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Unit 6RestructuringHighlights of the Unit 单元要点概述Practical Translation Training实用翻译训练I. Different Word Order in English and Chinese 英汉语言的词序差异II. Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的结构调整III. Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的结构调整Reflections and Practice思考与练习BACK单元要点概述实用翻译训练英译汉：The Bloodiest Day on American Soil实用翻译训练汉译英：被劫持的班机I. 英汉语言的词序差异II. 英汉翻译中的结构调整1. 不同的词语习惯表达顺序2. 不同的句式安排顺序3. 复合句中的状语从句4. 副词的词序调整5. 作为判断或结论的“That-”从句的结构调整III. 汉英翻译中的结构调整由于英汉不同的造句结构和表达习惯，翻译中有时需要打破原文的句式结构，对译文进行结构调整，以符合汉语的表达习惯。本单元通过语句结构的对比，分析了英汉两种语言的词序差异，归纳了英汉翻译中的结构调整的方法。英汉词序差异表现在不同的思维模式、不同的句式结构上。本单元以定语从句、时空、方位、人称代词为例，提出了英汉词序差异问题，列举了语言学家所归纳的英语九种倒装结构，将它们与汉语的“顺译句”做了对比。在此基础上，归纳了英译汉结构调整的五种常见情况，即：不同的习惯表达顺序，不同的句式安排顺序，复合句中的状语从句，副词的位置的调整，以及作为判断或结论的“That-”从句的翻译方法。汉译英的结构调整主要用于定语、状语的语序排列以及一些否定结构的处理。此外，英、汉表达的轻重顺序也不尽相同，汉语一般把重要的、语气强的词语紧靠被修饰的中心词，而英语恰恰相反。对汉英这种表达差异我们需要有足够的认识，翻译时才能立于不败之地。Practical Translation Training1. English-Chinese TranslationThe Bloodiest Day on American SoilIt was the bloodiest day on American soil since our Civil War, a modem war played out in real time，on fast-forward，and not with soldiers but with secretaries，security guards, lawyers，bankers，janitors. It was strange that a day of war was a day we stood still. We couldnt move-that must have been此whole ideaso we had no choice but to watch. Every city cataloged its targets；residents looked at their skylines，wondering if they would be different in the morning. The Sears Tower in Chicago was evacuated，as were colleges and museums. Disney World shut down，and Major League Baseball canceled its games，and nuclear power plants went to top security status；the Hoover Dam and the Mall of America shut down，and Independence Hall in Philadelphia，and Mount Rushmore. It was as though someone had taken a huge brush and painted a bullseye around every place Americans gather，every icon we revere，and every service we depend on，and vowed to take them out or shut them down，or force us to do it ourselves.Terror worked like a musical composition，so many instruments，all in tune，playing perfectly together to create their desired effect. Sorrow，horror and fear. The first plane was just to get our attention. Then，once we were transfixed，the second plane came and repeated the theme until the blinding coda of smoke and debris crumbled on top of the rescue workers who had gone in to try to save anyone who had survived the opening movements. And we watched，speechless，as the sirens，like some awful choir，hour after hour let you know that it was not over yet，wait，there would be more.Notes and Explanations1. a modern war played out in real time 一场现代实时战争2. have no choice but 除了之外，别无他法3. catalog n.目录 v.按目录分类4. if they would be different 直译为：它们是否会不同（此处暗示这些高楼可能会遭到新一轮撞击。）5. The Sears Tower in Chicago 芝加哥的摩天大楼名称6. Disney World 迪斯尼世界7. Major League Baseball 全美职业棒球联合会8. the Hoover Dam 胡佛水坝（美国最高的水坝）9. the Mall of America 美国商业街10. Independence Hall in Philadelphia 费城的独立会堂11. Mount Rushmore 拉什莫尔山（美国南达科他州内，山石上刻有华盛顿等四大伟人的巨大头像。）12. bulls-eye 靶的中心，中心目标13. musical composition 乐章14. in tune 合调；协调15. transfix v. 使呆滞而不动16. coda n. 终结句，乐章结尾部2. Chinese-English Translation被劫持的班机2001年9月11日上午，风和日丽，晴空万里，气温华氏70度。这种天气对于一个劫持喷气式客机，并打算将其变为一枚导弹的人来说显然是一个理想的时机。首先引起航空调度员注意的是一架美国航空公司11次航班。这架波音767型飞机从波士顿飞往洛杉矶，载着81名乘客。飞机上午7：59起飞，一直向西飞行，飞过阿迪朗达克山上空，突然调头南下，一头冲向纽约市中心。与此同时，美国旅空公司的757次航班也离开了杜勒斯国际机场，联合航空公司的175次航班于7：58离开波士顿。3分钟之后，联合航空公司的93次航班起飞，离开纽瓦克开往旧金山。4架客机都爬升进人朗朗晴空，上了穿越大陆航线，机上满载燃料，一触即炸。Notes and Explanations1. 风和日丽，晴空万里 a fine morning with cloudless skies2. 喷气式客机 jet passenger plane3. 航空调度员 air traffic controller4. 美国航空公司 American Airlines5. 波士顿 Boston6. 开往洛杉矶 bound for Los Angeles7. 阿迪朗达克山 the Adirondacks8. 一头冲向 dive down toward9. 杜勒斯国际机场 Dulles International Airport10. 联合航空公司 United Flight11. 纽瓦克 Newark （美国新泽西州东北部城市）12. 旧金山 San Francisco13. 穿越大陆航线 transcontinental flight14. 满载燃料，一触即炸 plump with fuel，ripe to explodeRestructuring，as one of the translation techniques，means the necessary or inevitable change of word order in a sentence according to the usage of the target language. It is also called rearrangement or inversion. Here are some instances of restructuring from the above Practical Translation Training： Then，once we are transfixed，the second plane comes and repeats the theme until the blinding coda of smoke and debris crumbles on top of the rescue workers. 我们呆若木鸡。这时第二架飞机赶到，重复了刚才的一幕。浓烟遮天蔽日，瓦砾像雨点般地砸到那些冲入大楼的救护队员的头上 And we watch，speechless，as the sirens，like some awful choir，hour after hour let you know that it is not over yet，wait，there、more. 我们无言地注视着。与此同时，警笛犹如嘈杂刺耳的大合唱，连续数小时不绝于耳，让你知道演出尚未结束。等着瞧吧，事情远没有结束。I. Different Word Order in English and ChineseIn the practice of English-Chinese translation，we often have to adjust or rearrange the word order on account of the different syntax of these two languages. For instance，in English attributive phrases and clauses usually follow the words being modified（the antecedents），whereas in Chinese such phrases and clauses always precede the words being modified： Most of the information we have got is through that channel. 我们得到的大部分消息是通过那个渠道获得的。The sequence of events is also different： His address is 3612 Market Street，Philadelphia，PA. 19109，USA. 他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城市场街3612号，邮政编码19104。Both Englishmen and Americans prefer to put the adverbials of time and place at the end of a sentence while we Chinese people often have them at the beginning. If these two kinds of adverbials coexist in a single sentence，the adverbials of time usually follow those of place in English，but they are just in the reverse order in Chinese. My uncle passed away in hospital at 2: 30 a. m. on September 12，1999. 我的伯父于1999年，月12日凌晨2点30分在医院逝世。In English sentences，the possessive pronoun often appears before the noun it stands for，and a subordinate clause containing a personal pronoun appears before the main clause. However，in Chinese the position of nouns and pronouns in a sentence is quite the opposite，or sometimes the nouns and pronouns are simply omitted. The fear that their port would lose its importance also worried the people of Baltimore. 巴尔的摩人也担心这样一来他们的港口就会失去重要性。 Young as he is，the little boy has learned a lot. 尽管这小男孩尚年幼，可已学了不少知识。The above illustrations show clearly that the natural word order in English is not identical with that in Chinese. The characteristics of these illustrations and others not mentioned here necessitate the rearrangement of word order in the translation. According to some linguists，the English language possesses nine types of inversion so far as grammatical relations are concerned. When translated into other languages，their original orders do always remain unchanged. These inversions include:1. Interrogative inversion What did you do yesterday? 你昨天干什么来着？2. Imperative inversion Speak you, said Mr. Black, Speak you, good fellow！ 布莱克先生叫道：“说，说吧！伙计！”3. Exclamatory Inversion How dreadful is this place！ 这地方好可怕啊！4. Hypothetical inversion Had you come yesterday，you could have seen him here. 要是你昨天来了，你就会在这里看到他的。5. Balance inversion Through a gap came an elaborately described ray. 从一个空洞透出一束精心描绘的光线。6. Link inversion On this depends the whole argument. 整个争论都以此为论据。7. Signpost inversion By strategy is mama something wider. 战略的意义比较广。8. Negative inversion Not a word did he say. 他只字未说。9. Metrical inversion As pants the hart for cooling streams.（Normal order：As the hart pants for cooling streams.）像公鹿渴望清凉的小溪一样。II Restructuring in English-Chinese TranslationRestructuring in English-Chinese translation may be roughly sorted out in the following patterns.1. Different Sequences in Customary Word CombinationsEvery nation has its own unique ways of combining words，and so are the English and the Chinese. heart-warning 暖人心的 tough-minded 意志坚定的 East China 华东 north and south，east and west 东南西北 share the weal and woe 祸福与共 rain or shine 无论晴雨 inconsistency of deeds with words 言行不一 the iron and steel industry 钢铁工业 quick of eye and deft of hand 手急眼快 food，clothing，shelter and transportation 衣食住行 you，he and I 我、你、他 back and forth，to and fro 前前后后，来来去去 every means possible 一切可能的手段2. Different Sequences in Customary Sentence ArrangementEnglish sentences are generally bound by syntactical rules，and they are often arranged in order of importance；while Chinese sentences are more flexible，and usually arranged according to the sequence of time. He had to quit the position and went into exile，having been deprived of his power. 他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。 We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959. 我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。 Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected：there is a high-temperature belt in the atmosphere，with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground. 人们早就怀疑大气层中有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面约30英里高的地方。利用火箭加以研究以后，这一奇异的事实已得到了证实。3. Adverbial Clauses in a Complex SentenceAdverbial clauses of condition，pose，concession or cause，and so on in English may stand either before or after a principal clause，however, when translated into Chinese，they are normally placed before the principal clause. The government is determined to keep up the pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end. 不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。 The librarians have compiled a card-index catalogue so that they can afford facilities for reference.为便于参考起见，图书馆馆员们编制了索引目录卡。 No matter how hard he tried, he failed at last. 不管他怎样努力，最后还是没有成功。4. Cases Involving AdverbialsThere are cases in which an adverbial（or an adj. phrase）in English functions as an adverbial clause（or non-restrictive clause）In Chinese the adverbial（or adj. phrase) is usually placed at the end of the sentence and is amplified into a sentence. They，not unexpectedly，did not respond. 他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。 Illogically，she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。 With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership，his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. 由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。5. That- Clause Used as a Judgment or ConclusionThat-clause is usually adopted in expressing a judgment or conclusion. When a that- clause which serves as the subject（of a sentence or a clause）is too long and consequently“it”is simultaneously used as the formal subject，restructuring is often called for，so as to conform to the Chinese usage. I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice. 我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用一个共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。 It is not surprising that，when humidity is low，the water evaporates rapidly from the fruit. 在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里的水分蒸发就快，这是不足为奇的。 It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had intended to pay to China in January. 我原打算在1月访问中国，后来又不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。III. Restructuring in Chinese-English TranslationIn Chinese-English translation we always have to resort to restructuring as well. This practice is often exercised in translating attributive elements，some adverbials or negative sentences，or sometimes，is used to avoid anticlimax（突降法）effect. The following are some examples. 社会主义的现代化强国 a modem，powerful socialist country 一位美国现代优秀作家 an outstanding contemporary American writer 各条战线上的先进工作者们 advanced workers from various fronts 这是能想像得出的最好解决办法。 This is the best solution imaginable. 他真是一个活雷锋。 He is indeed a Lei Feng alive. 仅公寓房租一项就要1 000美元。 The rent of the flat alone is US 1,000. 许多代表激动地说：“我们从来没有看见过这样光明的前途。” A great number of deputies said excitedly, Never have we seen so bright a future before us! 王教授此刻正在实验室和他的两个新助手一道工作。 Professor Wang is working with his two new assistants in the laboratory at the moment. 中国人民正在中国共产党的领导下，团结一致地进行着伟大的社会主义建设。 Led by the Chinese Communist Party，the Chinese people，united as one，are engaged in the great task of building socialism. 救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。Heal the wounded，rescue the dying，practice revolutionary humanitarianism. 一定要分清敌我。 We must draw a clear distinction between ourselves and the enemy. 因此，我们并不认为，他们必须或者应当采取中国的做法。 Therefore, we do not maintain that they should or must adopt the Chinese way.Reflections and PracticeI Discuss the following questions.1. What is restructuring? What are the usual cases?2. What are the differences between inversions in English and in Chinese?3. How should we practice the skill of restructuring in English-Chinese translation? Cite some examples to explain.4. How should we practice the skill of restructuring in Chinese-English translation? Cite some examples to explain.II Put the following sentences into Chinese，using the technique of restructuring.1. He was dumbfounded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone.2. That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.3. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other vantages that whites enjoy.4. He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.5. I was all the more delighted when，as a result of the initiative of your government，it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.6. Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking，of former plains seen heaved aloft，of fires flashing out amid the nun.7. Can you forge against these enemies in a grand and global alliance，North and South，East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort?8. Bright，very bright were the stars over the wild，dark Yanan hill.9. It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain flight.10. Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.11. Many more visitors than it can comfortably accommodate poured into it，off the regular steamers，off charted motorboats and off yachts；all day they amble up the tow path，looking for what?12. I believe that I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations-so I am encouraged to believe by the speeche