的论点，而且段落字数也得到了增加，可以说是高分文章必不可少的要点之一。还有一种举例论证方式：以according to my personal experience or other peoples experience为开头引出举例论证。分析：各位同学要记住美国人做事情很喜欢DIY, 因为在美国，个体的劳动力很贵，很多美国人做事情都喜欢自己亲自实践或者采取他人做事情的经验，如果你得出的结论或者论点是基于亲身的经历或者他人的实战经验，那美国人是很相信你所说的话的。记住这是美国人的思想或者文化之一。下面为大家举一个例子：题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that about real events, real people, and established facts.在这篇文章的第一段我们可以看到：From my everyday experience and observation I can stand that fiction, miracles and fairy tales are required in our daily life.这里我们清楚地看到作者这里明确说出了根据他自己每天的经验和观察得出的观点，很好地论证了他前面提及的完全不同意题目里讲的这个观点，符合典型的美国人思维逻辑。第二种：递进法论证分析：可以这么说，递进法是托福三个主体段在相互连接的时候要用到的连接段落的方法，一般所采用的连接词有：first of all/firstly, from one side引出第一个主体段，然后用secondly, second of all, from the other side, moreover等来引出第二个主体段，然后用Thirdly, finally等引出第三个主体段。符合评分标准里well organized and well developed（5分）的要求下面为大家举一个例子：题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their (15-18 year-old) teenage children.这篇文章的三个主体段的开头，高分范文分别用了：First of all, teenage children have the tendency to live in their own fantasies.Second of all, I think that parents have the right to interfere in their childrens lives.Finally, I think teenage children should be more open-minded with their parents.分析：我们看到这三个主体段分别用了以上的连接词来表示段落和段落之间的递进关系，引出了每一段的开头。这种表示递进的连接词学生可以适当背一两个就行，考试的时候用出来就好了，因为考试的时候是几乎每篇文章都适用的。第三种：对比论证这种论证方法可以说在托福写作比较类的题型里面比较常见，这里很多同学比较困惑什么是比较类题型。这里我给大家先解释一下：1. 有明显的比较级的单词：than。题目例子：Your job has greater happiness than your social life.2. 给你两样东西a or b, 问你喜欢哪一个？或者哪一个更加好？题目例子：Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think. Other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain. Which type of movie do you prefer?接下来我给大家举一个典型的对比论证的例子：题目：Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children. (TPO 6)其中三段的主体段里面作者都会用到对比论证：第一个主体段：However, people were much more stable and care-free when our grandparents were children; they did not have to learn a second language in order to get a better job, or read a lot in order to get informed.第二个主体段：But several decades ago, people treasured their friends and maintained relatively close interpersonal relations, which is much more enjoyable than the estrangements we are experiencing.第三个主体段：Several decades ago, people could still live closer to nature and make rational use of modern technology, which to me is the essence of human living experience.（本范文来源于网络）分析：这里我想跟同学们说，在对比类型的文章里面，一定要在每一段的最后用到对比论证，突出自己支持或者表明的观点的好处或者是对的，而另外一个不支持的观点是错误的或者有很多弊端的，达到肯定自己的观点，否定对方观点的作用，这是在对比性文章里面必须使用的论证方法。第四种：转折关系和因果论证这种论证方法往往在主体段的第二句写支持句的时候和最后一句转折句中出现。接下来我们来看一下典型的例子：Does modern technology help students learn more information and learn it more quickly? (2011.08.02 Independent Writing)第三个主体段作者写到：Furthermore, modern technology gives students an illusion that information and real knowledge is easy to learn just by clicking mouse or watching videos. But in fact this forms only the first step towards useful information and effective learning, as learning of any kind requires full concentration and interactive thinking, which are almost absent in the process of popular e-learning experience.（本范文来源于网络）分析：这里我们可以看到作者先是说出了使用现代化高科技学习